Transient Zone Research Articles

Efficient random walk particle tracking algorithm for advective‐dispersive transport in media with discontinuous dispersion coefficients and water contents

Random walk particle tracking (RWPT) is a well established and efficient alternative to grid‐based Eulerian approaches when simulating the advection‐dispersion transport problem in highly heterogeneous porous media. However, RWPT methods suffer from a lack of accuracy when the dispersion tensor or the water content is spatially discontinuous. We present improvements to the concept of a partially reflecting barrier used to account for these discontinuities: (1) the nonlinear time splitting with that corrects for the systematic overestimation of the second dispersion displacement across an element interface when linear time splitting is used; (2) the one‐sided reflection coefficient that correctly represents the effect of discontinuous dispersion coefficients and water content but eliminates redundant reflections of the two‐sided reflection coefficient and limits the error for discrete ; and (3) the transformation of the dispersive displacement across the element interface for complex multidimensional transport problems. The proposed improvements are verified numerically by comparison with an analytical solution and a reference RWPT method. The results indicate an increased efficiency and accuracy of the new RWPT algorithm. Because the new algorithm efficiently simulates both advection‐ and dispersion‐dominated transport conditions, it enhances the applicability of RWPT to scenarios in which both conditions occur, as, for example, in the highly transient unsaturated zone. The algorithm is easily implemented and it is shown that the computational benefit increases with increasing variability of the hydraulic parameter field.

Influence of Contact Friction Conditions on Thin Profile Simulation Accuracy in Extrusion

The paper presents the development of the Finite Element model for simulation of thin aluminium profile extrusion of both solid and hollow shapes. The analysis has shown that the material flow in simulation is very dependent on the friction model. Experimental and theoretical studies show that friction traction on the interface between the tool and the deformed material can be represented as a combination of adhesive friction force and the force that is required to deform surface asperities. In aluminium extrusion we can clearly distinguish two different areas with respect to friction conditions such as sticking and sliding and transient zones between them. The lengths of these zones are also dependent on variation of the choke angle and actual thickness of the profile. To get these values the material flow problem is to be coupled with the simulation of the tools deformation. A series of experiments with specially designed tools have been done to investigate how the bearing length and choke angle may influence the extension of different friction zones and by these means vary the material flow pattern. The friction models have also been tested with industrial profiles of complex shapes and have shown good correspondence to reality.

Can aspect ratio be used to categorize intra-aneurysmal hemodynamics?—A study of elastase induced aneurysms in rabbit

Clinical studies suggest that aneurysm aspect ratio (AR) is an important indicator of rupture likelihood. The importance of AR is hypothesized to arise from its influence on intra-aneurysmal hemodynamics. It has been conjectured that slower flow in high AR sacs leads to a cascade of biological activities that weaken the aneurysm wall ( Ujiie et al.,1999). However, the connection between AR, hemodynamics and wall weakening has never been proven. Animal models of saccular aneurysms provide a venue for evaluating this conjecture. The focus of this work was to evaluate whether a commonly used elastase induced aneurysm model in rabbits is suitable for a study of this kind from a hemodynamic perspective. In particular, to assess whether hemodynamic factors in low and high AR sacs are statistically different. To achieve this objective, saccular aneurysms were created in 51 rabbits and pulsatile computational fluid dynamics (CFD) studies were performed using rabbit specific inflows. Distinct hemodynamics were found in the low AR (AR<1.8, n=25), and high AR (AR>2.2, n=18) models. A single, stable recirculation zone was present in all low AR aneurysms, whereas a second, transient recirculation zone was also found in the superior aspect of the aneurysm dome for all high AR cases. Aneurysms with AR between 1.8 and 2.2 displayed transitional flow patterns. Differences in values and distributions of hemodynamic parameters were found between low and high AR cases including time averaged wall shear stress, oscillatory shear index, relative residence time and non-dimensional inflow rate. This work lays the foundation for future studies of the dependence of growth and remodeling on AR in the rabbit model and provides a motivation for further studies of the coupling between AR and hemodynamics in human aneurysms.

