Transfer Rules Research Articles

Conjunctive Operation of Interbasin Transferred Water and Local Water in a Multisource Diversion-Supply-Allocation System

Interbasin water transfer (IBWT) projects are of great practical significance for alleviating water shortages due to the nonuniform spatiotemporal distribution of water resources. An appropriate multisource IBWT management model can facilitate decision making for effective conjunctive use of the transferred and local water resources. This study proposes a hierarchical-planning model (HPM) that includes three core modules—water diversion, supply, and allocation modules—that are sequentially incorporated and clearly reflect the hierarchical relation among the diversion-supply-allocation system in the context of a multisource IBWT. The HPM is decomposed under two-stage programming and resolved with a coordinated particle swarm algorithm. Its effectiveness was examined by applying it to the Han-to-Wei IBWT project in China. The results indicate that the conjunctive operation rules with the expression of water transfer and supply rule curves fully exploit the hydrological heterogeneity and mutual complementarity. Further, the proposed model achieves a trade-off of the multiple sources and successfully meets the joint demands of different sectors and regions. Specifically, the mirror image phenomenon that arises during the process of the conjunctive operation, especially in continuously dry periods, highlights the noticeable mutual effect of the transferred and local water to cover the gap between that and the joint demands. The proposed model is a promising tool for integrated diversion-supply-allocation management of a multisource IBWT system, and it can be expanded to other water resource management systems involving the whole or partial process of water transfer, water supply, and water allocation.

중국 민법전의 저당목적물 양도규칙 연구

민법전 제406조는 기존의 물권법의 규정과 상이한 입법이론을 관철하고 있다. 즉, 저당목적물의 자유로운 양도를 인정함과 동시에 저당권의 추급효를 인정하였다. 저당권의 추급효에 관하여서는 이미 등기한 동산 저당목적물, 미등기 동산저당목적물 및 부동산 저당목적물의 경우에 따라 구체적으로 분석하여야 한다. 통상적인 경영활동 중의 매수인 권리에 관한 규칙은 저당권자의 등기를 경료한 저당권에 대한 추급효를 차단하고 미등기 저당목적물에 관하여 양수인의 선의여부에 따라 민법전 제403조의 규정을 원용하여 보호하고 있다. 부동산 매수인을 우선 보호 할 필요가 있거나 주채권의 소멸시효가 도래한 경우 저당권자의 저당목적물에 대한 추급을 면할 수 있다. 저당목적물 양도금지 또는 제한을 약정한 특약에 공시효력을 부여하려면 관련 등기규정을 개정하여야 하고 저당권 등기시스템에 관련 등기를 할 수 있는 기능을 추가해야 한다. 저당권설정자가 저당권을 양도할 경우, 즉시 저당권자에게 통지해야 하고 그 통지의무를 위반하여도 양도계약의 효력에는 영향을 미치지 아니한다. 다만 저당권자는 저당권 설정자의 채무불이행 책임을 추궁할 수 있다.<BR> 체계적 해석에 따르면 저당목적물의 양도금은 대금대위제도의 범위에 포함되지 않는다. 저당권자는 대금대위제도에 의하여 저당목적물에 대하여 우선변제를 받을 수 없다. 저당권자는 저당목적물의 양도가 저당권자의 이익을 침해한다는 것을 증명하여야만 저당권자에게 양도대금으로 채무를 미리 변제하거나 또는 공탁할 것을 청구할 수 있다. 민법전은 기존의 물권법의 척제권에 관한 규정을 삭제하였으나 제3자 대위변제규정을 적용하여 동일한 효과에 도달할 수 있다.

Fiscal transfers in Turkey: Do politics matter?

