Transfer Procedures Research Articles

Amplification-Free Attomolar Detection of Short Nucleic Acids with Upconversion Luminescence: Eliminating Nonspecific Binding by Hybridization Complex Transfer.

The anti-Stokes emission of photon upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) facilitates their use as labels for ultrasensitive detection in biological samples as infrared excitation does not induce autofluorescence at visible wavelengths. The detection of extremely low-abundance analytes, however, remains challenging as it is impossible to completely avoid nonspecific binding of label conjugates. To overcome this limitation, we developed a novel hybridization complex transfer technique using UCNP labels to detect short nucleic acids directly without target amplification. The assay involves capturing the target-label complexes on an initial solid phase, then using releasing oligonucleotides to specifically elute only the target-UCNP complexes and recapturing them on another solid phase. The nonspecifically adsorbed labels remain on the first solid phase, enabling background-free, ultrasensitive detection. When magnetic microparticles were used as the first solid phase in a sample volume of 120 μL, the assay achieved a limit of detection (LOD) of 310 aM, a 27-fold improvement over the reference assay without transfer. Moreover, the additional target-specific steps introduced in the complex transfer procedure improved the sequence specificity of the complex transfer assay compared with the reference assay. The suitability for clinical analysis was confirmed using spiked plasma samples, resulting in an LOD of 190 aM. By increasing the sample volume to 600 μL and using magnetic preconcentration, the LOD was improved to 46 aM. These results highlight the importance of background elimination in achieving ultralow LODs for the analysis of low-abundance biomarkers.

Biomechanical Outcomes of Glenoid Bone Graft Fixation Techniques: A Systematic Review.

The Latarjet and other bony augmentation procedures are commonly used to treat anterior shoulder instability in the setting of significant glenoid bone loss. Although several fixation strategies have been reported, the biomechanical strength of these techniques remains poorly understood. To perform a systematic review of the biomechanical strength of glenoid bony augmentation procedures for anterior shoulder instability. Systematic review; Level of evidence, 4. A systematic search of the Medline, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases was performed to identify biomechanical studies evaluating various fixation strategies for coracoid and other bone transfer procedures for anterior shoulder instability. Biomechanical results included load to failure with both compression and traction forces, stiffness, and cyclic displacement. The quality of included articles was assessed based on the Quality Appraisal for Cadaveric Studies (QUACS) scale. A total of 21 biomechanical studies comprising 486 specimens were included. The number of screws used and the addition of washers were found to significantly increase rigidity and load to failure. The comparison of fixation techniques demonstrated mixed results in load to failure between screw and alternative constructs including suture buttons and suture anchors. However, studies that tested graft displacement consistently found more graft displacement in buttons compared with screws. The median and mean of the QUACS scale were both 12, with a range of 10-13. Biomechanical studies consistently demonstrated that when glenoid bone grafts were fixed with screws, the number of screws and use of washers significantly increased construct rigidity and load to failure. Different metal screw materials and sizes did not consistently demonstrate a significant difference in biomechanical strength. There are mixed results when comparing suture buttons to screw fixation. The evaluated studies revealed that all double metal screw constructs and the majority of suture button and anchor constructs were able to withstand the glenohumeral load reflective of activities of daily living using a 150-N threshold.

Enhancing fat graft survival: thymosin beta-4 facilitates mitochondrial transfer from ADSCs via tunneling nanotubes by upregulating the Rac/F-actin pathway.

Autologous fat grafting is a widely used technique in plastic and reconstructive surgery, but its efficacy is often limited by the poor survival rate of transplanted adipose tissue. This study aims to enhance the survival of fat grafts by investigating the role of thymosin beta-4 (Tβ4) in facilitating mitochondrial transfer from adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) to adipocytes and newly formed blood vessels within the grafts via tunneling nanotubes (TNTs). We demonstrate that Tβ4 upregulates the Rac/F-actin pathway, leading to an increased formation of TNTs and subsequent transfer of mitochondria from ADSCs. This process mitigates oxidative stress, reduces apoptosis, and promotes revascularization, thereby improving the quality and volume retention of fat grafts. Our findings provide a novel mechanistic insight into the enhancement of fat graft survival and suggest that mitochondrial transplantation and Tβ4 are potential therapeutic strategies to improve clinical outcomes in autologous fat transfer procedures.

