Transit-oriented Research Articles

Location of transit-oriented development stations based on multimodal network equilibrium: Bi-level programming and paradoxes

The unique relationship between the value capture mechanism (VCM) and transit-oriented development (TOD) stations and their peripheral areas, which progressively develops an expanded multimodal network, is well acknowledged in the transport industry. However, in regards to the location of TOD stations, insufficient attention has been paid to user travel behaviours and the operating mechanism of the multimodal network. To bridge this research gap, we develop a bi-level programming model for the location of TOD stations that analyses user travel behaviour in the multimodal network. The VCM and transit priority are the objectives of the upper level of this multi-objective optimization model. And the lower level of the model is a modified multimodal network equilibrium based on the Davidson function. Using a simple numerical simulation, this study proposes explanations for some traffic paradoxes from the perspective of a multimodal network equilibrium. We also illustrate competition and collaboration between rail and bus transport systems. Finally, this study uses an empirical case to describe the feasibility and applicability of the model. The results demonstrate that the location of TOD stations is not only one of the keys to the competitiveness of public transport but is also relevant to implementing its VCM.

Transit-oriented development using water-sensitive urban design (WSUD) approach

The Tegalluar and Gedebage areas in Rancanumpang Village have been identified as potential transit-oriented development (TOD) sites. However, these areas face challenges due to their low elevation, which leads to ground level reductions and seasonal flooding. To address these issues, it is crucial to incorporate a water-sensitive urban design (WSUD) approach into the development of an interconnected and integrated transit-oriented area. Therefore, this study aims to propose an alternative design for the Tegalluar transit-oriented area, focusing on factors such as density, diversity, design, destination accessibility, distance to transit, and environmental considerations. A fragmental method was applied at different stages of the design and this led to the development of an alternative conceptual design simulation for the transit-oriented area based on the desired factors.

The Integrated ANN-NPRT-HUB Algorithm for Rail-Transit Networks of Smart Cities: A TOD Case Study in Chengdu

Rail-transit hub classification in TOD refers to the categorization of transit stations based on their level of connectivity and ridership and the potential for development around them as part of a Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) strategy. TOD, as an essential concept in developing smart cities and public transportation accessibility, has attracted the focus of many policymakers. To this end, many research projects have been dedicated to classifying the rail-transit stations, although the necessity of integrated models for rail-transit hubs could have been mentioned in previous papers. Therefore, this parametric case study is directed to apply the Node–Place–Ridership–Time (NPRT) model to provide a logical classification model for Chengdu rail-transit hubs at the junctions of high-speed railway and subway stations. Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) provided a series of equations, including the effective parameters of the NPRT model. These equations were then verified by the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) to provide the effect of each node and place values on the integrated ridership of rail-transit hubs in different time periods. The results proved the consistent contribution of the integrated ANN-NPRT-HUB algorithm to the TOD concept for smart cities.

Housing market shifts favouring transit-oriented development in emerging economies: the link between metro rails and housing price dynamics in Delhi

PurposeThis paper aims to understand the spatiotemporal influence of metro rail connectivity on housing prices in surrounding areas. The study assesses the average annual price shift for apartments around metro stations in Delhi during the previous decade, specifically from 2010 to 2019. The authors examine the spatiotemporal extents to which housing prices are determined by the prominence of metro stations and spatial development around metro stations.Design/methodology/approachThe authors perform the cross-tabulation analysis to calculate chi-square values to test the hypotheses concerning the responsiveness of the housing market in Delhi to the number of locational variables in the areas connected with the mass public transportation system.FindingsThe empirical findings verify the existence of a housing market overvaluation in Delhi around metro stations until 2013, which was eventually re-adjusted after 2014. The key findings of the study suggest the role of location variables concerning metro rails in the shooting up of the housing prices in the city. In addition, the research establishes the association of annual housing price shifts to the metro rails in the short-term, mid-term and long-term in conjunction with the distance from the metro station.Originality/valueIn the market, the prices are often overvalued by real estate agents due to better connectivity to the metro stations. The overvaluation eventually causes massive downfalls in housing markets and rollouts as a risk for the investors. However, the effect of mass transportation on housing prices is mixed in nature, limited to a certain extent only and not as influential as frequently portrayed by the market forces. This effect loses colour with time.

ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF TRANSIT-ORIENTED DEVELOPMENT ON RESIDENTS’ QUALITY OF LIFE IN NORTHERN MALAYSIA

Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) is gaining wide acceptance by many state’s governments in Malaysia due to its potential to create a liveable neighbourhood with enhanced mobility. Therefore, this study aims to assess the impact of TOD on the residents’ quality of life in Malaysia northern states. The data for this study were gathered from a survey on 360 residents who used the Northern KTM commuter train service. Descriptive and inferential statistics including chi-square test and PLS-SEM technique was performed to analyse the data and produce the findings. The findings of this study shown that there were significant differences in travel behaviour patterns (companions, frequencies, and walking durations) with respect to respondents’ travel purposes. Moreover, it was revealed that land-use diversity and walkable design as important TOD principles that contribute to their quality of life. The findings of this research would serve as a base but critical information to direct future National Estate Development Plan.

Transit-induced commercial gentrification: Causal inference through a difference-in-differences analysis of business microdata

A plethora of studies has explored the relationship between transit investments and property prices, but very little is known about how new transit projects and transit-oriented development affect nearby businesses and whether they contribute to commercial gentrification. This research presents a quasi-experimental econometric framework for studying transit-induced commercial gentrification from project announcement to post operation using business microdata. Previous urban economics and planning research informs the identification of retail and service business categories associated with the phenomenon of commercial gentrification, including local businesses, chain stores, and businesses offering non-essential or upscale products. Negative binomial models with a difference-in-differences specification enable the temporal and spatiotemporal analysis of business entries, exits, and turnover and the estimation of transit-induced impacts. The developed methodology is demonstrated through an empirical example: the study of the effects of the LYNX Blue light rail line in Charlotte, NC, over a 20-year period. Our study makes a significant contribution to the limited quantitative research on transit and commercial gentrification and is the first to focus on the causal relationship between the two. The application of the analysis framework to other metropolitan areas with transit systems in the future will inform transportation and urban planners on the type of businesses that could be primarily affected and the timing and extent of these effects, and help them design effective and targeted business assistance programs.

Analisis Kesesuaian Karakteristik Lokasi Halte Busway Kota Semarang Berbasis Transit Oriented Development (Tod)

The implementation of the Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) System in Semarang City is an opportunity to create a spatial quality area for controlled mobility with the integration of the BRT System and land use activities using the concept of transit-oriented development (TOD) based area. The location of this research is within 800 meters radius of 16 start and final transit points in 8 corridors of BRT Trans Semarang. This research aims to determine the suitability of the characteristics of the application of the TOD Concept on BRT Trans Semarang. The variables used are building density, accessibility, connectivity, land use, and park and ride. The research method used is descriptive quantitative research by providing an assessment of each variable on the suitability of the existing conditions of each transit point. The result of this research indicates that the bus stop that has the highest percentage level of conformity of the TOD characteristics is the Tawang Station bus stop 87% and the lowest percentage level of conformity of the TOD characteristics is Ahmad Yani Airport Terminal bus stop 33%.

“Green transit-oriented development”: Exploring the association between TOD and visible green space provision using street view data

Environmental inequalities generated by transit—oriented development (TOD) are of planning and policy relevance in developing countries. Existing literature has pointed out that TOD has the effect of ‘place making’, which means the newly developed transit systems may be able to change the environment and amenities of a certain area. While previous studies have largely focused on environment hazards such as noise and pollution induced by transit systems, scant attention has been paid to visible green space provision at station areas. This study develops a new and systematic framework to assess potential disparities in quality and quantity aspects of visible green space provision around subway stations. We explore the effects of TOD on visible green space provision around subway stations using spatial regression models. The results show that there are disparities in visible green space provision around subway stations, but such disparities tend to fade with distance away from stations. We also find that population density, land use mix, intersection density and bus stop density are significantly associated with quantity and quality aspects of visible green space provision around subway stations.

Rail-Based Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) From the Public’s Perspectives in the Klang Valley, Malaysia

Malaysia faces the challenges of increased private vehicle ownership, which may draw negative impacts in the long run. Public transportation systems and land use must be integrated and strategised to reduce private transport dependency. The government has emphasised promoting a shift to public transport. Rail-based Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) is part of the government’s efforts. To encourage the use of public transport, the system must support mobility and continuous accessibility of services. This study, therefore, aims at investigating the factors that may influence the use of rail-based public transport and to reflect the experience of rail-based users in TOD design. A multiple-case studies method was employed, and a questionnaire survey was performed through simple random sampling at five rail stations in the Klang Valley, Malaysia. Results demonstrated that TOD for rail-based public transportation requires the provisions of certain facilities, which may increase the public’s preference in choosing rail-based as their commuting medium.