Local fiscal transfer rules in Turkey were revised in 2008, such that, while a significant portion of transfers continued to be based on population size, the remainder was distributed based on other criteria such as the development index. In this paper, we investigate the extent of fiscal fairness in Turkey during the period 2008–2012. We define fiscal fairness by the degree of association of transfers and local spending with the structural and socioeconomic indicators, as opposed to political-party associations. Our empirical analysis reveals that while local fiscal transfers during the investigated period were significantly correlated with the socioeconomic and structural indicators, political factors also played a significant role. Particularly, we find robust evidence that cities where the incumbent party-AKP (Justice and Development Party), who won significantly more votes in the general elections than the main opposition party-CHP (Republican People's Party), received significantly more transfers and fiscal spending than the rest. The evidence also suggests that the metropolitan municipalities held by CHP received significantly more government expenditure than the rest; though less robust than the former. This observation also holds for the metropolitan municipalities held by AKP. Additionally, we observe that cities with metropolitan municipalities that were governed by either the incumbent or the main opposition party, were less fiscally independent than the rest. We also note, however, that given the increasing opacity in data reporting, this study does not account for the large amounts of public funds that are allocated in tenders with special invitees, via public–private partnerships or in the form of social assistance, although they are also likely to constitute a major component of politically-biased fiscal transfers during the study period.

Consider ramifications of NCAA's new transfer rules

Until recently, in college football, men's and women's basketball, baseball, and men's ice hockey, transferring student‐athletes had to sit out of competition for a year, unless they were able to obtain a waiver from the NCAA. But this all changed when the NCAA Division I Board of Directors recently approved a change to the NCAA transfer rules that now allows student‐athletes to have immediate eligibility when they transfer to a different institution.

Research on the Dispatching Rules of Inter-Basin Water Transfer Projects Based on the Two-Dimensional Scheduling Diagram

Inter-basin water transfer projects play an important role in allocating water resources that vary both in temporal and spatial scale while supporting regional development. In the practical operation of inter-basin water transfer projects, high water level and less inflow runoff would result in water supply destruction, while low water level and more inflow runoff would cause abandoned water. How to play the compensation roles of hydrological characteristics and storage capacities of multi-reservoirs to maximize the utilization efficiency of water resources, the key is to select the basis for the decision-making of starting water transfer process. In this paper, we selected the “Datong-Huangshui” water transfer project as the research subject, analyzed the composition of the inter-basin water transfer system, and constructed a dispatching rule extraction model including water transfer rules, water diversion rules, and water supply rules. Then the NSGA-II was used to solve the multi-objective optimization model to obtain the Pareto frontier solution set of the dispatching rules. Finally, the optimal operation scheme was determined and discussed according to the scheduling scheme decision model. The model itself was based on the gray target model and prospect theory. We found that: (1) The optimal target frontier obtained by the two-dimensional scheduling diagram and the hedging rules for water supply was closer to the theoretical optimal frontier of the multi-objective problem. This result indicated that the two-dimensional scheduling diagram and the hedging rules for water supply could better guide the water diversion operation of inter-basin water transfer projects. (2) Based on the multi-objective optimal operation schemes set, the OPT scheme obtained by the scheduling scheme decision model using gray target model and prospect theory could generate 359 million Kwh. At the same time, it could guarantee 90% of municipal and industrial water supply and 85% of agricultural water supply.

Make or brake — Rich states in voluntary federal emission pricing

Voluntary participation can improve multilateral environmental governance. We model voluntary participation of states in unanimously approved federal environmental policy. A Pareto-improving federal emission price coexists with state-level emission pricing. Federal revenues are distributed equally per capita (egalitarian), in proportion to states' historical emission levels (sovereignty), or states’ actual payments (juste retour). We find that the existence of Pareto-improving uniform federal prices depends on wealth differences, transfer rules, and on whether or not states anticipate transfers. Sovereignty transfers work in all cases. Differences in wealth can undermine egalitarian transfers. Juste retour transfers render federal policy ineffective if states anticipate them. The richest state prefers the lowest Pareto-optimal federal price (“minimum price”) as it becomes the largest net-donor. Adding different population sizes, the richest and largest (smallest) state prefers the minimum price with sovereignty and juste retour transfers (egalitarian transfers). Therefore, rich states brake and simultaneously make possible passing unanimous federal policy.