Tendon Transfer Procedures for Correction of Foot Drop Due to Injury to the Peripheral Nerves or Muscles.

Background Foot drop is a challenging condition that significantly impacts the affected patient's mobility and quality of life. Tendon transfer has emerged as a viable treatment option. We hereby present data of the tendon transfer procedures in patients with foot drop in our department. Besides a detailed description of our surgical technique, we also compare our results with those reported in the literature. Methods Data from 17 patients (11 males and 6 females) suffering from foot drop due to peripheral nerve or muscle lesions were retrospectively analyzed. All the patients underwent tendon transfer procedures between 2017 and 2022. Assessed outcomes encompassed parameters such as strength of foot dorsiflexion, the necessity for postoperative orthotic devices, and patient satisfaction. Demographic data, the time elapsed from injury/illness to surgery, and the underlying causes of foot drop were collected. Results Postsurgery, 14 patients regained robust dorsiflexion strength (M4), while 2 exhibited slightly lower strength (M3) and 1 attained equal strength as on the unaffected side (M5). Corrective procedures were undertaken in five patients to address problems with tendon tension. After an average follow-up period of 11.9 months (± 9.13), 82.4% of patients reported a high level of satisfaction, although three patients experienced persistent foot inversion. Most patients (94.1%) no longer required orthotic devices following the operative procedure. Conclusion A tendon transfer procedure for correction of foot drop has proven to be a safe and effective treatment option, resulting in a high level of patient satisfaction and restoration of quality of life.

Photocatalyzed cascade hydrogen atom transfer for the construction of α-CF3-1,4-diketones

A TBADT-photocatalyzed cascade hydrogen atom transfer procedure was established for the synthesis of α-CF3-1,4-diketones from aldehydes and 2-bromo-3,3,3-trifluoro-1-propenes.

On the free acquisition of land ownership by legal entities

This article addresses issues related to the legal framework for the free acquisition of land ownership by legal entities. Considering the transformational processes in land ownership relations in Ukraine, attention is drawn to the need for an improved legal mechanism for transferring land to the ownership of legal entities, alongside the privatization procedures regulated for Ukrainian citizens. A historical analysis highlights deficiencies in the legal regulation of transferring land into the collective ownership of legal entities and notes the absence of specific regulations for transferring land plots to housing construction and garage­building cooperatives. The necessity for clear legal provisions on transferring land plots under multi-apartment buildings into private ownership, including associated buildings, structures, and adjacent territories, is substantiated. Special attention is given to the subject composition of ownership rights over land plots under multi-apartment buildings. Considering the membership composition of condominium associations, their purpose, decision-making procedures, judicial practice, and the prolonged absence of a procedure for transferring adjacent territories into the co-ownership of multi­apartment building co-owners, it is proposed to formally recognise condominium associations as holders of ownership rights in the privatisation process of land plots beneath multi-apartment buildings, along with their related buildings, structures, and adjoining territories. Based on the research findings, and taking into account Article 14 of the Constitution of Ukraine, it is recommended to amend Chapters 6 and 19 of the Land Code of Ukraine by incorporating procedures for the free transfer of land plots to housing construction (residential) and garage­building cooperatives, as well as multi-apartment buildings, defining the subject-object composition, preparation requirements for necessary design or technical documentation, potential timeframes for consideration, and criteria for decision-making by the authorised body.

