Transfer Policy Research Articles

O-005 The ToF-study - comparing the cumulative live birth rate of blastocyst-stage versus cleavage-stage embryo transfers in good prognosis IVF patients: a multicenter randomized controlled trial.

Abstract Study question Does blastocyst-stage embryo transfer in fresh and frozen cycles improve the cumulative live birth rate (cLBR) compared with cleavage-stage embryo transfer in IVF/ICSI treatments? Summary answer In good prognosis IVF patients (≥4 available embryos), a blastocyst-stage transfer policy did not result in a significant higher cLBR compared to cleavage-stage transfer policy. What is known already A recent Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis concluded that fresh blastocyst-stage transfer in IVF/ICSI treatments is associated with higher rates of pregnancy in comparison to fresh transfer of cleavage-stage embryos. However, it is unknown whether a blastocyst-transfer policy also improves the cumulative live birth rate, i.e. the live birth rate derived from fresh and frozen-thawed embryo transfers following a single oocyte retrieval, in comparison to a cleavage-stage transfer policy in IVF/ICSI. Study design, size, duration In this multicenter randomized controlled trial women were randomly allocated to blastocyst-stage transfers (blastocyst group - fresh embryo transfer on day 5 after oocyte retrieval followed by vitrification of remnant blastocysts on day 5 and 6 following local criteria) or cleavage-stage transfers (cleavage-stage group - fresh embryo transfer on day 3 after oocyte retrieval followed by embryo cryopreservation on day 3 or 4). Randomization was stratified for age (≥36 or < 36 years). Participants/materials, setting, methods Women with a good prognosis after IVF/ICSI (defined as presenting ≥4 available embryos on day 2 of embryo culture), during their first, second, or third treatment cycle, were included. The primary outcome was the cLBR per oocyte retrieval, including associated frozen-thawed embryo transfers within 12 months after randomization (or 17 months during the COVID pandemic). Risk ratios (RR) with 95% CI adjusted for age group were calculated using log-linear binominal regression. Main results and the role of chance A total of 1202 women from 21 Dutch centers were randomly assigned to blastocyst-stage transfers (N = 599) or cleavage stage transfers (N = 603) between 2018 and 2021. At submission of this abstract, data on the primary outcome was available for 1153 (95.9%) women, 577 women in the blastocyst-stage group and 576 women in the cleavage-stage group. The cumulative live birth rate was 58.2% (336/577 women) in the blastocyst-stage group and 57.3% (330/576 women) in the cleavage stage group (RR 1.022, 95% CI 0.844-1.237; p = 0.825). The live birth rate after fresh embryo transfer was 38.0% (219/577 women) versus 29.9% (172/576 women) in the blastocyst-stage group and cleavage-stage group respectively (RR 1.282, 95% CI 1.017-1.615 p = 0.035). Interaction was found between age and day of transfer with a higher cumulative live birth rate and a higher live birth rate after fresh transfer in women of 36 years or older in the blastocyst group. Analyses on other IVF treatment outcomes, obstetrical or neonatal outcomes, patient burden, and cost effectiveness are ongoing. Limitations, reasons for caution Outcomes are only applicable for treatments of women with at least four embryos available on day two of embryo culture. Wider implications of the findings A blastocyst-stage embryo transfer policy did not result in a significant higher cumulative live birth rate in comparison to a cleavage-stage embryo transfer policy in IVF/ICSI treatments. Further research into the interaction of age with outcomes is warranted. Trial registration number NTR7034

P-742 Universal genome-wide haplotyping-based preimplantation genetic testing: a systematic seven-year experience at a single center