The Performance Analysis of High-Rise Building Structure Based on SNI 03-1726-2012 and SNI 03-1726-2019 (Case Study: Tower 1 Transit-Oriented Development Apartment Pondok Cina, Depok)

Indonesia has the latest seismic standard, namely SNI 03-1726-2012 which replaces the previous seismic standard, namely SNI 03-1726-2012. This study aims to compare the calculation and analysis of the result of the Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) apartment in Pondok Cina, Depok based on SNI 03-1726-2012 and SNI 03-1726-2019 and find out what parameters make a significant difference between SNI 03-1726-2012 and SNI 03-1726-2012. SNI 03-1726-2019. From the comparison results, there was an increase in the parameter values ​​of SS and S1 in SNI 03-1726-2019, resulting in the influence of the parameter values ​​of SDS and SD1 which became the reference for calculating the acceleration value of the response spectra in SNI 03-1726-2019. The value of the basic static shear force in the X and Y directions in SNI 03-1726-2019 increased by 18% from the value of the basic static shear force in SNI 03-1726-2012 and the value of the dynamic basic shear force in the X and Y directions in SNI 03-1726- 2019 experienced an increase of 15% from the value of the dynamic base shear force in SNI 03-1726-2012. The basic shear force increases because the acceleration spectral design response has a high increase in 03-1726-2019 compared to SNI 03-1726-2012. Based on the control of the performance level of the Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) apartment building, Pondok Cina Depok, is included in the Immediate Occupancy, meaning that when an earthquake occurs, the building does not suffer heavy damage, can still be used and the risk of casualties is very small. Performance-based planning can provide information on how the building behaves during an earthquake and the extent to which the earthquake will affect the structure.

TOD mode: study on land planning and land use optimization for urban rail transit station area

The rational planning of land around rail transit stations in cities can effectively improve the convenience of transportation and economic development of cities. This paper briefly introduced the transit-oriented development (TOD) mode of urban planning. We constructed a hierarchical structure for evaluating the quality of land plan-ning of urban rail transit stations through the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method. The structure started from three large aspects, i.e., traffic volume, regional environmental quality, and regional economic efficiency, and every large aspect was divided into three small aspects. Then, an optimization model was established for land planning of rail transit stations. The land planning scheme was optimized by a genetic algorithm (GA). To enhance the optimization performance of the GA, it was improved by coevolution, i.e., plural populations iterated inde-pendently, and every population replaced the poor chromosomes in the other populations with its excellent chro-mosomes in the previous process. Finally, the Jinzhonghe street station in Hebei District, Tianjin city, was taken as a subject for analysis. The results suggested that the improved GA obtained a set of non-inferior Pareto solutions when solving a multi-objective optimization problem. The distribution of solutions in the set also indicated that any two objectives among traffic volume, environmental quality, and economic efficiency was improved at the cost of the remaining objectives. The land planning schemes optimized by the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algo-rithm, the traditional GA, and the improved GA, respectively, were superior than the initial scheme, and the opti-mized scheme of the improved GA was more in line with the characteristics of the TOD mode than the traditional one and the PSO algorithm, and the fitness value was also higher. In conclusion, the GA can be used to optimize the planning design of land in rail transit areas under the TOD mode, and the optimization performance of the GA can be improved by means of coevolution.

