Transit Options Research Articles

Temporality and justice in mining impacted regions

Abstract In response to the accelerating impacts of climate change, urgent action is required to decarbonise our socio-technical systems based on coal and oil. Frequently, these shifts involve decisions made in distal capital cities, or distant countries, that have significant impacts on resource-based communities In this paper we focus on temporal justice; the disjuncture between the timeframes of urgent decisions about transition options to meet policy objectives, and the timeframes experienced by residents of regions affected by the impacts of those decisions, and how those impacts fit within trajectories of change in resource-extracting regions. Here we draw on six case studies of regions located in Australasia (Hunter Valley, Latrobe Valley, West Coast New Zealand) Canada (Alberta) and Africa, (Ghana, Zimbabwe). Each of these is at a different point in the mine lifecycle, from places where residents mourn the past glory days, regions in where closure is imminent and regions wary of the rush to start new mines for ‘energy transition minerals’. Collectively, our case studies demonstrate the complexity of transitions and how multiple forms of justice (environmental, procedural, recognition, restorative, distributive and intergenerational) shape the key issues and required responses to transition challenges. The capacity for local communities to respond to these changes is impacted by factors of embedded identity, agency in the transition process and legacy of past injustices. Each of these factors take time to work through. Thus, there is a disconnect between the urgency of transition and the time required for host communities to become effective participants in their own transition.

Case report: The Montgomery T tube may be the preferred transition option for achieving a smooth extubation after tracheotomy when complicating airway pathology is present

Prolonged retention of tracheostomy tubes post-procedure often leads to complications, including granulation tissue overgrowth, airway narrowing, and laryngeal edema, necessitating delayed removal of the tracheostomy tube. Currently, a definitive therapeutic regimen capable of simultaneously resolving these complications and expediting tracheostomy decannulation remains elusive. Herein, we present an efficacious strategy addressing these airway morbidities and facilitating rapid tube removal. A 44-year-old male patient, who had undergone tracheostomy due to underlying disease, demonstrated substantial recovery following rehabilitation and was poised for tracheostomy tube extraction. However, bronchoscopic examination revealed severe granulation tissue at the stoma site and laryngeal edema, posing challenges to immediate decannulation. To tackle these issues concurrently while aiming for swift tube removal, we performed bronchoscopic intervention for granulation tissue excision, subsequently replacing the conventional tracheostomy tube with a Montgomery T tube as a transitional measure to restore normal ventilation. With additional rehabilitation fostering respiratory function enhancement, follow-up bronchoscopies confirmed no recurrence of granulations and significant reduction in laryngeal edema, thereby enabling the successful removal of the Montgomery T tube 2 months later, restoring the patient’s unassisted respiratory capacity. This case underscores a clinically pertinent insight: following resolution of local airway abnormalities impeding tracheostomy decannulation, the strategic implementation of a Montgomery T tube as a transitional phase merits serious consideration among clinicians managing patients with long-term tracheostomies. Our findings contribute to the development of more streamlined approaches to overcoming complexities associated with tracheostomy tube removal in clinical practice.

A Review of Transportation 5.0: Advancing Sustainable Mobility Through Intelligent Technology and Renewable Energy

Transportation 5.0 is an advanced and sophisticated system combining technologies with a focus on human-centered design and inclusivity. Its various components integrate intelligent infrastructure, autonomous vehicles, shared mobility services, green energy solutions, and data-driven systems to create an efficient and sustainable transportation network to tackle modern urban challenges. However, this evolution of transportation is also intended to improve accessibility by creating environmentally benign substitutes for traditional fuel-based mobility solutions, even when addressing traffic management and control issues. Consequently, to promote synergy for sustainability, the diversified nature of the Transportation 5.0 components ought to be efficiently and effectively managed. Thus, this study aims to reveal the involvement of Transportation 5.0 core component prediction in the sustainable transportation system through a systematic literature review. This study also contemplates the causal model under system dynamics modeling in order to address sustainable solutions and the movement toward sustainability in the context of Transportation 5.0. From this review, in addition to the developed causal model, it is identified that every core component management method in the sustainable Transportation 5.0 system reduces environmental impact while increasing passenger convenience and the overall efficiency and accessibility of the transport network, with greater improvements for developing nations. As the variety of transportation options, including electric vehicles, is successfully integrated, this evolution will eventually enable shared mobility, green infrastructure, and multimodal transit options.