Quantification of metabolically active transient storage (MATS) in two reaches with contrasting transient storage and ecosystem respiration

a deep alluvial deposit. The MATS zones measured 0.002 m 2 in the bedrock reach (37% of transient storage) and 0.291 m 2 in the alluvial reach (100% of transient storage). The effective rate coefficient of Raz transformation in the MATS of the bedrock reach was approximately 16 times that of the alluvial reach. However, when we take into account the contribution of the MATS zone to overall metabolic activity, Raz transformation in the MATS zone was 2.2 times slower in the bedrock reach than in the alluvial reach. The difference was similar to the difference in ecosystem respiration, which was 1.8 times lower in the bedrock reach than in the alluvial reach, suggesting that the MATS zones were important contributors to ecosystem respiration. Results indicate that the quantification of MATS can improve our understanding of the role that transient storage zones play on stream metabolic processes and demonstrate the utility of Raz as a “smart” tracer that provides new information on metabolic activity at a whole‐reach and at smaller scale. Citation: Argerich, A., R. Haggerty, E. Marti, F. Sabater, and J. Zarnetske (2011), Quantification of metabolically active transient storage (MATS) in two reaches with contrasting transient storage and ecosystem respiration, J. Geophys. Res., 116, G03034, doi:10.1029/2010JG001379.

Constructing Spaces of Dissent in Communist Romania: Ruined Bodies and Clandestine Spaces in Cristian Mungiu's 4 Months, 3 Weeks, and 2 Days and Gabriela Adamesteanu's "A Few Days in the Hospital"

Constructing Spaces of Dissent in Communist Romania:Ruined Bodies and Clandestine Spaces in Cristian Mungiu's 4 Months, 3 Weeks, and 2 Days and Gabriela Adamesteanu's "A Few Days in the Hospital" Roxana Cazan (bio) In Communist Romania, 9,452 women died between 1966 and 1989 from failed attempts to terminate pregnancies (Draghici 2004). In the early 1990s, Romania recorded the highest maternal death rates in Europe (Population Reference Bureau 2003, 2). Severing access to legal abortion was instrumental in opening up venues where women could terminate their pregnancies through illegal means: "Although the abortion rate fell to 78 abortions per 1,000 women aged 15-44 by 1996, it remains by far the highest in Europe" (United Nations 2002). The legal prohibition against sexual and contraceptive rights at this time transformed abortions into de facto practices of active citizenship. In her essay, "Gendering Dissent: Of Bodies and Minds, Survival and Opposition Under Communism," Maria Bucur-Deckard argues that women's decisions to abort their fetuses constituted acts of dissidence, whether this decision stemmed from a refusal to engage in politics, from a disagreement with mainstream politics, from commitment to democracy, or from simply "acting while fully aware of the legal repressive consequences of one's actions" (Bucur-Deckard 2008, 12-22). Bucur-Deckard's analysis provides the means to understand abortion in the Romanian context in relation to Holloway Sparks's notion of dissident or democratic citizenship. Sparks defines dissident citizenship as "the practices of marginalized citizens who publicly contest prevailing arrangements of power by means of oppositional democratic practices that augment or replace institutionalized channels of democratic opposition when those channels are inadequate or unavailable" (Sparks 1997, 75). Building on Bucur-Deckard's and Spark's work, I am interested [End Page 93] in analyzing representations of abortion as dissident citizenship in Cristian Mungiu's movie 4 Months, 3 Weeks, and 2 Days (2007) and Gabriela Adamesteanu's story "A Few Days in the Hospital" (1989), both of which take place during the final years of Communist rule in Romania.1 I proceed from the premise that some pregnant women who considered abortion in Communist Romania defied, among others, the state's attempt to define their wombs as national spaces, that is, the site for the literal reproduction of future citizens.2 Their transgressing the law and risking their lives identified their wombs as the place of dissidence, and their bodies the first location where the clandestine space begins to take shape. Through such courageous abortive acts, these women reclaimed their ruined bodies and, in so doing, created what Sparks calls "channels of democratic opposition," starting with the very site of maternity as an individual choice that they regain. Although not all women who terminated their pregnancies engaged in conscious political acts, they were well aware of the possible consequences that could have ruined their freedom and their public and private lives and those of the individuals witnessing the felony. In this way, abortion requires a certain amount of courage, which itself is the motor for dissident citizenship that "[contests] prevailing arrangements of power" (Sparks 1997, 75) and implements itself through the creation of clandestine spaces. Central to my analysis of gendered dissident citizenship is therefore this particular concept of the clandestine space, a transient zone of movement that becomes the site where women resist the state's regulation of their bodies. Such a space is a conglomerate where one is both alone and simultaneously accompanied by all other women performing their dissent. I begin this essay by contextualizing my readings of Mungiu's film and Adamesteanu's story as cultural texts and describing the background of the pronatalist policies imposed during the Romanian Communist regime prior to 1989. In order to underline "the arrangements of power" (Sparks 1997, 75) that refuse women primary rights over their own bodies, I also define the concept of citizenship prescribed by Communism. In the following section I explain my use of "clandestineness," the term for a category that highlights the patriarchal continuities of the private and public spheres, which are sometimes deemed as separate. I then turn to the cultural texts and illustrate how they articulate versions of dissident citizenship...