Measuring Effectiveness of Non-Motorized Vehicles on Spatial Extent for TOD Development: A Case Study for MRT 6 in Dhaka

To improve the effectiveness of conventional walking-based Transit-Oriented Development (TOD), introducing Non-Motorized Vehicles (NMV)-based TOD will be a more efficient alternative since it will increase the spatial extent of the TOD node’s buffer area. This paper discusses the available Bicycle-based TOD (BTOD) concept. Based on this concept, the spatial extent of NMV-based TOD (NTOD) has been calculated. A trip-based survey has been conducted on the selected regions of Dhaka along the line of MRT 6 regarding who uses NMV (Rickshaw, Bicycle) and public transport (PT) for his daily commuting. A trip chain analysis was performed first to capture the trip pattern of daily commuters. From the trip chain analysis, it has been found that PT-based trip chains dominated the city’s entire trip chain. Consequently, it has also been found that walking-only and walking-NVM accessible trips dominate 32% and 23% of the entire PT trip chains. However, based on the findings of trip chain analysis to calculate the spatial extent by developing regression models, it has been observed that the access trip length for walking ranges from 1.2-1.4 km, whereas the access trip length for NVM ranges from 4-4.7 km. In Dhaka, the catchment area of NTOD can increase the accessibility potentially by spatial extent expansion of about 70% fro m the conventional TOD. Therefore, it can be inferred that NVM will give more spatial accessibility than walking. As a result, a new window of planning and design strategies will be opened for the planners and policymakers around TOD station area planning considering NMV. Along with strategic recommendations, limitations, and future research agendas have also been discussed in this paper.

Understanding barriers and opportunities for promoting transit-oriented development with bus rapid transit in Bogotá and Quito

The implementation of bus rapid transit (BRT) in several Latin American cities has provided researchers with an opportunity to study the capacity of BRT in promoting transit-oriented development (TOD) and the issues associated with the unintended consequences of their impacts on equity outcomes. Using a qualitative data analysis of semi-structured interviews involving key participants in Quito and Bogotá, in this paper five emerging themes are identified explaining the framework of BRT-associated barriers and opportunities for TOD: coordination, expertise, development, management, and equity. Issues are highlighted related to the timing difficulties between the land use sector and the transportation sector, the complex relationship between public and private sectors with different perspectives on urban development in an uncertain environment with little trust between the parties, the complexities of redevelopment and renewal measures in already urbanized areas, and the general perception of TOD as a concept foreign to all except transportation planners.

Assessing Transit Oriented Development (TOD) Elements at Earlier-Built Transit Stations

Urban inaccessibility is part of urban transportation issues. TOD is a solution to promote accessibility, and land use planning is part of TOD principles. This paper shares the outcome of a study that focuses on the interrelationship of land use and TOD and evaluates the core areas of two earlier-built transit stations before TOD was put forward in Malaysia. Thematic analysis was employed together with site investigations, and results demonstrated the essential requirement of integrating land use planning in TOD and the performance of two transit stations which embrace some of the critical principles of TOD.

A Case Study of Tramline Analysis with Transit-Oriented Development Approach: Bursa T2 Tramline

The article highlights the importance of transportation systems in urbanization processes, especially in densely populated cities where the need for transportation and infrastructure systems arises as cities spread towards their peripheries. Public transportation systems' priority transportation policies are developed by local governments to meet accessibility at the optimum level, minimize harmful environmental effects, and save time and cost. Transit-oriented development (TOD) is a planning approach adopted in many cities to reduce private vehicle use by developing public transit stations around high-density mixed land use and walkable environments. This study assesses the potential for TOD development at eleven stations of the T2 tram line on the Bursa-Istanbul road, using the 6Ds of built environment variables as indicators and GIS methods and applications to measure all spatial indicators. TOD indexes were examined for each station to identify potential improvement strategies, and each station was classified as having a high, medium, or low TOD index. By understanding the specific strategies for different TOD indices, this article aims to support development areas to improve local urban development towards higher TOD levels.

The impacts of TOD on sustainability based on the livability prism model

The universal issue for authorities is to plan land use more effectively and efficiently, and to provide more sustainable mobility in urban areas. The sustainable prism model is proposed to achieve the requirements for sustainable development. Transit-oriented Development (TOD) is a city planning method that coordinates the mass transit system and the land use pattern. This article analyzes the sustainable prism and discusses the effect of TOD on sustainabilities in ecology, economy and equality to provide the city planner insight into the urban development pattern. Generally, TOD can reduce the energy consumption in the transport sector and related infrastructure, contribute to the air quality from the environmental aspect, facilitate employment and attract investment in the economic aspect and improve discrepancy in employment availability and transport burden among different groups from the social equality aspect. However, the noise pollution in the environment, the value capture effect in the economic aspect and the TOD efficiency in the social justice aspect are insufficiently discussed.

