Transfer In China Research Articles

Empirical analysis of energy consumption transfer in China's national economy from the perspective of production and demand.

Given the context of the global energy shortage and the deterioration of the ecological environment, this paper uses industrial linkage as a starting point to deeply explore the energy consumption of different sectors and its transfer characteristics. First, a dual evaluation of energy consumption in various sectors is conducted from the perspectives of production and demand to realize an integrated analysis from the energy consumption perspective. Second, based on industrial linkage, the economic input-output life cycle assessment (EIO-LCA) model is used to quantify the net transfer of energy consumption and identify the transfer of energy consumption pressure embodied in economic activities by various sectors. Finally, the energy consumption of various sectors is decomposed, and the transfer flow of energy consumption is measured to accurately quantify the degree of linkage in the energy consumption of sectors. The results show that the current direct energy consumption intensity of various sectors in China is continuously decreasing, but this decrease is insufficient to reverse the upward trend in energy consumption demand. From the perspective of production and demand, non-energy industrial sector is a key sector for reducing energy consumption, and the intersectoral linkage between the subsectors caused by product trade flows has a greater impact on the level of direct and embodied energy consumption. Direct and embodied energy consumption in the same sector can be ranked quite differently, and their levels may not be equal. Energy sector is the main net outflow sector of energy consumption, and the level of its direct energy consumption is much higher than that of its embodied energy consumption. It is worth noting that the scale of embodied energy consumption in construction industry is much higher than the scale of direct energy consumption. Construction is the sector with the greatest net inflow of energy consumed and is the main driver of the energy consumption transfer of energy sector and non-energy industrial sector.

An empirical study on the impact of non-grain planting on land transfer decisions based on binary Logit model

The trend of land transfer in China is parallel to the risk of food security. The "factors-countermeasures" method used in the general research is not effective for the symbionism within land transfer. Based on the Logit model, this paper empirically analyzes the impact of non-grain planting on land transfer. Research shows that: (1) In the regression analysis, the inflows and outflows, non-staple planting will be negative effects of land circulation (2) Plants grown planting intensive features suppresses the will of the individual farmers out of land, and grain planting scale features will enhance farmers into the land (3) Age, quality of labor force and total income of family also have significant influence on land transfer

Technology transfer models for knowledge-based regional development: New R&D institutes in Guangdong, China

Abstract China has long struggled to make science and technology useful for industry. One essential element in overcoming this problem is vigorous knowledge infrastructure development. This article focuses on the most salient outcomes of recent organization-building initiatives in Guangdong: the ‘New R&D Institutes’ (NRDIs). We employ a process tracing approach including a mix of methods to systematically study NRDIs, and we examine the ways in which these institutes extend, and improve upon, previous Chinese approaches to technology transfer. We observe a flexible approach that engages a wide range of intra-regional and extra-regional knowledge actors and allows for the emergence of a variety of technology transfer models—including models that are better adapted to the local setting than those discussed in the literature. The article contributes to fragmentary knowledge on the role of technology transfer in China and to the literature on innovation policy in peripheral manufacturing regions.

Uncovering CO2 emission drivers under regional industrial transfer in China’s Yangtze River Economic Belt: a multi-layer LMDI decomposition analysis

With the relocation of heavy industries moving from downstream region to upstream and midstream regions in the Yangtze River Economic Belt (YREB), it is critical to encourage coordinated low carbon development in different regions within the YREB. This paper uncovers the evolution of CO2 emissions in different regions within the YREB for the period of 2000–2017. It decomposes regional CO2 emission changes using the temporal and cross-regional three-layer logarithmic mean Divisia index (LMDI) method. Besides, it decomposes industrial CO2 emission changes using the temporal two-layer LMDI method. The research results show that economic growth is the major driver for regional CO2 emission disparities. The mitigation drivers, such as energy intensity and energy structure, lead to a more decreased CO2 emission in the downstream region than in the upstream and midstream regions. In addition, it proposes several policy recommendations based upon the local realities, including improving energy efficiency, optimizing energy structure, promoting advanced technologies and equipment transfers, and coordinating the development in the upstream, midstream and downstream regions within the YREB.