Dye sensitized solar cells: Meta-analysis of effect sensitizer-type on photovoltaic efficiency.

Since Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs) was created, a versatile and cost-effective alternative among photovoltaic technology options for power generation and energy transition to combat climate change have emerged. The theoretical and experimental knowledge of DSSCs have increased in regard to their operation in the last three decades of development; it includes the device's components, as well as the most recent innovations in their application and forms of activation. In this work paper, we presented a meta-study of photovoltaic characterization parameters, 329 scientific reports of DSSCs were considered to compare three types of sensitizers (Organometallics, non-metal organic dyes and, natural dyes). The objective of this study is to compare DSSCs performance when using three different sensitizers. In general, the best reported results related to DSSCs are based on organic and organometallic sensitizers. DSSCs based on organometallic compounds have an average efficiency of approximately 9.1%, which displays the best average result; the maximum efficiency value recorded for DSSCs sensitized to organometallic compounds is 13.0 %. DSSCs based on synthetic organic sensitizers without the presence of metals in their structure, the average efficiency is approximately 7.1% and the maximum efficiency values is 15.2% (DSSCs utilize the co-photosensitization system and dye pre-adsorption treatment). DSSCs based on natural sensitizers indicated an average efficiency value about 0.5% and the maximum efficiency value recorded is 2.3%.

The Environmental and Public Health Benefits of Offshore Wind Power Deployment in China.

With the rapid decline in the levelized cost, offshore wind power offers a new option for the clean energy transition of the power sector in China's coastal areas. Here, we develop a power system capacity expansion and operation optimization model to simulate the penetration of offshore wind power in China and quantify the associated health effects. We find that offshore wind power has great potential in mitigating the negative impacts of existing coal-fired power emissions. By deploying cost-competitive offshore wind power, it is projected that by 2050, offshore wind power would contribute 2% to 5% (306-654 TWh) of China's total electricity generation, cumulatively reducing pollutants from the electricity sector by 3% and preventing 165,000 premature deaths. Notably, with the implementation of incentive policies, the scale of offshore wind power deployment expands two to three times, yielding public health benefits that far outweigh the costs of policy implementation.

To ride-hail or not to ride-hail? Complementarity and competition between public transit and transportation network companies through the lens of app data

AbstractTransportation Network Company (TNC) services have become a prominent factor in urban transportation in recent years, and there is an ongoing debate regarding their relationship with public transit. While many argue that TNCs draw passengers away from public transportation, others believe the two modes complement each other. However, due to the inadequate sample size of rider surveys as primary data sources, our understanding of how riders choose between these two modalities remains limited. This study uses nine months of trip planning data generated by the Transit App, which captures how travelers engage with multiple options in real time, including TNC and public transit services. We extract measures from Transit describing the travel options and the habits of each individual user for sessions in which the user “tapped” on one of these two modes, indicating consideration of it as an option. Machine learning models predict the likelihood of a rider tapping TNC based on features of the available public transit options and other contextual factors (e.g., time of day, weather conditions). The models find that these taps are driven by factors that highlight the convenience of TNC, such as the waiting time, walking distance, and the number of transfers for public transportation trips. We also find that the majority of TNC trips tapped by app users combine the two modes when using the Transit App, with TNC acting as a connection to or from public transit. These results provide detailed additional evidence for current arguments for both competition and complementarity between TNC and public transit from a population that uses an app to navigate public transit.

Current and Novel Therapies for Cluster Headache: A Narrative Review.