Effect of Flow and Heat Transfer of Vertical Magnetic Field to Fe3O4-H2O Nanofluids

Heat transfer coefficient is a key parameter for efficiency evaluation of heat exchangers. Good stability and high heat transfer coefficient are essential for the application of nanofluids in heat exchangers and solar systems. In this work, nanofluids with good stability were prepared, and the influence of vertical magnetic field on flow and heat exchange of magnetic nanofluids under laminar and turbulent conditions was mainly studied. The flow and heat transfer rules of Fe3O4 nanofluids with or without magnetic field conditions, magnetic field strength, magnetic field distribution, the nanoparticle concentration and nanofluids temperature were systematically studied by setting up an experimental platform. The results show that the intensity and distribution of magnetic field had a significant influence on the heat transfer of magnetic nanofluids, whether in laminar or turbulent flow. When the magnetic field strength is 800G and 1000G, the convective heat transfer coefficient increases by an average of 23.89% and 26.12%. However, the influence of magnetic field on its flow characteristics is not obvious, and the effect on resistance coefficient increases by only 2.01%. In addition, the characteristics of magnetic nanofluids also have a certain influence on its flow and heat transfer. When the temperature of magnetic nanofluids is increased, the convective heat transfer coefficient will increase. When the concentration of magnetic nanofluids is increased, the pressure drop will also increase, but it has little effect on the drag coefficient.

Sulfur Analysis and Sulfur Transfer Rule During Simulated Thermal Processing of Heavy Oil

The distribution and transfer of sulfide in the thermal reaction process are studied. It has found that different types of sulfur have different distribution patterns in the refining process. Thiophene derivatives with better thermal stability are mainly distributed in the heavy components, while mercaptans and small molecular thioethers with poor thermal stability are mainly distributed in the light components. During the thermal reaction, part of the sulfide will decompose or react to produce sulfide with a smaller molecular weight, which will be transferred to light components or gases. The thermal reaction temperature has a certain effect on the product yield and sulfur content. As the reaction temperature increases, the liquid yield increases and the sulfur content decreases, but the thermal reaction temperature has little effect on the sulfide type distribution.

Influence of Stefan flow on the drag coefficient and heat transfer of a spherical particle in a supercritical water cross flow

The interaction between the fluid and particles is the key to obtain accurate flow and heat transfer rules. For a reactive particle, the Stefan flow will affect the mass, momentum, and energy transfer between the particle and the fluid. The Stefan flow on the coal particle surface cannot be neglected in supercritical water gasification technology. In this paper, the influence of different Stefan flow intensities on the drag coefficient (Cd) and the Nusselt number (Nu) of supercritical water (SCW) cross flowing around a fixed spherical particle with Re in the range of 10–200 is studied; at the same time, the velocity and temperature boundary layers and the flow field around the particle are analyzed. For the influence of the dramatic change of the thermophysical properties of SCW near the pseudo-critical point, simple analysis of the drag coefficient and heat transfer of the particle with Stefan flow is conducted. The results show that with the increase in Stefan flow intensity, Cd and Nu decrease and the thickness of velocity and temperature boundary layers increases. A model of the particle with Stefan flow is constructed, and the Cd and Nu correlation formulas of the particle with Stefan flow are obtained.

Esterification of 2‐keto‐L‐gulonic acid and ethanol by pervapouration using NaA zeolite membrane

AbstractEsterification of 2‐Keto‐gulonic acid is an important process in the production of vitamin C. The traditional esterification reaction process improves the esterification rate with large energy consumption. In this study, the mass transfer model of the pervapouration process was established based on the separation effect of the zeolite membrane. The mass transfer rule was studied, and the reaction‐membrane separation coupling technology was applied to the esterification process of 2‐Keto‐L‐gulonic acid and ethanol. The esterification rate of 2‐Keto‐L‐gulonic acid was increased to 95.37%. At this time, the reaction conditions were as follows: (a) the temperature was 55°C, (b) the alkyd molar ratio was 40.31:1, and (c) and the feed rate was 20.77 mL · min−1.