The institutional logic of security assessment of cross-border data transfers in China: context and progress

“Data has become a national basic strategic resource.” This is the common understanding of the two basic official documents that are guiding China’s economic and social development so far: The Action Plan to Promote the Development of Big Data and the 13th Five-Year Plan. Therefore, China’s government must face as a top priority how to effectively protect data, a valuable national basic strategic resource. With the official start of the implementation of the Cybersecurity Law on 1 June 2017, the basic framework of China’s cybersecurity work and the work priorities for cybersecurity have been clearly defined. The Cybersecurity Law has a three-tiered design for data: protecting data’s confidentiality, integrity, and availability; personal information protection; and data protection at the national level. The Cross-Border Data Flows Security Assessment, as an important part of the data protection designed at the national level, is a key step in establishing a comprehensive data resource protection system in China. However, the comprehensiveness of the existing institutional design of the Cybersecurity Law is not yet commensurate with the importance of data, a basic strategic resource designated by the Chinese state. The Cybersecurity Law is off to a good start, but obviously we also need to develop additional data security management measures and other measures to make data protection really catch up with the pace of development of big data.

Does labor migration affect rural land transfer? Evidence from China

Land transfer in rural areas and labor migration from rural areas to cities are both becoming common in China due to the increasing development of the non-agricultural sector resulting from rapid urbanization. Many rural labours who migrated to cities left their land in rural areas, and in most cases, this land was abandoned. To make full use of abandoned land in rural areas, the central government in China has formulated policies to promote rural land transfer, but rural land transfer still lags far behind labor migration in China. Drivers of rural land transfer still need to be explored. In addition, the labor migration scale shows dynamic features as the labor migration of more family members is substituted for that of individuals recent years. Thus, the phased feature of household labor migration should be taken into consideration to examine the phased influence of the labor migration scale on rural land transfer. Considering the probability threshold effect of the impact of labor migration on rural land transfer, a threshold model was used to perform the empirical analysis. Based on the threshold model and CHARLS 2015 data, this study empirically analysed the impact of the labor migration scale on rural land transfer. On the national level, labor migration will significantly promote rural land transfer if it is less than or equal to 0.125, but when it is greater than 0.125, its impact on land transfer is not significant. On the basis of the spatial differentiation of rural land transfer, four regions were divided to do the regional threshold regression analysis. On the regional level, the thresholds of labor migration scale of the central region, the east region and the west region are 0.112, 0.221 and 0.133 respectively, and there is no threshold in the north region. The results show that labor migration have a phased impact on rural land transfer in China and policies should be targeted to different labor migration phases and different regions.

A systematic literature review of foreign MNCs’ knowledge transfer in China

ABSTRACT Multinational corporations (MNCs) have played a key role in China’s economic growth. In the new era after China’s accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2001, MNCs have seen unprecedented growth opportunities as well as challenges in China. This systematic literature review of 42 peer-reviewed journal articles from 2001 to 2019 analyzes the factors that have influenced knowledge transfer in MNCs’ networks in China. We identify knowledge spillover and reverse spillover that are critical in knowledge transfer in China. Practical implications are provided for fledgling MNCs that are planning to invest in China.

Effect of land tenure fragmentation on the decision-making and scale of agricultural land transfer in China

This study uses a logistic model and multiple linear regression model to quantitatively study the impact of land tenure fragmentation on land transfer decision-making and scale at a single time point and in a time series. This study used the Chinese Family Database as a sample, and selected the number of plots and the average plot area to reflect the level of land tenure fragmentation. The results show that at a single time point the land tenure fragmentation has a significant positive effect on the transfer decision and a significant negative effect on the transfer scale. In the time series, the land tenure fragmentation does not affect the decision of households, but it has a significant negative impact on the transfer scale. Meanwhile, the study results at a single time point are affected by the particularity of the sample and the difference in external conditions at different time points. Therefore, when studying land transfer decisions, we should focus more on the initial state of land tenure. When studying the scale of land transfer, we should pay attention to both the current status of tenure fragmentation and the change in tenure fragmentation. The characteristics of families and communities also affect the transfer decision and scale; however, the factors are different, and the same factors may affect the decision and scale in the opposite direction.