New explicit correlations for turbulent flow friction factor

Two new correlations of single-phase friction factor for turbulent pipe flow are shown in this paper. These two formulas are actually explicit approximations of iterative Colebrook's relation for calculation of flow friction factor. Calculated friction factors are valid for whole turbulent flow including hydraulically smooth and rough pipes with special attention on transient zone of turbulence between them. Hydraulically smooth regime of turbulence does not occur only in total absence of roughness of inner pipe surface, but also, four new relations for this theoretical regime are presented. Some recent formulas for turbulent flow friction calculation are also commented.

Transcriptional programs in transient embryonic zones of the cerebral cortex defined by high-resolution mRNA sequencing

Characterizing the genetic programs that specify development and evolution of the cerebral cortex is a central challenge in neuroscience. Stem cells in the transient embryonic ventricular and subventricular zones generate neurons that migrate across the intermediate zone to the overlying cortical plate, where they differentiate and form the neocortex. It is clear that not one but a multitude of molecular pathways are necessary to progress through each cellular milestone, yet the underlying transcriptional programs remain unknown. Here, we apply differential transcriptome analysis on microscopically isolated cell populations, to define five transcriptional programs that represent each transient embryonic zone and the progression between these zones. The five transcriptional programs contain largely uncharacterized genes in addition to transcripts necessary for stem cell maintenance, neurogenesis, migration, and differentiation. Additionally, we found intergenic transcriptionally active regions that possibly encode unique zone-specific transcripts. Finally, we present a high-resolution transcriptome map of transient zones in the embryonic mouse forebrain.

Quantifying flow and remediation zone uncertainties for partially opened wells in heterogeneous aquifers

Abstract. This study presents a numerical first-order spectral model to quantify transient flow and remediation zone uncertainties for partially opened wells in heterogeneous aquifers. Taking advantages of spectral theories in solving unmodeled small-scale variability in hydraulic conductivity (K), the presented nonstationary spectral method (NSM) can efficiently estimate flow uncertainties, including hydraulic heads and Darcy velocities in r- and z-directions in a cylindrical coordinate system. The velocity uncertainties associated with the particle backward tracking algorithm are then used to estimate stochastic remediation zones for scenarios with partially opened well screens. In this study the flow and remediation zone uncertainties obtained by NSM were first compared with those obtained by Monte Carlo simulations (MCS). A layered aquifer with different geometric mean of K and screen locations was then illustrated with the developed NSM. To compare NSM flow and remediation zone uncertainties with those of MCS, three different small-scale K variances and correlation lengths were considered for illustration purpose. The MCS remediation zones for different degrees of heterogeneity were presented with the uncertainty clouds obtained by 200 equally likely MCS realizations. Results of simulations reveal that the first-order NSM solutions agree well with those of MCS for partially opened wells. The flow uncertainties obtained by using NSM and MCS show identically for aquifers with small ln K variances and correlation lengths. Based on the test examples, the remediation zone uncertainties (bandwidths) are not sensitive to the changes of small-scale ln K correlation lengths. However, the increases of remediation zone uncertainties (i.e. the uncertainty bandwidths) are significant with the increases of small-scale ln K variances. The largest displacement uncertainties may have several meters of differences when the ln K variances increase from 0.1 to 1.0. Such conclusions are also valid for the estimations of remediation zones in layered aquifers.