Abstract Study question To record the outcome and clinical benefit of universal genome-wide haplotyping-based preimplantation genetic testing (PGT). Summary answer Universal PGT allows for standardization of protocols and reduces turnaround time. Apart from accurate genetic diagnosis, it also provides chromosome information, improving embryo selection strategies. What is known already Developments in genome-wide technologies leveraged the implementation of universal PGT that combines haplotyping and copy number typing across the whole genome. Universal PGT provides diagnosis for any familial monogenic disorder (PGT-M) or structural rearrangement (PGT-SR), and allows for concurrent aneuploidy screening (PGT-A) in PGT-M/SR cycles, all using the same generic protocol and the same biopsy. For this reason, various universal PGT approaches have been developed in the last 2-3 years and are increasingly making their way to the clinic worldwide. Study design, size, duration Universal PGT as a first-tier test was implemented at UZ Leuven mid-2014, using in-house developed algorithm (siCHILD/haplarithmisis). This is a retrospective analysis of universal PGT data, collected between 1 January 2015 and 31 December 2022. Data on PGT indication, PGT cycles and biopsy results was extracted. Implantation rate (IR; with IU/EU fetal sac) per embryo transfer was calculated from frozen embryo transfer (FET) cycles for patients with known result by the end of 2021. Participants/materials, setting, methods By the end of 2022, 718 couples have successfully finalized preclinical PGT workup. At the time of writing, 573 couples (80%) have further proceeded with PGT cycles. In total, 1264 PGT cycles were performed with day-3 (D3) cleavage-stage (n = 3344) or trophectoderm (TE) biopsies (n = 1524). For 403 patients with known outcome from 954 FET cycles, IR per embryo transfer was calculated per biopsy type and embryo ranking, considering genome-wide chromosome information. Main results and the role of chance Couples were referred to PGT due to various autosomal dominant (AD, 65%), autosomal recessive (AR, 14%) and X-linked disorders (XL, 10%). Various PGT-M indications encompassed >200 genes in total, but almost 20% of couples enrolled due to inherited BRCA1/BRCA2 mutations. PGT-SR was indication in 7% of cases, mainly for familial microduplications/deletions (64%). For all PGT cycles, approximately 15% and 18% of all performed D3 and TE biopsies, respectively, were scored as abnormal largely due to meiotic errors in the embryo. All unaffected embryos were further ranked as R1 (euploid) or R2 (mosaic), and the number of R2 embryos was expectedly higher after D3 biopsies, compared to TE biopsies (250/1063, 23.6% vs 37/510, 7.3%, p<0.001). In accordance with inheritance mode, the number of unaffected embryos suitable for transfer was significantly lower in AD PGT cycles, compared to AR (32.3% (1116/3455) vs 44.0% (262/596) ; p<0.0001)). For 403 patients with FET cycles, IR was higher in R1 vs R2 embryos after D3 biopsy (231/590, 39.2% vs 30/159, 18.9 %, p <0.0001), whereas no difference was observed between R1 and R2 embryos after TE biopsy, although low number of R2 embryos after TE biopsy was transferred (85/142, 59.9% vs 7/12, 58.3%, p=ns). Limitations, reasons for caution The analyzed data is derived from a single center and the clinical outcome may not reflect the experience of other IVF/PGT centers due to confounding factors, such as PGT indication, used PGT technology and IVF lab practice. Wider implications of the findings The current dataset provides a comprehensive overview on general trends and outcome of universal PGT practice. Apart from accurate genetic diagnosis, universal PGT provides information on chromosomes, which improves embryo selection for transfer. This in turn impacts clinical counselling, interpretation and reporting of the results, and embryo transfer policies. Trial registration number Not applicable

P-718 Preimplantation genetic testing in Belgium: recommendations for the genetic centres