Environmental regulation policies, local government enforcement and pollution-intensive industry transfer in China

Pollution-intensive industries are the focus of regulatory targets in environmental regulation policies, which are the basis for the enforcement of environmental regulation by governments at all levels. Based on the “pollution haven” hypothesis, we select Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and the surrounding regions (Henan, Shandong, Shanxi) as the objective areas. By constructing spatial panel measurement models, we study the impact of environmental regulation policies on the transfer of the overall industry and five pollution-intensive industries, and explore the possible roles of the local government environmental regulation enforcement. The results show that environmental regulation policies have not caused an obvious phenomenon of industrial transfer out of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and the surrounding regions, and the intervention of local government environmental regulation enforcement will not change this situation. Environmental regulation policies have different impacts on the transfer of different pollution-intensive industries. The interaction effect of the enforcement of local government environmental regulation will lead to industrial transfer in the ferrous metal smelting and rolling processing industry and the petroleum processing, coking and nuclear fuel processing industry. The transfer of pollution-intensive industries in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and the surrounding regions is more affected by economic development, infrastructure construction, R&D investment and other factors.

Methodological transfer in China of the italian experience on cultural heritage conservation by Mario

Methodological transfer in China of the italian experience on cultural heritage conservation by Mario

Modelling the effects of energy taxes on ecological footprint transfers in China's foreign trade

Significant inter-country transfers of ecological footprint are embodied in foreign trade. Previous research on these transfers mainly focused on historical characteristics of the flows based on historical data. However, the transfers of ecological footprints in foreign trade are dynamic and are influenced by environmental tax policies, whose future impacts have seldom been considered. In the present study, we explored the effects of an energy tax, a common form of environmental tax, on these transfers. We combined a multi-sector dynamic computable general equilibrium model with ecological footprint assessment, and analyzed the changes in the actual and virtual land uses that comprise the ecological footprint under different tax intensities. We used China as a case study to analyze the energy tax's effects. For the actual land use component of the ecological footprint, the energy tax increased the export of ecological footprint but decreased its import, and China's average net exports (exports minus imports) decreased by 4.56 × 106 gha (global hectares) and 10.81 × 106 gha from 2015 to 2020 under the low and high tax intensities, respectively. For the virtual land use component of the ecological footprint, the energy tax simultaneously decreased export and import of this footprint component; the average net import would increase by 3.84 × 106 gha and 8.91 × 106 gha. For the total ecological footprint, the energy tax also simultaneously reduced export and import, with the net import decreasing by 1.76 × 106 gha and 4.45 × 106 gha under the low and high taxes, respectively.

Studies on the Strategies of Promoting Positive Transfer in Mathematics Teaching in China

To guide students' learning transfer scientifically in the process of teaching practice for teachers and help students to improve learning efficiency, this study used the literature analysis method to summarize the relevant research on the strategies of promoting mathematics learning transfer in China. The conclusions are as follows: (1) In recent years, the research on the strategies of promoting mathematics learning transfer mainly focuses on four aspects: teaching or learning of mathematical thinking methods, teaching or learning of mathematical knowledge, thinking ability and emotional attitude, and teaching or learning methods. Previous studies are not only in-depth but also have many achievements. (2) We can find some obvious deficiencies by reviewing the previous research. In terms of research methods, most of the previous studies have adopted the method of theoretical speculation with few empirical methods, which greatly reduced the credibility of the research results. In the previous research results, most of the predecessors discussed the methods and strategies directly based on the migration theory, which is still theoretical and less feasible, which made these strategies are very broad and not suitable for direct implementation. (3) There are also some gaps in previous studies. There is almost no research on the evaluation mechanism of the above-mentioned strategic suggestions and little research on the strategies for promoting the transfer of other specific courses of college mathematics, so there is still a lot of space in the research scope.

Does the land titling program promote rural housing land transfer in China? Evidence from household surveys in Hubei Province

Unsecured property rights to rural housing land (RHL) have impeded the development of the RHL market, resulting in inefficient rural land-use and resource allocation in China. The Chinese government implemented the rural land titling program as an institutional reform to provide rural households with secure property rights to RHL. The program has been implemented since 2011, yet its effects upon RHL transfers have not been adequately investigated through empirical studies. Here we conducted household surveys in 39 villages consisting of inner-suburbs, outer-suburbs, and scenic rural areas in Hubei Province, China, and received valid responses from 361 households. Descriptive statistics were used to explore and summarize this survey data, and a difference-in-differences (DID) regression model was built to examine the effects of land titling on RHL transfer. Three main results were found: (1) Land titling significantly promoted RHL transfers in the inner-suburbs but contributed little to RHL transfers in the outer-suburbs or scenic rural areas. (2) The effect of land titling on RHL transfer depended significantly on how rural households interpreted the institutional reform: it proved more effective where there already existed a market for RHL transactions, and rural households have recognized the market value and expect secure property rights to RHL. (3) Household characteristics, such as the number of persons, the income and employment structure, the quantity and size of RHL possessed, also impacted decision-making regarding RHL transfers; hence, they influenced households’ susceptibility to the effects of land titling. The findings of this research suggest area-specific policies for the Chinese government to deepen the institutional reform of RHL and improve the overall efficiency of rural land allocation.