Microsurgery Recontruction in Plastic Surgery Division FKUI-RSCM, From 2009 - 2010

Microvascular surgery is the ability to repair very small blood vessels. Once the technique is mastered it becomes possible to revascularize and replant incomplete or complete digital amputations, and to design free tissue transfer procedures for the reconstruction of a large variety of damaged parts. This study included 17 cases of microsurgery in the last 1 years admitted to Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery RSCM between February 2009 to February 2010. All patient were subjected to through clinical examination and appropriate laboratory and radiological investigations. Trauma is the most common etiology of soft tissue defect (10 cases, 58,8%), followed by tumor and infection (5 and 2 cases respectively). Defect is located 35,3% on the head/neck, 23,6% on the knee/lower leg, 23,6% on ankle/foot, and 17,6% on upper extremity. In this study we performed 9 anterolateral thigh (ALT), 6 radial forearm, 1 chimera flap, and 1 fibula flap. Flaps were vital in 13 cases, compromised in 4 cases, with 2 of them salvaged and survived. Vitality rate of ALT flap was 88,9% (7 vital, 1 non vital, 1 salvaged), 83,8% in RFFF (4 vital, 1 non vital, 1 salvaged) and 100% in fibular flap. The use of microvascular techniques has revolutionized reconstruction method and expanded the range of options for reconstructing a large anatomic defects in patients. If compare with advance center, the success of micro-surgery in our division is still under them. Expected to be approached with increasing operator experience and number of cases was undertaken.

Modern surgical treatments for lymphedema.

Lymphedema occurs when the lymphatic system is malformed, leaking or is damaged by infection or cancer treatment. Enlarged extremities due to extensive fluid retention and adipose tissue deposition, recurrent cellulitis, and the requirement for hard-to-wear compression garments lead to impaired limb function and decreased quality of life. This narrative review aims to elucidate classification, diagnostic tools, and conservative management strategies leading the path to patient selection for microsurgical reconstructive procedures or volume reduction procedures. The surgical approaches include reconstructive procedures such as lymphaticovenous anastomosis (LVA) and lymph node transfer and reductive procedures, mainly liposuction and occasionally excisional surgery. Comparing the efficacy of lymphedema surgeries is fully dependent on standardized and reproducible outcome measures. A growing body of knowledge has evolved pointing to the benefits of reconstructive microsurgery of the lymphatic system with or without surgical volume reduction. Tissue engineering and stem cell research leads the way for new approaches. However, several questions remain emphasizing the research needs. Ongoing multicentre trials aiming to elucidate the efficacy and accessibility of surgical treatments for this condition are on their way.

Native Oxidation of HgCdTe Compound Semiconductors and Its Impact on Infrared Detectors Performances

The development of high-operating temperature (HOT) infrared imaging systems is motivated by the growing demand to reduce the size, weight, power consumption, and total cost of infrared detectors. HgCdTe photodiodes have unique material properties, making them one of the most promising candidates to produce infrared detectors with background-limited performances at room temperature, as predicted by the "Law 19" photodiode performance metric [1]. However, in state-of-the-art devices, the fraction of anomalous pixel responses increases alongside the detectors' operating temperature and cut-off wavelength. Numerous studies have already identified surface states induced by manufacturing processes as one of the main sources of this issue. As a result, the assessment and understanding of HgCdTe surface chemistry will be critical for future technological advancements.HgCdTe surface processing and its exposition to the environment promotes the formation of surface oxides reported to influence the interface electrical behavior and the global material electronic properties [2]. Nonetheless, the complexity of the HgCdTe surface chemistry makes it challenging to characterize the nature of the surface states caused by the presence of native oxide. As a result, there is no consensus in the literature on the effect of the alloy composition on the formed surface native oxide and its subsequent effects on the passivation quality.The purpose of this work is to investigate the mechanisms underlying the formation of HgCdTe native oxides and discuss their impact on the devices’ electrical performances. Therefore, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Spectroscopic Ellipsometry (SE) studies were performed in an attempt to understand HgCdTe oxidation as a function of its nominal bulk composition.The samples used in this study were epitaxial Hg(1-x)Cd(x)Te layers grown on CdZnTe substrate with multiple cadmium molar fractions (x ≃ 0.2 to 0.7). A technologically relevant standard wet etching procedure was used to achieve clean, oxide-free surfaces. Freshly etched samples were transported to the XPS in an inert atmosphere using a transfer vessel to representative surfaces and prevent alterations. The surfaces showed no oxides identifiable by XPS, thus showing the effectiveness of the transfer procedure. Furthermore, it was found that the HgCdTe components of these surfaces were not stoichiometric. Particularly, the surfaces were enriched in tellurium regardless of the alloy composition under study. These differences from the nominal composition are induced by the preferred etching of the alloy's components (Cd > Hg >> Te).Dynamic SE measurements were used to monitor native oxide formation in real-time, with scans taken every few seconds for the first hour after exposure to a clean-room environment. Furthermore, the long-term evolution of the surfaces was assessed by taking further measurements over several days. SE trends revealed a two-stage formation of native HgCdTe oxides, with an initial fast oxide growth (<1 hour) followed by a slower oxidation. The findings were supported by XPS measurements on additional samples exposed to air and kept in an airtight plastic box to obtain surface oxides of different thicknesses. Regardless of the alloy composition, the excess surface tellurium is oxidized during early oxide formation. While lengthier environment exposures resulted in oxide thicknesses correlated to the alloy cadmium molar fraction. Therefore, indicating for the first time a clear experimental demonstration of the cadmium contribution to further oxidize the material.Consequently, the combination of surface characterization techniques used in this work allowed us to investigate the formation mechanisms surrounding the native oxide of wet-etched HgCdTe surfaces and to discuss the effect of their formation on the device's performance. Acknowledgements :This work, carried out on the Platform for Nanocharacterisation (PFNC), was supported by the “Recherche Technologique de Base” and "France 2030 - ANR-22-PEEL-0014" programs of the French National Research Agency (ANR) References :[1] M. Kopytko and A. Rogalski, New Insights into the Ultimate Performance of HgCdTe Photodiodes, Sensors Actuators A Phys. 339, 113511 (2022).[2] E. R. Zakirov, V. G. Kesler, G. Y. Sidorov, and A. P. Kovchavtsev, Effect of HgCdTe Native Oxide on the Electro-Physical Properties of Metal-Insulator-Semiconductor Structures with Atomic Layer Deposited Al2O3, Semicond. Sci. Technol. 35, 0 (2020).