Heat transfer and water migration rules during formation/dissociation of methane hydrate under temperature fields with gradient

To investigate formation and dissociation behaviors of hydrate under non uniform temperature fields and mechanisms behind, methane hydrate was formed and then dissociated within a porous medium in a reactor with fixed positive and reverse temperature gradients. Results show that owing to the water migration under temperate gradients, hydrate concentrates inside the regions at lower temperature. Under temperature gradients, hydrate distribution heterogeneity appears inside the medium during formations. During dissociation under reverse gradient, the upper half part of medium is at higher temperature. Hence, this part is easy to dehydrate with flow up from bottom to top of gas released from dissociation, resulting in emergence of significant medium deformation phenomenon. Under these non uniform temperature fields, hydrate dissociation is primarily controlled by heat transfer. Hydrate distribution heterogeneity directly relates to the water migration under temperature gradients during formation, and the medium deformations along with water discharge during dissociation. Owing to these replicated water migration and dehydration processes under reverse gradient, final hydrate saturation is gradually enhanced accompanying with the increase in formation/dissociation cycle times; on the contrary, is lowered under the positive one. These findings may provide some implications for future methane storage at industrial scale with hydrate technology, and the practical exploitations of natural gas hydrates in nature.

Territorial Scope and Data Transfer Rules in the GDPR: Realising the EU’s Ambition of Borderless Data Protection

Legal protection of personal data that are transferred or processed outside the EU’s territorial boundaries has been strengthened in recent years, both in the GDPR and by the Court of Justice. The main mechanisms for guarding against data protection threats originating from outside the EU’s borders are rules on the territorial scope of EU data protection law (Article 3 GDPR), which allow its application to data processing by non-EU parties, and data transfer restrictions (Chapter V GDPR), which protect personal data that are transferred to third countries. The GDPR does not indicate how these two mechanisms interact, which has led to initiatives to disapply data transfer rules when data processed outside the EU are already subject to it. However, there has been little transparency about these initiatives or explanation of their rationale, despite their significance for the protection of EU data and their impact on the GDPR’s global reach. For the protection of EU data against external threats to be both legally sound and effective in practice, it is necessary to examine the nature and interaction of rules on territorial scope and data transfers, in order to determine how the EU’s vision of cross-border data protection can be realised.

A novel reasoning model for credit investigation system based on Fuzzy Bayesian Network

Abstract Nowadays, credit is becoming more and more important and the progress of artificial intelligence technology brings new opportunities for the development of credit investigation. In this paper, we come up with a novel reasoning model for a credit investigation system based on the fuzzy Bayesian network which is a new convergence of technology and finance. In the model, combined with data learning and expert knowledge systems, a new knowledge representation method is proposed according to fuzzy theory and transfer rule of node value is defined. The problem that continuous value cannot be used in the traditional Bayesian network is well solved and the reasoning process is more suitable for credit characteristics. The most important innovations of our model are a new conditional probability function and two data fusion algorithms, which make fuzzy numbers well transmit and merge. What’s more, the approach makes full use of the advantages of big data and its rationality and stability are verified. In practice, the proposed model has significant meaning for the development of investigation systems and it can provide reference value for the intelligence of other financial fields.

Robustness evaluation for multi-subnet composited complex network of urban public transport

Drawing on complex network theory, this paper combines bus network and subway network into a multi-subnet composited complex network (MSCCN) of urban public transport (UPT). Then, the cascading failure of the MSCCN nodes and edges was modelled, and the passenger flow transfer rules were established under node and edge failures. Considering the impact of extreme weather on the UPT, a synthetic operator was created to measure the robustness of UPT MSCCN, in the light of network topology and passenger flow, and used to quantify the robustness of UPT MSCCN under extreme weather. Finally, a UPT MSCCN was set up for Qingdao, China, and subject to cascading failure simulation. The simulation results reveal how MSCCN robustness changes with different variables. The research findings help to optimize the response of the MSCCN to extreme weather.

