Transformation Of Carbon Compounds Research Articles

Current situation and challenges of specialized microbial resource centres in Russia

Establishment of national biological resource centres (BRCs) is of special concern and requires harmonization of regulations on microorganisms’ handling, improvement of legal control pertaining to intellectual property right, access to genetic resources and fair benefit sharing arising from their biotechnology application. As exemplified by the Regional Specialized Collection of Alkanotrophic Microorganisms (acronym IEGM, World Federation for Culture Collections # 768, www.iegm.ru/iegmcol) hosted at the Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, the role of specialized microbial collections is emphasized as the governing factors of innovative development of biotechnology and bioindustry. The publication aims at drawing attention to the regional BRC being formed in the Perm Krai which provides the appropriate information on the holdings and is responsible for screening, study and maintenance of valuable microbial gene pool to meet the needs of ecology, industry and biotechnology, and for developing novel methodological approaches to studying extremotolerant microorganisms. This centre also contributes to the development and application of advanced achievements in enzymatic transformation of carbon compounds, production of fodder using non-traditional raw material, oil- and gas-prospecting activities, monitoring and bioremediation of contaminated sites.

Microbial communities and transformation of carbon compounds in bog soils of the taiga zone (Tomsk oblast)

Two types of bogs were studied in Tomsk oblast—Maloe Zhukovskoe (an eutrophic peat low-moor bog) and Ozernoe (an oligotrophic peat high-moor bog). The gram-negative forms of Proteobacteria were found to be dominant and amounted to more than 40% of the total population of the microorganisms investigated. In the peat bogs, the population and diversity of the hydrolytic microbial complex, especially of the number of micromycetes, were lower than those in the mineral soils. The changes in the quantitative indices of the total microbiological activity of the bogs were established. The microbial biomass and the intensity of its respiration differed and were also related to the depth of the sampling. In the Zhukovskoe peat low-moor bog, the maximal biomass of heterotrophic microorganisms (154 μg of C/g of peat) was found in the aerobic zone at a depth of 0 to 10 cm. In the Ozernoe bog, the maximal biomass was determined in the zone of anaerobiosis at a depth of 300 cm (1947 μ g of C/g of peat). The molecular-genetic method was used for the determination of the spectrum of the methanogens. Seven unidentified dominant forms were revealed. The species diversity of the methanogens was higher in the oligotrophic high-moor bog than in the eutrophic low-moor bog.

Carbon in Black Crusts from the Tower of London

This paper investigates the origin, fluxes, and transformation of carbon compounds within black crusts on the stone walls of the Tower of London. The crusts were analyzed for elemental and organic carbon, including the water soluble fraction. Elemental carbon and low solubility compounds such as oxalates appeared to be conserved because of long residence times. Conversely, more soluble ions, like chloride and formate would be removed from the layers relatively quickly by rainfall. At higher organic carbon concentrations acetic acid may be produced within the crusts from biological transformations. Currently, traffic sources contribute to increasingly organic rich crusts. The deposition of elemental carbon to buildings darkens surfaces and has important aesthetic implications. The increased organic content may have further aesthetic consequence by changing the color of buildings to warmer tones, particularly browns and yellows. Management of historic buildings requires us to recognize the shift away from simple gypsum crusts to those richer in organic materials.

Transformation of carbon compounds on graphimet catalysts IX. Structural properties and catalytic activity of Pd-graphimet

A comparative study of pristine and thermally treated (medium-temperature reduction, MTR, 573 K, 1h) Pd-graphimet was carried out to establish the changes arising in structure and catalytic activity. The structural investigation was performed by means of BET surface area analysis, transmission electron microscopy, small-angle X-ray scattering and H 2 titration. In order to distinguish between the hydrogenation and isomerization sites of the samples, the single turnover reaction of 1-butene was applied. For pristine Pd-graphimet, the experimental evidence confirmed the presence of interlayer metal and surface metal particles of different sizes. Although the catalytic activity was clearly attributable to the 1–2 nm surface Pd crystallites, the interlayer metal content also had an influence on the reaction through deintercalation which first started at 323 K. Nevertheless, the effect of MTR was found to be far more pronounced: all the inserted Pd atoms underwent migration and a moderate sintering of the surface Pd crystallites took place. Data on the transformation of 1-butene indicated that Pd-graphimet was similar in effect to supported Pd catalysts.

Transformation of carbon compounds on graphimet catalysts, VII. Investigation of the catalytic activity ofPd-graphimet in cyclohexene hydrogenation

Transformation of carbon compounds on graphimet catalysts, VII. Investigation of the catalytic activity ofPd-graphimet in cyclohexene hydrogenation

Transformation of carbon compounds on graphimet catalysts, VII. Investigation of the catalytic activity of Pt-graphimet in cyclohexene hydrogenation

Pd-graphimet was an efficient catalyst in cyclohexene hydrogenation. Despite atomic Pd dispersion, thermal treatment of the sample resulted in complete deactivation, which is attributed to surface carbon deposition.

Transformation of carbon compounds on graphimet catalysts. Part V. The effect of pretreatment on the structure and activity of Pt-graphimet catalyst

The effect of medium-temperature reduction (MTR, 573 K) on the structure and catalytic activity of Pt-graphimet was studied by transmission electron microscopy, small angle X-ray scattering, O 2H 2 titration and sorption microcalorimetry. The test reaction was the hydrogenation of cyclohexene. MTR resulted in the migration of interlayer platinum atoms to the catalyst surface, leading to metal aggregation and the formation of additional inserted active sites responsible for increased O 2 and H 2 adsorption. The decrease in catalytic activity observed upon MTR is attributed to the encapsulation of small surface particles inside the graphite ‘host’.

Transformation of carbon compounds on graphimet catalysts III. Structure and catalytic investigation of Pt graphimet

The hydrogenation of cyclohexene was studied over Pt-graphimet catalysts pretreated at 298 K. The platinum atoms are situated partly on the external surface of the graphite and partly in the interlayer space. The interlayer atoms are readily accessible for hydrogen, the mass transfer resistance is greater for oxygen, and the cyclohexene cannot diffuse into the interlayer space at all. Thus, the hydrogenation of cyclohexene takes place only on the exposed atoms on the external surface of Pt graphimet, and the atoms in the interlayer space are inactive in this reaction.

Transformations of Carbon Compounds by Microorganisms

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTTransformations of Carbon Compounds by MicroorganismsWalter J. Nickerson and Sam R. HooverCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. 1956, 48, 9, 1411–1420Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1956Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1956https://doi.org/10.1021/ie51400a020RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views84Altmetric-Citations7LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (1 MB) Get e-Alerts