Presentation and management outcome of foot drop with tibialis posterior tendon transfer.

Foot drop causes considerable disability. The ankle-dorsiflexion is either weak or lost completely. Additionally, the ankle eversion and toe extensions are also impaired. This results in a high steppage gait while walking. Overall, the gait is awkward; there is greater energy consumption; increased proneness to sustain injury of the forefoot; and more frequent falling during walking. To document the clinical and epidemiological profile of foot drop patients in our population and evaluate the outcome of tibialis posterior (TP) tendon transfer for restoring the lost dorsiflexion in foot drop. The study was carried out at the National Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine in Islamabad over a period of 7 years. It included patients of all sexes and ages who presented with foot drop and had no contraindications for the procedure of TP tendon transfer. Exclusion criteria were patients who had contraindications for the operation. For instance, paralyzed posterior leg compartment muscles, Achilles tendon contracture, stiff ankle or toes, unstable ankle joint, weak gastrocnemius and scarred skin spanning over the route of planned tendon transfer. Also, patients who had the foot drop as a result of disc prolapses or brain diseases were excluded. Convenience sampling technique was used. The circum-tibial route of TP tendon transfer was employed. Out of 37 patients, 26 (70.27%) were males whereas 11 (29.72%) were females. The mean age was 22.59 ± 8.19 years. Among the underlying causes of foot drop, road traffic accidents constituted the most common cause, found among 20 (54.05%) patients. The share of complications included wound infections in 3 (8.10%) patients and hypertrophic scars in 2 (5.40%) patients. At 1-year postoperative follow-up visits, the outcome was excellent in 8 (21.62%), good in 20 (54.05%) and moderate in 9 (24.31%). The majority of cases of foot drop resulted from road traffic accidents that directly involved the common peroneal nerve. TP tendon transfer through the circumtibial route was found to be an easily executed effective operation which restored good dorsiflexion of the ankle among the majority of patients.