Cluster headache (CH) is an excruciating and debilitating primary headache disorder. The prevalence is up to 1.3%, and the typical onset is around age 30. Often misdiagnosed as migraine, particularly in children, the diagnosis rate of CH has been increasing among women. CH is characterized by intense unilateral pain and autonomic symptoms, significantly impacting patients' quality of life, mental health, and productivity.Genetic associations suggest a familial risk for developing CH, with lifestyle factors also potentially playing a role. The pathophysiology involves alterations in both central and peripheral nervous system, with the hypothalamus, trigeminocervical complex, and neuropeptides such as calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) being implicated.Nonpharmacological treatments focus on patient education and lifestyle modifications, while pharmacological treatments include acute therapies such as oxygen and subcutaneous or nasal sumatriptan, as well as preventive therapies like verapamil, lithium, and CGRP monoclonal antibodies. Transitional options include oral corticosteroids and greater occipital nerve injections. Emerging interventional procedures offer new avenues for managing refractory cases. Noninvasive vagal nerve stimulation and occipital nerve stimulation show promise for both acute and preventive treatment. Careful consideration of safety profiles is crucial in specific populations such as pregnant patients and children.Current treatments still leave patients highly burdened by limited efficacy and side effects. Future research continues to explore novel pharmacological targets, interventional procedures, and the potential role of psychedelics in CH management. Comprehensive, multifaceted treatment strategies are essential to improve the daily functioning and quality of life for individuals with CH.

ENABLING AND LIMITING FACTORS FOR PURCHASING FOOD PRODUCTS STRAIGHT FROM THE FARM USING THE EXAMPLE OF Z-GENERATION CONSUMERS

The purpose of this article was to identify the factors characteristic of Generation Z that favor and limit their decisions to purchase products straight from the farm, to identify their preferences regarding the choice of shopping destinations, barriers related to packaging and preferred forms of payment. The survey was conducted on a group of 246 representatives of Generation Z. This generation is an important and attractive group in the context of direct sales, as it is characterised by a greater openness to market novelties, represents considerable purchasing power, as well as decision-making power within their families and peer groups. The research showed that Generation Z consumers are interested in buying food products straight from the farm mainly fruits and vegetables, honey, fish and eggs. A motivating factor for buying straight from the farm turned out to be the local origin of the product, while a limiting factor was the lack of readily available pick-up points. In addition, the need to organize packaging before making purchases and limited options for cashless transitions proved to be much of a barrier. It would therefore be advisable for farmers interested in direct selling to make an effort to self-organise and use digital solutions such as mobile apps.

The influence of residential location and public transit options on commuters’ intention to use travel apps for different travel purposes

While living in city centers is usually linked to higher accessibility levels, shorter travel times, and higher levels of public transit (PT) utilization, the opposite is true for residents of suburban areas. This assumption holds in metropolitan contexts, where central areas offer better accessibility and are associated with higher levels of PT use. In metropolitan peripheries, a large part of commuting is done on an interurban basis, so that the level of use of public transit can be linked to the supply and information available. This work aims to understand the conditions in terms of transit supply and land use, considering the most frequent trip, psychological variables, and the modal choice of commuters’ motorized modes, in the intention to use the new real-time multi-modal travel app, such as advanced traveler information systems (ATIS) for digital mobility-management assistance. A Structural Equation Model is developed to empirically test a sample of 768 respondents collected in two suburban corridors in the Lisbon Metropolitan Area (LMA). Finally, our findings indicate that residential location, mode choice, and trip complexity have a relevant influence on the intention to adopt travel apps. Male students belonging to Generation Y/Z are the most likely users of travel apps. Regardless of the reason, travel patterns associated with more complex (more transfers) and more frequent trips can reinforce the intention to use apps. Also, it is worth noting that students are frequent public transit users, and public transit is also related to trip complexity.

Ride-Hailing vs. Fixed-Route: Preferences of the Transit-Dependent Populations in U.S. Urbanized Areas

Transportation inequality poses significant challenges in car-dependent cities in the US, especially for Transit-Dependent Populations (TDPs) who rely on public transportation to meet their travel requirements. Research indicates that despite the rapid growth of ride-hailing services like Uber, TDPs primarily depend on conventional transit options such as buses and metros. This study differentiates between two classifications of ride-hailing services: Private Ride-hailing (PRH), represented by platforms like Uber and Lyft, where individuals hire and pay for their rides, occasionally sharing the journey with guests; and ride-sharing (RS), like UberPool, which allows users to divide travel expenses. However, a more profound comprehension is necessary to clarify why TDPs show a preference for one mode of transportation over another and the factors that influence their decision-making. This study utilises Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) to examine the direct and indirect relationships between explanatory and outcome variables, while investigating modal preferences and usage frequency in 48 densely populated urban areas in the US (N = 384). TDPs choose to use transportation services like Uber because of their effectiveness in reducing both travel and waiting time, in contrast to traditional Fixed-Route Transit Services (FRTS), which are relatively less efficient. TDPs’ inclination towards PRH leads to a greater dependence on ride-hailing services, whereas a preference for FRTS reduces this dependence. Significantly, the study demonstrates that TDPs’ modal preferences are not only influenced by their socioeconomic status or rational decision-making, but also by the complex interaction between these factors. These findings provide valuable information for policymakers who want to evaluate the sustainability of ride-hailing services for TDPs and effectively tackle transportation inequalities.