Change Pattern and Driving Mechanism of Construction Land in China’s Undertaking Industrial Transfer Demonstration Area: Taking the Wanjiang City Belt along the Yangtze River as an Example

The construction land includes the urban land, rural residential areas and other construction land. The Wanjiang City Belt along the Yangtze River is an important demonstration area for undertaking industrial transfer in China. With the accumulation of factors relative to economic development, the construction land has increased sharply, and the regional ecological security pattern is facing new challenges. After collecting the image interpretation data of multi-period land use of the Wanjiang City Belt, the work studied the characteristics of construction land change pattern since 1995 and its driving mechanism based on the GIS platform, land use transfer matrix, expansion intensity index, hotspot analysis and mathematical statistics. The results showed that: (1) From 1995 to 2015, the urban land and other construction land in the Wanjiang City Belt have increased, but the rural residential areas decreased in 2010-2015. The three types of land had the largest changes in 2005-2010 and the change in the other construction land was particularly prominent. (2) The hotspots for construction land expansion are mainly in urban areas with rapid economic development such as Hefei, Wuhu, Ma’anshan and Tongling, where the land use changes most severely. (3) The driving factors for the change of construction land area include natural and social factors. Among social and economic factors, the GDP, industrial added value, secondary output value and urbanization rate are the main driving forces for changes. In the past 20 years, the construction of China’s Undertaking Industrial Transfer Demonstration Area has changed the land optimal allocation and intensive use mode in the region, providing the basis for resource development and utilization, economic development and industrial structure adjustment.

Efficiency and sustainability of inter-provincial crop-related virtual water transfers in China

The phenomenon of virtual water flows (VWFs) reveals the remote pressure on local water resources on one hand, and provides the possibility of global water saving if VWFs from water-rich places of higher water use efficiencies to water-poor or lower water use efficiencies regions on the other hand. A VWF is marked as efficient when at least half of the water footprint (WF) in producing the traded products is below the corresponding WF benchmark. Whereas the VWF is marked as sustainable when flowing from the places where the water consumption did not exceed local sustainable renewable water availability. However, most attention has been taken to the sustainability of VWFs, ignoring their efficiency and spatial-temporal variations. Here we, taking inter-provincial crop-related VWFs of twenty major crops in the mainland China over 2004–2013 as a study case, analysing the efficiency of VWFs and the sustainability of blue VWFs, as well as their mutual relationship. Results show that over the study period, although inter-provincial crop-related VWFs increased slightly by 2%, the North to South VWFs and blue VWFs increased by 41% and 2.5 times, respectively. The weight of inefficient inter-provincial VWFs reduced to 75% in 2013 from 94% in 2004, whereas the unsustainable blue VWFs increased by 8%. Trade-offs between the efficiency and sustainability of VWFs existed in five provinces. Wheat, rice, maize, and cotton were the main contributors to inefficient and unsustainable VWFs. Assessments in VWFs should account for local water resources conditions, considering both efficiency and sustainability to determine hotspots and critical products and allow appropriate management of crop production and water allocation.

Friends with benefits: Patronage networks and distributive politics in China

Existing research on distributive politics mainly focuses on the influence of electoral competition between political parties, but less is known about non-electoral mechanisms of resource allocation inside a dominant party. This study examines how informal patron–client networks within the ruling Communist Party shape the distribution of intergovernmental transfers in China, a major one-party regime. Using a new dataset on city-level fiscal transfers and a novel method to infer informal political connections through past promotions, we show that provincial leaders allocate significantly more transfers to localities governed by officials who are part of their networks. This bias persists even when we use a specification that only exploits variations in connection caused by exogenous turnovers of higher level leadership. We evaluate two plausible motivations behind this bias—network-based policy coordination and collective corruption—and find evidence in stronger support of the former. Our findings suggest that private networks may function as an important, albeit costly, tool of mobilization in one-party systems.