Accumulation and translocation of food chain in soil-mulberry (Morus alba L.)-silkworm (Bombyx mori) under single and combined stress of lead and cadmium

In recent years, heavy metal pollution has caused immeasurable harm to the environment. As an emerging technology, phytoremediation technology has gained a place in the treatment of heavy metal pollution with its unique advantages. This study analyzes the toxic effects of mulberry (Morus alba) seeds, seedling growth and silkworm under heavy metal stress of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd), and explore the accumulation and migration of Pb and Cd in the soil-mulberry tree-silkworm system. The main results were as follows: (1) Seed germination and potted seedling experiments were conducted under heavy metal Pb and Cd stresses, and it was found that Pb and Cd had inhibitory effects on mulberry seed germination, growth and photosynthesis of mulberry seedlings, and as the concentration of heavy metals increased, the stronger the inhibitory effect. Moreover, Pb and Cd have a synergistic effect under compound stress. (2) The accumulation and transfer rules of Pb and Cd ions in mulberry were different. The content of Pb in mulberry was root > leaf > stem and the content of Cd was root > stem > leaf. The combined stress promoted the transfer of Pb and Cd from the underground part to the aerial portion of mulberry. (3) The silkworm feeds on mulberry leaves contaminated with heavy metals in this experiment and found that: with the increase of silkworm feeding, the heavy metal content in the silkworm body increased significantly, but the content remained in the silkworm body was less, most of it was excreted with silkworm excrement. Combined stress has no significant effect on the detoxification mechanism of silkworm. It is indispensable to think of the synergistic effect of heavy metals on plants germination when seeds are used for phytoremediation.

A simulation model for controlling mass transfer of vapor silicon and volatile impurities with gas flow guidance during refining of silicon

The mass transfer behavior of vapor silicon (Si) and volatile impurities during refining of Si by electron beam melting is still unclear. In present work, with gas flow guidance, the mass transfer mechanism of vapor Si and volatile impurities, and corresponding heat transfer rule in the furnace chamber are investigated by simulation and experiment. Numerical simulation shows that vapor Si is preferentially transferred to the outlet, and temperature in the outlet is lower than the solidification temperature of vapor Si when gas flow is fixed at 0° and 1.16 m s−1 (optimal conditions). Experimental results show that volatile impurities are effectively removed (P and Al both are less than 0.01 ppmw in the refined Si ingot with >99% of removal efficiency). Moreover, volatile impurities flux positively increases with increase of vapor Si flux. Gas flow significantly gathers the vapor Si in the outlet, reinforcing evaporation kinetics of molten Si and volatile impurities, which demonstrates the numerical simulation model is feasible to control the mass transfer and evaporation kinetics. Gas flow guidance may be a promising way to improve volatile impurities removal from Si.

An efficient genetic algorithm for decentralized multi-project scheduling with resource transfers

&lt;p style='text-indent:20px;'&gt;This paper investigates the decentralized resource-constrained multi-project scheduling problem with transfer times (DRCMPSPTT) in which the transfer times of the global resources among different projects are assumed to be sequence-independent, while transfers of local resources take no time within a project. First, two decision variables (&lt;inline-formula&gt;&lt;tex-math id="M1"&gt;\begin{document}$ {y_{ijg}} $\end{document}&lt;/tex-math&gt;&lt;/inline-formula&gt; and &lt;inline-formula&gt;&lt;tex-math id="M2"&gt;\begin{document}$ {w_{ijg}} $\end{document}&lt;/tex-math&gt;&lt;/inline-formula&gt;) are adopted to express the transition state of global resources between projects. &lt;inline-formula&gt;&lt;tex-math id="M3"&gt;\begin{document}$ {y_{ijg}} $\end{document}&lt;/tex-math&gt;&lt;/inline-formula&gt; (takes a value of 0 or 1) represents whether activity &lt;i&gt;i&lt;/i&gt; transfers global resource &lt;i&gt;g&lt;/i&gt; to activity &lt;i&gt;j&lt;/i&gt;; accordingly, the transferred quantity is denoted as &lt;inline-formula&gt;&lt;tex-math id="M4"&gt;\begin{document}$ {w_{ijg}} $\end{document}&lt;/tex-math&gt;&lt;/inline-formula&gt;. Then, we construct an integer linear model with the goal of minimizing the average project delay for the DRCMPSPTT. Second, an adaptive genetic algorithm (GA) is developed to solve the DRCMPSPTT. To gain the schedules for the DRCMPSPTT, the traditional serial and parallel scheduling generation schemes (SGSs) are modified to combine with different resource transfer rules and to design multiple decoding schemes. Third, the numerical experiments are implemented to analyse the effects of eight decoding schemes, and we found that the scheme comprising the parallel SGS and maxRS rule can make the GA work the best; furthermore, the effectiveness of the GA_maxRS (GA embedded with the best scheme) is demonstrated by solving some instances with different sizes.&lt;/p&gt;