Spatial inequities in access to medications for treatment of opioid use disorder highlight scarcity of methadone providers under counterfactual scenarios.

Access to treatment and medication for opioid use disorder (MOUD) is essential in reducing opioid use and associated behavioral risks, such as syringe sharing among persons who inject drugs (PWID). Syringe sharing among PWID carries high risk of transmission of serious infections such as hepatitis C and HIV. MOUD resources, such as methadone provider clinics, however, are often unavailable to PWID due to barriers like long travel distance to the nearest methadone provider and the required frequency of clinic visits. The goal of this study is to examine the uncertainty in the effects of travel distance in initiating and continuing methadone treatment and how these interact with different spatial distributions of methadone providers to impact co-injection (syringe sharing) risks. A baseline scenario of spatial access was established using the existing locations of methadone providers in a geographical area of metropolitan Chicago, Illinois, USA. Next, different counterfactual scenarios redistributed the locations of methadone providers in this geographic area according to the densities of both the general adult population and according to the PWID population per zip code. We define different reasonable methadone access assumptions as the combinations of short, medium, and long travel distance preferences combined with three urban/suburban travel distance preference. Our modeling results show that when there is a low travel distance preference for accessing methadone providers, distributing providers near areas that have the greatest need (defined by density of PWID) is best at reducing syringe sharing behaviors. However, this strategy also decreases access across suburban locales, posing even greater difficulty in regions with fewer transit options and providers. As such, without an adequate number of providers to give equitable coverage across the region, spatial distribution cannot be optimized to provide equitable access to all PWID. Our study has important implications for increasing interest in methadone as a resurgent treatment for MOUD in the United States and for guiding policy toward improving access to MOUD among PWID.

Science and citizen deliberation – a promising coalition?

Many countries, including Germany have struggled to agree on ambitious climate action, in part because technocratic policy advice failed to adequately consider the social and political consequences. The combination of science and citizen deliberation could enable a new coalition to stimulate policy learning along different climate policy options. The Ariadne Project was a transdisciplinary research project about different policy options for the German Energy Transition. It facilitated an iterative social learning process between researchers and citizens during focus groups, citizen conferences and online deliberations. As such, this case sheds light on a new culture of science–society relations. To assess if and how learning occurred, we ask whether the involved citizens and researchers have changed their understanding of policy options and of each other. We found that citizens were very enthusiastic about the new learning opportunities, and their roles within them. While researchers appreciated the new experience, they also faced challenges. We argue that despite these challenges, there is inherent value in providing spaces for researchers and citizens to interact with and jointly inform policymakers.

Prioritas Peningkatan Kinerja Bus Listrik Metrotrans Rute 7A Kampung Rambutan – Lebak Bulus Jakarta

In DKI Jakarta, heavy traffic and oil-fueled car emissions are to blame for between 32% and 57% of the province's overall air pollution. The DKI Jakarta Provincial government started implementing electric buses as a proactive reaction to the carbon emission issue. One of these buses is located on Transjakarta feeder routes (non-BRT), namely Metrotrans electric bus Route 7A Kampung Rambutan - Lebak Bulus. Congestion and air pollution are the two main issues facing the transportation sector in DKI Jakarta. One mass transit option that addresses these issues is the battery-powered Metrotrans electric bus. This study's objectives are to assess the operational and service performance of Metrotrans electric buses Route 7A Kampung Rambutan - Lebak Bulus and to establish the order of importance for performance improvement. Operational performance study, which includes headway, journey time, waiting time, load factor analysis, Importance-Performance study (IPA), and Potential Gain Customer Value (PGCV) analysis, was the analysis approach employed. According to the findings, waiting times, headways, load factors, journey times, GPS, SOPs for handling crises, bus stop availability, and information about routes and routes to be served were the top priorities for performance improvement.