Response functions for in‐stream solute transport in river networks

This paper analyzes the effects of different hydrological mechanisms on the solute response in watershed stream networks. Important processes are due to the hydraulic and chemical retention of reactive solutes in transient storage zones and the cumulative consequences of these processes from a single transport pathway as well as from the network of transport pathways. Temporal moments are derived for a distributed stream network and for a compartment‐in‐series model. The temporal moments are evaluated and are utilized to derive formal expressions for translating the network parameters into compartmental model parameters. The analysis reveals that in addition to the hydraulic and chemical retention processes, the morphological and topological properties of a watershed have a distinct impact on the central temporal moments in terms of averaging of the solute load weighted distances as well as the transport parameters over the network. Kinetic (rate‐limited) transient storage affects second‐order and higher central temporal moments and thus has a secondary effect on the parameterization of compartmental models. Additional considerable contributions to all temporal moments are introduced when parameter variability along transport pathways is considered. The paper demonstrates an improved model outcome for phosphorus transport in a small Swedish watershed by accounting for the overall network effects when parameterizing a compartment‐in‐series model.

TOTAL CELL NUMBER IN FETAL BRAIN

In this study the material comprises brains from three aborted fetuses and two fullterm infants who died at birth.The gestational ages ranged from the 22nd week to term. All cases were without malformations, known chromosomal abnormality, hydrops, and systemic infections, and all had normal birth weights with fetal growth indices (observed birth weight/expected mean birth weight) between 0.9 - 1.05. The preliminary results show a five fold increase in the total cell population in the marginal zone/cortical plate, MZ/CP (future neocortex), from week 22 until term. In the transient subplate zone, SP, the total cell number was more than doubled from week 22 to week 30-35, and then decreased towards term. In the intermediate zone, IZ (future white matter), the total cell population was doubled from week 22 until term. The total cell number in the entricular/subventricular zone, VZ/SZ (germinal matrix), was reduced by a factor of five from week 22 until term. A histological differentiation between neurons and glial cells was not possible. The optical fractionator was used to estimate the total cell population in four characteristic developmental zones in the human fetal brain. Fetal brain tissue undergoes considerable and rather unpredictable shrinkage during fixation. However, using the fractionator principle it is possible to eliminate this problem, provided that the structure of interest (one brain hemisphere) is fully intact.

Rainfall-Induce Seepage Field of a High Slope and its Effect Factors

To investigate the rainfall-induce the seepage field of a high slope and effect factors, the theory of saturated-unsaturated infiltration was employed, and the numerical model of slope infiltration subjected to the rainfall are developed and programmed. The numerical results shown that, (1) With the increasing of the rainfall duration, rainfall water infiltration formed a transient saturated zone at slope surface, when the moist frontal surface reached to the groundwater level, the rainfall water would supply the groundwater. (2) Each effect factors on the seepage field play a strongest roles on the slope toe, weaker role on the middle part slope and weakest role on the top slope. (3) The longer rainfall duration, the deeper of infiltration depth. It also be deeper with the larger rainfall intensity, coefficient of permeability, the initial moisture content of the surface and the surface waterlogging depth. (4) The effect on seepage field would be faintly and could be ignored when the rainfall intensity was greater than 65.9mm/h and the surface waterlogging depth is greater than 0.3m. All above could provide technical ideas for analyzing slope seepage field under rainfall and accumulate fundamental data for early warning and preventing mud-rock flow and landslide.

The Zagreb Collection of human brains: a unique, versatile, but underexploited resource for the neuroscience community

The Zagreb Collection of developing and adult human brains was founded in 1974 by Ivica Kostović and consists of 1,278 developing and adult human brains, including 610 fetal, 317 children, and 359 adult brains. It is one of the largest collections of developing human brains. The collection serves as a key resource for many focused research projects and has led to several seminal contributions on mammalian cortical development, such as the discovery of the transient fetal subplate zone and of early bilaminar synaptogenesis in the embryonic and fetal human cerebral cortex, and the first description of growing afferent pathways in the human fetal telencephalon. The Zagreb Collection also serves as a core resource for ever-growing networks of international collaboration and represents the starting point for many young investigators who now pursue independent research careers at leading international institutions. The Zagreb Collection, however, remains underexploited owing to a lack of adequate funding in Croatia. Funding could establish an online catalog of the collection and modern virtual microscopy scanning methods to make the collection internationally more accessible.