Need-based transfer systems are more vulnerable to cheating when resources are hidden

Abstract Need-based transfer systems pool risk among interdependent individuals. Such arrangements are bound by two simple rules: Ask for help only when in need and, if you are able, give help to others who ask. But there may be a temptation for individuals to break these rules for short-term personal profit. Here, we study one factor that may enforce honesty in need-based transfer relationships: the visibility of resources. Across three experiments employing a novel experimental economic game, breaking of both need-based transfer rules increased when resources were hidden rather than visible (Experiment 1: n = 82, online convenience sample from the US; Experiment 2: n = 80, student sample from the US; Experiment 3: n = 42, online convenience sample from the US). Participants with hidden resources were (1) more likely to request help when not actually in need (greediness), and (2) more likely to not fulfill requests from others for help, even when they had sufficient resources available to help (stinginess). These findings highlight the visibility of resources as one potential limitation of cooperative risk pooling systems.

External Validation of NHSN CLABSI Data in Acute Care Hospitals

<h3>Background</h3> Accurate reporting to the National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) is critical in providing actionable surveillance data to inform infection prevention (IP) programs. The state health department (SHD) validated Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infections (CLABSI) to assess data accuracy and identify common reporting errors. <h3>Methods</h3> Utilizing the NHSN external validation toolkit, the SHD validated 21 facilities based on data reported from Intensive Care Units (ICU) and Medical, Surgical, and Medical/Surgical Ward locations during January to June 2018. Nine facilities were selected for both ICU and Ward locations, 6 for ICU only and 6 for Ward only. For each facility, up to 20 reported NHSN CLABSI events and up to 40 unreported or candidate events were reviewed. Patient medical records were reviewed to determine if the selected blood culture met CLABSI event criteria. <h3>Results</h3> The SHD reviewed a total of 1112 medical records. The SHD identified 120 reportable CLABSI events; of these, 7/120 (6%) were reported with errors and 10/120 (8%) were not reported at all. Additionally, the SHD found two reported events that were deemed Secondary Bloodstream Infections (BSI); therefore, did not meet primary CLABSI criteria and were subsequently over-reported. The overall sensitivity was 92% and specificity was 99.8%. Facility specific sensitivities ranged from 71% to 100%. <h3>Conclusions</h3> The majority of unreported CLABSI events were due to misattribution of the event as a Secondary BSI. In these instances, along with the over-reported events, facilities most often incorrectly applied the site-specific criteria for Pneumonia. Of the seven events that were reported incorrectly, the most common reporting errors were incorrect location due to the transfer rule and incorrect event date, specifically when the symptom occurred before the culture date when applying Laboratory-Confirmed Bloodstream Infection (LCBI) criteria 2. The SHD will use these results to tailor NHSN training and education to facilities.

Effects of Temperature and Solvent Properties on the Liquid–Solid Phase Equilibrium of γ-Pyrazinamide

The thermodynamic solubility of γ-pyrazinamide in 13 solvents (methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, 1-butanol, 2-butanol, acetone, acetonitrile, water, 1,4-dioxane, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, and n-propyl acetate) was measured by a dynamic method from 278.15 to 318.15 K. The results were modified by four models (λh equation, Apelblat equation, Wilson model, and nonrandom two-liquid (NRTL) model), and all of the relative standard deviation (RSD) values were less than 6%, indicating that the correlated data is in good agreement with the experiments. The thermodynamic parameters of mixing (ΔmixH, ΔmixG, and ΔmixS) were calculated by the NRTL model. Furthermore, the physicochemical properties of different solvents were investigated to visualize the solvent effects. The results indicated that for the ester and alcohol systems, the “like dissolves like” principle and mass transfer rules were the main factors that affect the solubility, and for other solvents, hydrogen bond donor propensities played the key role.