Toward sustainable recycled methanol production from CO2 and steel by-product gases in South Korea; process design and assessment

Methanol is receiving considerable attention as an alternative fuel because of its potential role as a transitional option in mitigating greenhouse gas emissions and enabling the transition towards biofuels. Recycled methanol, produced using captured CO2 or industrial by-product gases, emerges as an attractive alternative in South Korea, especially considering the excessive emissions from its energy and industrial sectors. However, assessing technological superiority amongst a range of alternatives remains challenging. This study aims to assess and compare various methanol production pathways utilizing captured CO2 and by-product gases from steel industry within context of South Korea. The selected technologies are either currently in industrial use or pivotal for future industrial applications. A unified process design and assessment framework was employed to model and simulate eight technological conversion processes. These processes underwent evaluation based on key performance indicators, accompanied by comprehensive techno-economic and environmental life cycle assessments. Additionally, comparisons were made with conventional fossil-based methanol production, considering different hydrogen and electricity production routes. This study provides valuable insights into the viability of recycled methanol pathways in terms of process performance, economic and environmental feasibility and will facilitate the practical implementation of recycled methanol, contributing towards achieving carbon neutrality objectives.

Left Behind: Funding Climate Action in the Global South

Global clean energy transition envisions zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050, as set by the United Nations. Consequentially, developed economies have made giant strides in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and achieving full decarbonization. However, the opposite remains true in the Global South, lagging in financing its climate action. Despite being disproportionately impacted by climate change, financial efforts by developed economies and the Global South have failed in placing the latter’s countries at par with clean energy investments of developed countries. Absent adequate financing of climate action in the Global South, the net zero goal will be nothing but a mirage. This Article contends that financial incapacity to finance climate change has left the Global South behind in the global energy transition movement and, if left unchecked, will sabotage global energy transition efforts. Using Africa as a case study, this Article explores the need to develop realistic financing options for global energy transition in the region. This Article recognizes that financing climate change is expensive and much more strenuous on African economies that barely have the fiscal infrastructure to finance the transition. It unpacks the extant climate financing avenues and the inherent challenges in attracting climate finance in Africa and argues for improvements.

Risk Assessment Analysis of Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems in Remote Areas: Case Study of Domadgee, Australia

This study comprehensively analyses the energy requirements and options for Doomadgee, a remote indigenous community in Australia. Currently, the electricity provider relies on a 2.44 MW diesel power generator, resulting in high operational costs and carbon emissions. This study explores transition options to renewable energy sources to address these challenges while ensuring reliable and cost-effective power supply. This study suggests utilising a 2.4 MW wind energy source, a 1.2 MW solar energy source, and a 4 MW battery storage system that can last 8 hours. This configuration aims to reduce diesel consumption, optimise the internal rate of return (IRR), and establish a sustainable energy mix with low capital expenditure. The wind and solar capacities recommended for Doomadgee also consider seasonal fluctuations, such as wet and dry seasons in energy demand, ensuring efficient power production all year round. The study commences with the development of a risk matrix to determine the hurdle rate. The next step involves conducting ten distinct scenarios to evaluate the investment's financial feasibility, considering various variables such as wind, solar, equipment, and battery storage capacities. Sensitivity analysis also determines the most significant factors impacting financial valuation. This analysis provides valuable insights that can aid in the decision-making process.

Switching from natalizumab to an anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody in relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis: A systematic review

BackgroundUse of natalizumab (NTZ) is precluded in many Multiple Sclerosis (MS) patients by the risk of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). Regardless, some patients may commence natalizumab for short term disease control in spite of being seropositive, and others may seroconvert whilst on treatment. In these circumstances, discontinuation of NTZ should not occur until a clear exit strategy is established to prevent post-NTZ disease reactivation, which often exceeds the severity of disease activity prior to NTZ treatment. The objective of this systematic review was to summarise the available evidence for CD20-monoclonal antibodies (CD20mAb) as a suitable NTZ exit strategy, and to identify whether a superior switch protocol can be established. MethodsIn accordance with PRISMA guidelines, a total of 2393 references were extracted from a search of three online databases (PubMed, Scopus, MEDLINE). Following the application of inclusion/exclusion criteria, a total of 5 studies representing 331 patients were included. ResultsThe overall incidence of clinical relapse during washout periods ranging from 4.4–10.7 weeks was 0 %. The incidence of clinical relapse during two-year follow-up ranged from 1.8 % to 10 % for switches to all types of CD20 monoclonal antibody. The weighted mean for clinical relapse at 12 months was 8.8 %. Three studies reported an annualised relapse rate (ARR) ranging from 0.02–0.12 with a weighted mean ARR of 0.07. The overall incidence of PML during washout was 0 % and the overall incidence of PML within 6 months follow-up was 0.6 %. ConclusionsThis systematic review provides the first attempt at identifying a superior switch protocol in patients at risk of PML transitioning from NTZ to a CD20mAb. Our results indicate that CD20mAb's are a suitable transitional option for patients who discontinue NTZ, with our cohort demonstrating very low rates of carryover PML and low rates of clinical relapse. The most appropriate washout period is unclear due to confounding factors but is likely between 4 and 12 weeks.