Abstract Study question How do genetic centres in Belgium apply international guidelines on preimplantation genetic testing (PGT)? Summary answer We present the national consensus on how to practice PGT, starting from initial patient uptake and embryo selection to follow-up of pregnancies. What is known already PGT includes PGT-M for monogenic disorders, PGT-SR for structural rearrangements and PGT-A for aneuploidy screening. The application of whole-genome technologies to trophectoderm biopsies for PGT-M and PGT-SR/A has evidenced the high prevalence of mosaicism due to chromosome segregation errors during the first mitotic divisions, making biopsy results interpretation and embryo transfer policy more challenging and complex. Guidelines from several international societies have been published in recent years to leverage the standardization of the whole PGT service. Although these are based on expertise and continuously acquiring evidence, it is widely recognized that variations in local and national regulations diversify PGT practices. Study design, size, duration Recommendations regarding PGT indications, patient counselling, embryo transfer policy, reporting, quality and pregnancy follow-up have been built to harmonize PGT services nationally. With a special focus on mosaicism, aiming to balance the highest chance for a pregnancy with the lowest risk for a chromosomally abnormal ongoing pregnancy or child. Participants/materials, setting, methods The Belgian PGT working group consists of laboratory geneticists, clinical geneticists and IVF specialists from eight nationally accredited centres. The group operates under the BeSHG umbrella and meets quarterly to formulate opinions and statements on PGT practice with the main goal of guaranteeing a high standard of care, exchange knowledge and implement a harmonized workflow. The Belgian social security system provides reimbursement of six genetic testing cycles for all PGT-M/SR patients but not for PGT-A. Main results and the role of chance PGT is offered for all monogenic and chromosomal disorders, if the causal genetic variants are known and documented. PGT for HLA-typing is allowed for the therapeutic benefit of an existing child after couple's psychological evaluation. Aneuploidy screening can be offered to specific patient groups to increase IVF success rate. However, social sexing and testing for non-medical or eugenic purposes is prohibited. At intake, the couple is counselled about the genetic aspect of the disease, psychological and financial aspects of PGT, applied methodology, including average success and misdiagnosis rate, and embryo transfer policies. Affected embryos, and embryos without diagnosis for PGT-M/SR are not transferred. For PGT-A (combined or not with PGT-M/SR), embryos are categorized as: (A) Euploid - suitable for transfer, if mosaicism is absent or below the detection threshold. (B) Mosaic transferable - suitable for transfer, but only following ranking and/or counselling and follow up, if mosaicism for any chromosome not described in (C) is detected; (C) Aneuploid or Mosaic - not suitable for transfer, if mosaicism of 8, 9, 13, 16, 18, 21 and X or full aneuploidy of any chromosome is detected. Non-invasive prenatal testing is strongly recommended to all women pregnant after PGT and is nationally reimbursed. Limitations, reasons for caution The practical recommendations, which are supplementary to the recently published ESHRE PGT recommendations, are based on expertise and data from the literature available at the time of preparation. As such, they will need regular reconsideration and an update or extension may follow when new solid scientific evidence arises. Wider implications of the findings As international recommendations represent a greatest common denominator over many local regulations, this work serves as example for drawing country-specific agreements for genetic centres. The process of consensus expert opinion formation on best practice may be applicable in other countries where PGT service is not overseen by a designated agency. Trial registration number Not applicable

P-766 Re-assessment of the Belgian legislation on embryo transfer in a blastocyst transfer policy

Abstract Study question How does a multiple fresh blastocyst transfer policy impacts live birth rate (LBR) and multiple live birth rates (MLBR) in relation to maternal age ? Summary answer Fresh transferring of ≥ 2 blastocysts only increases LBR in women above the age of 36 and substantially increases risk of multiples in all age categories. What is known already Multiple pregnancies after ART are recognized as a major complication as it significantly contributes to extreme preterm and very low-birthweight births. Even in the presence of a strict Belgian embryo transfer law in some subgroups in which double embryo transfer (DET) is allowed (women aged <36 years in cycle rank 3 up to 6 and in women aged 36-40 years in cycle rank 2), twining rates remain above 10%. A study by Tannus et al., (2017) concluded that double blastocyst transfer (DBT) is associated with both higher LBR and higher twin birth rates compared to elective single blastocyst transfer (eSBT). Study design, size, duration A single center retrospective, observational cohort study was conducted between July 2010 and December 2020. Both fresh IVF and ICSI cycles were included. A total of 8,402 fresh transfers were performed (2,948 on day 3 and 5,454 on day 5) over the course of the study period. SET was performed in 6,108 cases, DET in 2,077 cases, triple embryo transfer (TET) in 202 cases and multiple embryo transfers (MET) in 15 cases. Participants/materials, setting, methods The primary outcomes of this study were LBR per transfer and twin pregnancy rate. Generalized estimating equations (GEE) with the patient as subject was applied to account for clustering of cycles within women. An interaction analysis between the number of embryos transferred and age categories in the day 5 group was performed. A P-value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Main results and the role of chance In women aged <36 years, chances of a live birth were not significantly higher when two or more vs. a single blastocyst were transferred (OR: 1.014; 95%% CI 0.791 - 1.299; p = 0.91). However, transferring more than one blastocyst in women aged 36-40 years and >40 years did result in a higher chance of live birth compared to SBT (OR: 1.631; 95% CI: 1.218 - 2.185; p = 0.0008 and OR: 1.634; CI: 1.219-2.190; p = 0.0008, respectively).` Women aged 36-40 years and > 40 years had an estimated 19.3% and 66.3% lower odds respectively of a live birth after the transfer of a day 5 embryo, vs. women aged <36 years (OR: 0.800, 95% CI: 0.687-0.931; p = 0.0034 and OR: 0.337, CI: 0.268-0.424; p < 0.0001, respectively). Overall, live births were 28.5% higher when 2 or more blastocysts were transferred compared to an SBT (OR: 1.285 95% CI 1.1.077 – 1.533) (p = 0.0046). The estimated odds for a twin pregnancy were 17.8 times higher for DBT/MBT compared to SBT (OR 17.814; 95% CI: 10.74 - 29.55) (p < 0.0001). Limitations, reasons for caution This study is limited by its retrospective design and no interaction analysis between number of twin pregnancies and age categories was possible due to the low number of twins. Wider implications of the findings The data indicates that in women younger than 36 years only one blastocyst should be transferred regardless the embryo quality or the cycle rank. Only for patients older than 40 years, transfer of two blastocyst(s) could be considered. Trial registration number Not applicable