Swine Industry in Canada: Biosecurity in Live Animal, Semen Transportation, and Embryo Transfer

The pork industry, a key player in the Canadian economy, significantly contributes to livestock production, international trade markets, and employment. The multi-faceted swine industry is comprised of nucleus, multiplier, and commercial herds. The recognition and application of exemplary internal and external biosecurity measures are paramount for maintaining sustainable swine production. Historically, live animal transport has been an important means of disseminating superior genetics between production herds and poses a considerable risk for disease transmission and biosecurity breach points. The industry has evolved over time to employ other methods, through the shipping of boar semen and the adoption of artificial insemination practices to acquire genetic resources with a lower risk of disease transmission. These effective changes have led to an improvement in herd health, production performance, and efficiency. In particular, the industry&amp;rsquo;s dedication to enhanced biosecurity is evident in the effort to streamline embryo collection and transfer procedures. Such advances reduce the potential need to transport live animals, thereby lowering the risk of introducing infectious agents. This review article explores the different forms of disseminating swine genetics, namely, live animal, semen transportation, and embryo transfer, examining potential breaches in biosecurity, and discussing mitigation strategies that reduce disease transmission to protect the health of animal stock.

Hybrid Paul-optical trap with large optical access for levitated optomechanics

We present a hybrid trapping platform that allows us to levitate a charged nanoparticle in high vacuum using either optical fields, radio-frequency fields, or a combination thereof. Our hybrid approach combines an optical dipole trap with a linear Paul trap while maintaining a large numerical aperture (0.77 NA). We detail a controlled transfer procedure that allows us to use the Paul trap as a “safety net” to recover particles lost from the optical trap at high vacuum. The presented hybrid platform adds to the toolbox of levitodynamics and represents an important step towards fully controllable “dark” potentials, providing control in the absence of decoherence because of photon recoil. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

A repeated gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist trigger improves pregnancy outcomes of frozen-thawed embryo transfer in GnRH antagonist cycles: a retrospective propensity-matched score analysis.

To evaluate whether co-treatment of repeated GnRHa triggers with GnRH antagonist protocols can improve the clinical outcomes in in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection and embryo transfer (IVF/ICSI-ET) procedures. In this retrospective study, 712 Chinese Han women aged 20-42 undergoing autologous IVF/ICSI-ET with a flexible GnRH antagonist protocol were analyzed. The 735 cycles were split into the single (n = 238) and the repeated (n = 497) GnRHa groups. In the single GnRHa group, 0.2mg of triptorelin was given for oocyte maturation, whereas in the repeated GnRHa group, two doses of 0.2mg were administered 12h apart. PSM design was used for a fair comparison. The main study outcomes included the clinical pregnancy rate (CPR), live birth rate (LBR), good-quality embryo rate, and fertilization rate. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to identify all potential factors affecting clinical outcomes. Post-PSM, analysis of 159 cycles per group showed the repeated GnRHa group outperforming the single GnRHa group in IVF fertilization rates (71.5% vs. 67.7%, P < 0.05) and good-quality embryo rate (47.1% vs. 43.7%, P < 0.05). Furthermore, the repeated GnRHa group achieved higher CPR (72.6% vs. 53.4%, P < 0.05) and LBR (59.7% vs. 43.8%, P < 0.05) in FET cycles. Multivariate logistic regression indicated a significant negative correlation between the use of a single GnRHa trigger and both clinical pregnancy (OR = 0.382, P < 0.05) and live birth (OR = 0.518, P < 0.05). Our study reported that individuals who received a repeated GnRHa trigger exhibited higher CPR and LBR during FET cycles compared to those who received a single dose GnRHa trigger.

Determining Factors Influencing The Successful Embryo Transfer and Pregnancy during The Frozen Cycle of In Vitro Fertilization: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