Development of railway station plazas: Impact on land prices of surrounding areas

Improvement in the built environment is an essential component of transit-oriented development; however, the economic effects of such investments have not yet been fully understood because their investigation requires a suitable empirical case. Using the decentralized development of station plazas, this study identified the conditions under which plaza development raises the economic value of the surrounding areas. We empirically analyzed the impact of station plaza development on the land prices of 3870 properties in the surrounding areas at 181 of the 1556 stations in the Tokyo Metropolitan Area from 2000 to 2010, where station plazas were developed for the revitalization of station areas in a mature urban economy. Mahalanobis distance matching was applied to obtain the treatment effect, and the heterogeneity in the effects on the land price of properties by land-use pattern and geographical location was analyzed. The results showed that the properties benefited from station plaza development depending on the accessibility to and from the nearest station and the Tokyo Station (the central station) and their land-use patterns. The study found that there could be a redistributive effect in that the plaza development had positive effects on land price changes around the stations and negative effects in places far from the stations.

Investigating the Implications of Transit-Oriented Land Use Development for a Potential Node in an Urban Metro for Sustainability

Urbanization is intrinsically connected to economic progress. India’s rapid economic and population growth has increased its carbon footprint and traffic congestion. A long-term strategy is essential to preserve the balance and alleviate the issues arising from the expansion. Integrating land use and transportation planning has been acknowledged as a means to achieve sustainable urban development worldwide. Transit Oriented Development (TOD) is one such strategy. TOD is a planning and design strategy for promoting urban development by clustering jobs, housing, services, and amenities around public transport stations. This strategy can help achieve sustainable communities and improve the quality of life. This research paper assessed the land use characteristics of an urban fringe area in Trivandrum city and completed a land suitability analysis using GIS software tools. A potential node for re-development was identified by looking at various traffic, demographic, and land use parameters. Detailed TOD recommendations for the area surrounding the transit node were proposed based on its development potential.

Rethinking urbanism in Doha : The Qatar National Museum transit-oriented development

The urban environment of Doha has witnessed a remarkable transformation during the past few decades, which has been triggered by economic growth due to oil and gas revenues. Doha has attracted foreign investment to participate in the urbanisation of the city, specifically in the construction of the smart public transport system (ie Bus Transit [BT], Lusail Light Rail Transit [LRT] and the Doha Metro). As a result, mega projects and transit villages were developed along the public transport system, especially around the major metro stations. These developments align with the national development strategy defined in the Qatar National Vision 2030 (QNV-2030). This research investigates the development and implementation of transit villages around the transit systems (also known as the transit-oriented development [TOD]) at the Qatar National Museum (QNM) metro station in Old Salata neighbourhood. The research design focuses on: (i) a review of the relevant literature; (ii) the site analysis; and (iii) the generation of an integrated strategy for the development of the transit village of Old Salata. The proposed master plan for QNM TOD is supported by the need for preserving the architectural heritage, through a compact and mixed-use urban form, where multimodal transport systems, green spaces, public amenities and a pedestrian-friendly environment are provided. In turn, the insights from this investigation will contribute to the implementation of an urban planning approach for shaping a liveable community in Doha.

Infrastructure Planning for TOD Zone of Chikkabanawara of Sub-urban Station, Bengaluru

Abstract: One of Karnataka, India's cities with the fastest population growth is Bengaluru. Inadequate walking and cycling infrastructure made people choose personal vehicles over sustainable transport options more often while the city focused on infrastructure to reduce traffic. By 2035, the Comprehensive Mobility Plan (CMP) Bengaluru (2020) seeks to expand public transportation's mode share from 42% to 70%. In order to reach this goal, it is crucial to guarantee that more people have easy access to public transport options in addition to increasing the mass transit infrastructure, as increased access to PT tends to encourage more people to utilise it rather than their own motorised vehicles. To this end, the city of Bengaluru has developed a Transit Oriented Development (TOD) policy. Walkability, Cyclability, Quality of Public Transport Infrastructure, Safety Infrastructure at Junctions, Quality of Intermediate Public Transport, and Public Amenities that Support the Uptake of Sustainable Mobility Modes are the parameters taken up as part of. The study region of Chikkabanawara is situated on the outskirts of the city of Bangalore and has the distinctive feature of greenfield development with prominence of educational institutions, commercial businesses, residential areas, and high-rise flats in the 500-meter buffer zone.