Stigma, humiliation and social control among beneficiaries of the Bolsa Família

In this article we intend to analyze the parameters from which representations and practices areconstructed between the “street bureaucrats” and the “poor”. Among the research objectives,we first seek to understand how program candidates interpret and negotiate with programoperators the categories assigned by them. Second, we seek to explore the extent to which thegroup of beneficiaries is perceived by itself and perceived as a differentiated social group in theenrollment sector. In this sense, three questions guide our analysis: 1) What values are applied by beneficiaries and candidates to justify their participation in the Program? and 2) Are they subject to constraints and/or controls that are particularly related to their status as state dependents? To answer these questions, we conducted 70 interviews with Bolsa Família program beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries in a periphery of Rio de Janeiro. Among the research findings, we identified that there is moral disqualification and that the interviewees feel (in some contexts and not in the totality of their trajectories) stigmatized for being beneficiaries of an income transfer policy.

Automatic Curriculum Learning for Large-Scale Cooperative Multiagent Systems

Recently, a lot of works have been devoted to researching how agents can learn efficient cooperation in multiagent systems. However, it still remains challenging in large-scale multiagent systems (MASs) due to the complex dynamics between the agents and environment and the dimension explosion of state-action space. In this paper, we propose a novel MultiAgent Automatic Curriculum Learning method (MA-ACL) to solve learning problems of large-scale cooperative MASs by beginning from learning on a multiagent scenario with a few agents and automatically progressively increasing the number of agents. An evaluation mechanism based on self-supervised learning is innovatively designed to automatically generate appropriate curricula with a progressively increasing number of agents. Moreover, since the observation state dimension of agents varies across curricula and the learned policy knowledge needs to be effectively encoded, we design a new Distributed Transferable Relation-modeling Policy network structure (DTRP) to handle the dynamic size of the network input and model relational knowledge between agents and their surrounding environment. Simulation results show that the proposed MA-ACL using DTRP can significantly improve the performance of large-scale multiagent learning compared with manual or non curriculum learning methods, and DTRP greatly boosts the performance of MA-ACL.

The Fischer protocol for assisted reproductive technology treatment: Real-world data experience comparing elective single versus double embryo transfer with or without comprehensive chromosome screening.

High rates of multiple implantation after assisted reproductive technology (ART) treatment represent one of the major problems for both mothers and their fetuses. Given the availability of techniques intended to identify embryos with the highest chance for development to term, such as comprehensive chromosome screening (CCS) and blastocyst transfer, the decision on the number of embryos to transfer deserves careful consideration. This report presents real-life data from two clinics using the Fischer protocol for cycle programming in patients undergoing ART. Our data indicate that ovarian stimulation using the Fischer protocol provides consistent and optimal ART outcomes in centers following strict quality management standards. However, high multiple implantation rates were observed in fresh and frozen transfer cycles after transferring two embryos - even in patients aged over 39 years. The live birth rates after CCS were superior to those using untested embryos. These findings were held for the three age groups irrespective of the CCS culture day (D1=PN stages, or D5=blastocysts). Our results support a single embryo transfer policy, particularly in women under 34 years of age with favorable conditions during ART treatment, i.e., a high number of available fertilized oocytes.