Analysis of the Stability Conditions of Qing River Gushubao Landslide Mass

The stability conditions after the instability of sliding is a concern issue; it is the significant foundation to conduct objective assessment for selecting engineering management measures. According to the geological background and geological exploration data, some representative sections as well as their stability conditions were studied and analyzed based on limit equilibrium method for rigid block and three-dimensional nonlinear FEM in this paper. The impacts on the slop stability by different depths of the transient saturated zone caused by groundwater as well as rainfall infiltration were taken into consideration during the calculation analysis. It is indicated by the results that the impacts on the landslide mass displacement by rainfall have distinguish spatial properties; the impacts on vertical displacement is bigger than that of the horizontal direction; the obvious impacting zone is located in the little backer anterior border area of the landslide mass. The calculation results can provide important references for the control and reinforcement of the landslide mass as well as the prevention of landslide hazard during the later engineering construction activities.

Stage‐dependent transient storage of phosphorus in alluvial floodplains

AbstractModels for contaminant transport in streams commonly idealize transient storage as a well mixed but immobile system. These transient storage models capture rapid (near‐stream) hyporheic storage and transport, but do not account for large‐scale, stage‐dependent interaction with the alluvial aquifer. The objective of this research was to document transient storage of phosphorus (P) in coarse gravel alluvium potentially influenced by large‐scale, stage‐dependent preferential flow pathways (PFPs). Long‐term monitoring was performed at floodplain sites adjacent to the Barren Fork Creek and Honey Creek in northeastern Oklahoma. Based on results from subsurface electrical resistivity mapping which was correlated to hydraulic conductivity data, observation wells were installed both in higher hydraulic conductivity and lower hydraulic conductivity subsoils. Water levels in the wells were monitored over time, and water samples were obtained from the observation wells and the stream to document P concentrations at multiple times during high flow events. Contour plots indicating direction of flow were developed using water table elevation data. Contour plots of total P concentrations showed the alluvial aquifer acting as a transient storage zone, with P‐laden stream water heterogeneously entering the aquifer during the passage of a storm pulse, and subsequently re‐entering the stream during baseflow conditions. Some groundwater in the alluvial floodplains had total P concentrations that mirrored the streams' total P concentrations. A detailed analysis of P forms indicated that particulate P (i.e. P attached to particulates greater than 0·45 µm) was a significant portion of the P transport. This research suggests the need for more controlled studies on stage‐dependent transient storage in alluvial systems. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

Influence of transient storage on stream nutrient uptake based on substrata manipulation

Quantification of the transient storage zone (As) has become critical in stream biogeochemical studies addressed to examine factors controlling nutrient uptake. It is expected that higher As may enhance the interaction between nutrients and biota and thus, increase nutrient uptake. However, results from the literature are controversial. We hypothesized that besides of the size of As, the intrinsic physical and biological characteristics of stream structures that generate As are also relevant for nutrient uptake. We performed 24 additions of phosphate, ammonium, and chloride in four reaches of a man-made channel where we introduced three types of naturally colonized substrata packs (mud, sand and cobbles) to modify As. We estimated ammonium and phosphate uptake coefficients in both the main channel and As using a solute transport model (OTIS-P) and compared the results among reaches with different substrata types. The introduction of substrata packs decreased water velocity and increased As similarly among treatments. Nutrient uptake coefficients in the main channel were similar among reaches with different type substrata packs; however, nutrient uptake coefficients measured in As differed among them as well as the ratio between ammonium and phosphorus uptake coefficients in As, which were 1.6 in reaches with mud packs and 0.02 in reaches with sand or cobble packs. Results obtained in this study suggest that the contribution of As in nutrient uptake not only depends on the size of As but on the type of materials used to increase As, and thus, have biogeochemical implications on restoration projects aimed to modify channel morphology.

Nano-Scale, Microsecond Diffusion Imaging of Membrane Protein - lipid Raft Interaction in the Plasma Membrane

Spatial membrane domains, such as created by lipid rafts and the membrane cytoskeleton, influence membrane protein mobility and hence membrane bound processes, i.e. cell signaling. However, visualization of these lipid domains in intact cells is challenging because of their small dimension and dynamics. We have visualized lipid raft and cytoskeleton domains by tracking the diffusion of membrane proteins with thermal noise imaging (TNI). TNI tracks the diffusion of a colloid labeled membrane protein with microsecond and nanometer precision. In addition, an optical trap confines the diffusion to a small area of the membrane providing sufficient statistics for high resolutions maps of the diffusion. We observe millisecond transient confinement zones consistent with 10nm lipid rafts which redistribute after depolymerization of the actin cytoskeleton. Also, we observed larger (∼80nm) cytoskeleton caused confinement zones.