Greening Finance? What Institutional Options for a Sustainable Transition?

Research on sustainability and energy transition aims to identify the structural changes that should occur and how they could be achieved and managed to render society more viable. Institutions are the providers of an appropriate environment that should offer those conditions and allow citizens to undertake activities that meet both individual and societal goals. Climate emergency and transition constraints recast economic and political structures and put institutions under pressure in the face of global risks. Two of them, climate risks and financial risks, can be regarded as sources of systemic risk since they determine the conditions of viability of our economies and societies. This article argues that an appropriate institutional reform is required to frame macroprudential policies for financial regulation and tackle climate change by greening finance and containing climate-related financial risks. The article then assesses the scope of a macro-regulatory institutional framework to provide relevant support for sustainable finance and financial markets to improve our ability to secure a viable future for our societies. Long-term sustainable financial tools for financing the transition require definancialization of the economy to prevent the perversion of financial practices that undermine societal sustainability and sabotage financing resources that a greener future inevitably needs.

Unconditional basic income and a degrowth transition: Adding empirical rigour to radical visions

Unconditional basic income (UBI) is one of the most discussed policy options for a degrowth transition. Advocates highlight UBI’s theoretical potential to reduce unnecessary material consumption, alleviate poverty and redistribute social wealth, achieve wellbeing within ecological limits, shift activity from wage-labour to meaningful work, and facilitate increased social participation. However, UBI’s radical potential remains under-examined within the empirical research, which focuses more on the policy’s potential to increase the supply of wage-labour and stimulate economic growth. This paper aims to push back against this limiting trend. It begins by outlining some of the characteristics of more sustainable and just societies, based on post-growth perspectives, and outlines the arguments put forward to support UBI’s compatibility with a degrowth transition. It then demonstrates that, despite support from UBI and many post-growth scholars, such arguments are not mainstreamed in the contemporary empirical UBI research. The paper argues that this increases the risk of UBI being captured by capitalist interests. To avoid this outcome, the paper proposes an alternative research agenda to help assess and advance UBI’s radical potential in line with post-growth visions.

Are New Campus Mobility Trends Causing Health Concerns?

An influx of new mobility trends such as fare-free bus transportation, ride hail, and e-scooter services to improve access and affordability of transportation on campus may be shifting the travel behavior of campus patrons such that it affects their long-term health outcomes. The main research questions explored in this study are as follows: (1) why university patrons choose new modes of travel?; (2) what existing mode did the new modes of travel replace for the riders?; and (3) is the average body mass index (BMI) of users primarily using non-motorized transit options lower than those using motorized or both (referred to as hybrid) for on-campus travel needs? An online survey was administered to a campus community (n = 3309) including students (48%), faculty (15%), and staff (37%) in fall of 2018 when fare-free bus transportation and e-scooters became available on campus, and a gradual increase in ridership of ride-hail services was simultaneously observed. This study found that campus patrons were more inclined to replace active modes of travel with affordable and accessible modes of transportation, thereby substituting their walking or biking routine with app-based transportation services. The mean BMI among travelers who chose motorized transportation modes was more than active travelers, and the BMI was statistically significantly associated with age, gender, race, class standing (undergraduate/graduate), and residence on/off campus. This study concludes with suggestions to prevent substitution of active with non-active transport choices and provides policy guidelines to increase awareness on achieving physical activity levels through active modes of travel for university patrons.