Frozen embryo transfer (FET) has been increasingly used due to advancements in cryopreservation techniques and the safety advantages. This study aims to determine various factors influencing the successful FET. Retrospective cohort analysis included 1112 women who underwent programmed FET between January 2012 and October 2022, at King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thailand. Patient characteristics, embryo characteristics, endometrial preparation protocol, endometrial characteristics (thickness, pattern), embryo transfer procedure (tip and flow during transfer, embryo placement location, the difficulty of the procedure, presence of blood and mucous at catheter), and operator factor were analyzed. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to assess the relationship between collected variables and successful embryo transfer which is defined by clinical pregnancy. The overall clinical pregnancy rate was 34.2%. Women aged 35-40 years and >40 years were less likely to have a clinical pregnancy compared to those aged <35 years [adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 0.523; 95% confidence intervals (CI): 0.360-0.757, P<0.001 and aOR: 0.260; 95% CI: 0.152-0.434, P<0.001, respectively]. Obese women with body mass index (BMI) ≥25 kg/m2 were significantly associated with decreased clinical pregnancy (aOR: 0.632; 95% CI: 0.403-0.978, P=0.042) compared to those with normal BMI. Day-3 and day-4 embryo transfer showed a significant decrease in clinical pregnancy compared to blastocyst transfer (aOR: 0.294; 95% CI: 0.173-0.485, P<0.001 and aOR: 0.497; 95% CI: 0.265-0.900, P=0.024). Double embryo transfer (DET) was 1.78 times more likely to have a clinical pregnancy than women with single embryo transfer (SET) (aOR: 1.779; 95% CI: 1.293-2.458, P<0.001). The cycles with endometrial thickness <8 mm were associated with a decrease in clinical pregnancy compared with those with a thickness ≥8 mm (aOR: 0.443; 95% CI: 0.225-0.823, P=0.013). Older age, obesity, non-blastocyst transfer, single embryo transfer, and endometrial thickness of <8 mm were significantly associated with a decreased clinical pregnancy in programmed FET.

Why does Knowledge Distillation work? Rethink its attention and fidelity mechanism

Does Knowledge Distillation (KD) really work? Conventional wisdom viewed it as a knowledge transfer procedure where a perfect mimicry of the student to its teacher is desired. However, paradoxical studies indicate that closely replicating the teacher’s behavior does not consistently improve student generalization, posing questions on its possible causes. Confronted with this gap, we hypothesize that diverse attentions in teachers contribute to better student generalization at the expense of reduced fidelity in ensemble KD setups. Focusing on supervised image classification task, by increasing data augmentation strengths, our key findings reveal a decrease in the Intersection over Union (IoU) of attentions between teacher models, leading to reduced student overfitting and decreased fidelity. We propose this low-fidelity phenomenon as an underlying characteristic rather than a pathology when training KD. This suggests that stronger data augmentation fosters a broader perspective provided by the divergent teacher ensemble and lower student–teacher mutual information, benefiting generalization performance. We further demonstrate that even optimization towards logits-matching between teachers and student can hardly mitigate this low-fidelity effect. These insights clarify the mechanism on low-fidelity phenomenon in KD. Thus, we offer new perspectives on optimizing student model performance, by emphasizing increased diversity in teacher attentions and reduced mimicry behavior between teachers and student. Codes are available at https://github.com/zisci2/RethinkKD

Heat transfer and pressure drop comparison for corrugated tube and different numbers of copper foam cylindrical inserts in laminar flow

AbstractThe chief objective of the present investigation is to study experimentally the hydraulic and thermal performance of a corrugated tube with copper foam cylindrical inserts (MFCIs) containing a new type of inserts with the purpose to improve the procedure of heat transfer, which gives an elevated thermal enhancement factor more than that of smooth tube beneath the similar operating circumstances. Also, in this paper, the study of the effect on the number of cylindrical inserts was made from metal foam (10 PPI and porosity 0.9) on the Nusselt number and Nusselt number ratio as a double heat exchanger furnished with the suggested MFCI with various values of Reynolds numbers ranges from 1600 to 4000 via using water as the test fluid. The investigational outcomes revealed an enhancement in heat transfer as well as the thermal performance of the corrugated tube with MFCI, which being significantly augmented in comparison to those for the smooth tube. Additionally, the average rise in the value of heat transfer is within 225% and 400% at the test range, relying upon the number of cylindrical inserts as well as the Reynolds number, whereas the maximum thermal performance is obtained to be around 2.4 for utilizing the corrugated tube having (four) cylindrical inserts at low Reynolds number (1820). Furthermore, the outcome of the loss of pressure manifested that the corrugated tube's mean friction factor is between 96% and 97% more than the smooth tube.