Hemodynamics and Anatomy of Elastase-Induced Rabbit Aneurysm Models: Similarity to Human Cerebral Aneurysms?

Animal models provide a mechanism for fundamental studies of the coupling between hemodynamics and pathophysiology in diseases such as saccular aneurysms. In this work, we evaluated the capability of an elastase-induced saccular aneurysm model in rabbits to reproduce the anatomic and hemodynamic features typical for human intracranial aneurysms. Saccular aneurysms were created in 51 rabbits at the origin of the RCCA. Twelve weeks' postcreation, the lumen geometry of the aneurysm and surrounding vasculature was acquired by using 3DRA. Geometric features of these models were measured. Pulsatile 3D CFD studies were performed with rabbit-specific inlet profiles. Geometric features, including aneurysm height, width, neck diameter, aspect ratio, and NSI of all 51 rabbit aneurysm models fell within the range reported for human IAs. The distribution and range in values of pressure, WSS, and OSI were also typical for human IAs. A single recirculation region was observed in 33 (65%) of 51 cases, whereas a second transient recirculation zone was observed in 18 (35%) cases. Both of these flow types are commonly observed in human IAs. Most hemodynamic and geometric features in a commonly used elastase-induced rabbit saccular aneurysm model are qualitatively and quantitatively similar to those seen in large numbers of human cerebral aneurysms.

A quantitative study of solute diffusion field effects on heterogeneous nucleation and the grain size of alloys

The nucleation ability of inoculating particles inside the solute diffusion zone around growing grains during alloy solidification is studied using a spherical, equiaxed dendritic grain model coupled with a new modified free growth model to predict the final grain size of cast aluminium alloys with improved accuracy. We show that the nucleation potency of inoculating particles is reduced by the solute field that develops close to existing, growing equiaxed grains under near isothermal conditions. Solute suppressed nucleation leads to much lower nucleated grain densities, higher nucleation undercoolings and longer times to recalescence when further nucleation events are halted. Under solute suppressed conditions, nucleation events occur in two stages: an initial transient nucleation before significant solute build-up and then continuous nucleation. The significance of the transient nucleation regime depends upon the size of the transient solute diffusion zone, and has been explored using the model. Model predictions suggest that the grain refinement of alloys of high solute content is controlled primarily by solute suppressed nucleation conditions.

Can Clues from Evolution Unlock the Molecular Development of the Cerebellum?

The cerebellum sits at the rostral end of the vertebrate hindbrain and is responsible for sensory and motor integration. Owing to its relatively simple architecture, it is one of the most powerful model systems for studying brain evolution and development. Over the last decade, the combination of molecular fate mapping techniques in the mouse and experimental studies, both in vitro and in vivo, in mouse and chick have significantly advanced our understanding of cerebellar neurogenesis in space and time. In amniotes, the most numerous cell type in the cerebellum, and indeed the brain, is the cerebellar granule neurons, and these are born from a transient secondary proliferative zone, the external granule layer (EGL), where proliferation is driven by sonic hedgehog signalling and causes cerebellar foliation. Recent studies in zebrafish and sharks have shown that while the molecular mechanisms of neurogenesis appear conserved across vertebrates, the EGL as a site of shh-driven transit amplification is not, and is therefore implicated as a key amniote innovation that facilitated the evolution of the elaborate foliated cerebella found in birds and mammals. Ellucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying the origin of the EGL in evolution could have significant impacts on our understanding of the molecular details of cerebellar development.

Scale-induced effects on fatigue properties of a cast steel for bogie frames of China railway rolling wagons

A new method is suggested for measuring scale-induced effect on fatigue properties of grade B cast steel for fabricating bogie frames of China railway rolling wagons. One grouped material and three grouped structure-like specimens are machined and fatigued under same stressing amplitude with scale kinetics. Fracture surface observations reveal that fatigue cracks are initiated from weakest material cast shrinking cavity or hot tear. There are distinct fatigue striations, river-like flowers, and second cracks in perpendicular to the fatigue crack growth path on fracture surfaces. Lots of dimples appear in transient fracture zone to indicate a ductile fracture. And more dimples appear for material specimens. The effect is statistically assessed on a phase of specified fatigue strength by comparing random fatigue lives. Interactive effect of the scale and surface quality are taken into account involving in scale change. And then, this effect is extensively employed to cover entire fatigue strength range and, additionally, to address structural scale kinetics.