Evolution of Virtual Water Transfers in China’s Provincial Grids and Its Driving Analysis

In China, electricity transmission has increased rapidly over the past decades, and a large amount of virtual water is delivered from power generation provinces to load hubs. Understanding the evolution of the virtual water network embodied in electricity transmission is vital for mitigating water scarcity. However, previous studies mainly calculated the virtual water transferred in short periods in low-spatial resolution and failed to reveal driving forces of the evolution of virtual water. To solve this problem, we investigated the historical evolution of the virtual water network and virtual scarce water network embodied in interprovincial electricity transmission between 2005 and 2014. The driving forces of the evolution of virtual (scarce) water networks were analyzed at both national level and provincial level. The results show that the overall virtual water transmission and virtual scarce water transmission increased by five times, and the direction was mainly from southwest and northwest provinces to eastern provinces. Sichuan, Yunnan, and Guizhou played an increasingly important role in virtual water exporting, and northwestern provinces had dominated the virtual scarce water exporting in the decade. At the national level, the increase of virtual water is mainly driven by the change of power generation mix and power transmission. At the provincial level, the increase of virtual water transmission in the largest virtual water exporter (Sichuan) is driven by the power generation mix and the power transmission, between 2005 and 2010, and 2010 and 2014, respectively. Considering the expanding of electricity transmission, the development of hydropower in the southwestern provinces and other renewable energies (solar and wind) in the northeastern provinces would overall mitigate the water scarcity in China.

Career Incentives of Local Leaders and Residential Land Transfer in China

This study investigates the impact of career incentives of local leaders on China’s residential land transfer. It constructs the measure of career incentives of local leaders by utilizing a large resume dataset of 1266 city leaders in 292 Chinese cities from 2000 to 2014 according to the method used by Wang et al. (2019). Matching the city leaders data with the residential land transfer data from 2006 to 2014 in 46 Chinese cities, our empirical results show that one-standard-deviation increase in a local leader’s career incentive will lead to 12.29% decrease in residential land transfer area, 27.35% increase in residential land transfer price, 20.05% increase in residential land transfer revenue and 2.99% increase in the ratio of areas transferred through auction to all transferred residential land areas.

Is there a demand for reverse mortgages in China? Evidence from two online surveys

Reverse mortgages provide an alternative source of retirement funding by allowing older homeowners to borrow against their home. However, a recent pilot program of reserve mortgage products in several large Chinese cities saw almost no take up. To ascertain the demand for reverse mortgages in China, we conduct and analyze two online surveys that focus respectively on homeowners aged 45–65 as potential purchasers, and on adult children in the 20–49 age group representing children of potential purchasers. We address the reported shortcomings of the pilot reverse mortgage product by testing an improved product design presented in a clear and comprehensive format. We find that 89% of older Chinese homeowners would be interested in this new reverse mortgage product, and 84% of adult children would recommend such a product to their parents. Participants in both surveys reported that they would use the reverse mortgage payments to fund a more comfortable retirement and to pay for better medical treatments and aged care services. Respondents’ interest in reverse mortgages was associated with their familiarity and understanding of the product, and its perceived potential to address liquidity constraints in retirement. Health status, aged care preferences and proxies for intergenerational links were also important. Our results are contrary to the common perception of intergenerational expectations of wealth transfer in China, and provide new evidence in support of the potential development of China’s reverse mortgage market.

Drivers of carbon emission transfer in China—An analysis of international trade from 2004 to 2011

Currently, studies on global industrial carbon emissions focus more on emissions from finished products. However, the emissions resulting from intermediate products are significantly increasing every year. This study analyzes the intermediate carbon emission transfer effort of 140 countries/regions in the global production network based on data from the Global Trade Analysis Project database. Since China is the largest emitter of carbon dioxide in the world, we further analyze China's carbon transfer from the regional and sectoral perspectives. To this end, we use the structural decomposition analysis method to divide the factors influencing China's emission transfer into five parts: emission intensity, export per capita, export structure, population, and production structure. The results show that the net inflow of emissions in China results from the trade process between China and developed regions, including regions in North America and Western Europe, particularly in the sectors of mechanical and electronic equipment and chemical, rubber, and plastic products. Further, the main destinations of China's emission outflow are Latin America, South Asia, and Sub-Saharan Africa, particularly in the mineral, oil, and oilseed sectors. Moreover, emission intensity plays a crucial role in emission reduction, and production structure reversals negatively affect the growth of embodied emission. Finally, our analysis suggests that China should optimize its trade structure and promote low-carbon-emission technology.