Trends in knee cartilage repair procedures in the United States, 2010 to 2020

IntroductionSurgical intervention of knee articular cartilage injuries may prevent degeneration in symptomatic patients. ObjectiveThis study aims to analyze trends, demographics, and yearly incidence of four different knee cartilage repair procedures in the U.S. from 2010 to 2020. MethodsThe PearlDiver database was queried for patients who underwent knee microfracture, autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI), osteochondral autograft transfer (OAT) and osteochondral allograft transplantation (OCA) procedures from 2010 to 2020. Student t and χ-square tests were used for statistical comparisons and analysis of data trends. Regression models and Compound Annual Growth Rates (CAGR) further assessed trends of each procedure. Results220,674 patients from 2010 to 2020 were included in this study. Microfracture incurred a 62.4% decrease in occurrence (P < 0.001). Incidence of OCA trended upwards (37.7%; P = 0.065) whilst OAT procedures significantly decline (53.9%; P < 0.001). ACI procedure numbers remained relatively stable (11.2% increase; P = 0.847). ConclusionsThe incidence of microfracture significantly decreased in the United States from 2010 to 2020. There was a positive trend in the incidence of OCA cases, whilst the number of OAT cases decreased significantly. The number of ACI cases performed per year did not change significantly over the study period with the exception of an increase from 2017-2019. Microfracture procedures were performed in an older patient population than the other cartilage procedures. Males were more likely to undergo the four cartilage preservation surgeries compared to females. Similar studies should be carried out in other large health databases to confirm the external validity of these trends across the United States.

100 Autologous Fat Transfer Procedure Complications in the Emergency Department: A Public Health Crisis

100 Autologous Fat Transfer Procedure Complications in the Emergency Department: A Public Health Crisis

Anterior Opening-Wedge Proximal Tibial Osteotomy for Symptomatic Genu Recurvatum and Osteochondral Autograft Transfer for Osteochondral Defect

Acute knee hyperextension injuries are more frequently sustained during athletic trauma and can cause symptomatic pain, soft-tissue laxity of the knee, malalignment, and ligament strain. Decreased posterior tibial slope is correlated with a higher degree of knee hyperextension, and although not the only cause, it can contribute to symptomatic genu recurvatum. In the context of acute knee hyperextension, chondral lesions may occur secondarily but are more often caused by limb malalignment and overuse. In the setting of symptomatic genu recurvatum and an osteochondral defect, it is vital to restore the native joint biomechanics. We describe the use of anterior opening-wedge proximal tibial osteotomy to correct symptomatic genu recurvatum and osteochondral autograft transfer to repair a full-thickness chondral defect. Past studies have shown long-term successful functional outcomes for both anterior opening-wedge proximal tibial osteotomy and osteochondral autograft transfer procedures, with most patients returning to their preinjury activity levels.

THE ISSUES OF LEGAL LIABILITY IN TRANSFER RELATIONS

A transfer contract is a specific type of legal contract, which can be regulated not only by civil law but also by the corporate rules of sports federations. The regulation of transfer contracts in football is particularly relevant, as the Russian Football Union (RFU) regulates each stage of transfer relations in detail. Specifically, the RFU Regulations establish sanctions for violating the procedure of athlete transfer. These sanctions can be applied to both sports clubs and athletes. At the same time, the legal nature of these sanctions remains ambiguous, as the RFU is not a governmental body authorized to hold individuals legally liable. Nevertheless, the doctrine often highlights the concept of sports liability as a unique type of liability because the RFU has the authority to hold individuals liable under this type of liability. In addition to sports liability, the possibility of holding participants in transfer relations liable under civil law remains debatable. On the one hand, a transfer contract is a civil law agreement and, accordingly, the general provisions of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation on obligations should apply to it. On the other hand, questions arise about the possibility of combining civil sanctions with sports sanctions and about the possibility of considering civil liability prior to sports liability. In this article, the authors answered the above questions and structured the liability systems in transfer relations. Conclusions were made about situations in which sports or civil liability is applied, as well as about the possibility of applying both types of liability for a single violation by a sports club or a football player.