Equity effects of energy affordability interventions

This paper compares the distributional effects of price cap and lump sum transfer policies to aid the affordability of subsistence electricity consumption. A lump sum transfer is more progressive than a comparable price cap on all units of electricity. We identify conditions under which these policies have equal distributional effects. We prove that both interventions are progressive.

Right Care, Right Now: Bringing More Critical Care to Boarding Patients in the Emergency Department.

Right Care, Right Now: Bringing More Critical Care to Boarding Patients in the Emergency Department.

How Destination City and Source Landholding Factors Influence Migrant Socio-Economic Integration in the Pearl River Delta Metropolitan Region

Few studies have analyzed the mixed effects of city size and land factors at the macro level on migrant socio-economic integration. On the basis of survey data on migrants in the Pearl River Delta Metropolitan Region (PRDMR), this study developed a system of multidimensional indicators for analyzing the degree of migrant socio-economic integration and factors influencing it. This study demonstrated the following: (1) The overall degree of socio-economic integration of migrants in the PRDMR was low. Factors including city size, hometown landholding, year of birth, education level, gender, and migratory duration exerted effects of varying extents on the degree of the socio-economic integration of migrants. (2) Better job positions were offered and infrastructure was more developed in first-tier cities, so the degree of migrant economic integration was higher, and the sense of identity was stronger in first-tier cities. Given the low housing prices in second-tier cities, migrants therein were more likely to buy a house and achieve family integration, and the degree of their social integration was stronger. (3) In terms of source landholding factors, the degree of socio-economic integration was relatively low among the migrants who owned arable land and homesteads, and who were born outside Guangdong Province. The study tries to measure the socio-economic integration of immigrants more comprehensively and provide reference for the implementation of differentiated socio-economic integration policies and land transfer policies in the immigration and emigration areas.

POLICY OF TRANSFERRING PRISONERS IN THE CATEGORY OF NARCOTICS DEALERS TO SUPERMAXIMUM SECURITY PENITENTIARY

The enactment of the Minister of Law and Human Rights Regulation Number 35 of 2018 concerning the Revitalization of Correctional Administration, one of which regulates the transfer of high-risk prisoners to Super maximum security prisons. Narcotics convicts who are at high risk are those who are included as dealers and narcotics controllers from within the prison. The purpose of this research are to analize: (1) Policy of transferring prisoners in the category of narcotics dealers to Supermaximum Security Penitentiary? Inhibiting factors for the policy of transferring prisoners in the category of narcotics dealers to the Supermaximum Security. The research using normative and juridical approach. The results of this study indicate: (1) The policy of transferring prisoners in the category of narcotics dealers to the Supermaximum Security Penitentiary was implemented by the Class II Narcotics Prison in Bandar Lampung by transferring 19 prisoners to the Class Special Prison. IIA Karanganyar Nusakambangan and Class IIA Nusakambangan Narcotics Prison. The policy has been implemented even though it has not been maximized, because there are still inhibiting factors. (2) The inhibiting factors for the policy of transferring prisoners in the category of narcotics dealers to the Supermaximum Security Penitentiary as an effort to cut off the circulation of narcotics are the risky behavior of prisoners in the category of narcotics dealers that endanger or have a negative impact on themselves, others and the environment and the process of evaluation and reassessment of prisoners who need a relatively long time. Keywords: Transfer Policy, Narcotics, Super Maximum Security

The role of elected politicians in donor‐led social protection: Insights from Zambia

AbstractElected politicians sit at the interface between the state and the citizens and play a critical role in shaping the social contract. This article presents rare insights into the participation of elected politicians in donor‐led social protection policy processes in Africa. Taking the case of Zambia, it uncovers the assigned and de facto roles and perceptions of Members of Parliament (MPs) in social cash transfers policy processes. The analysis reveals the agency of MPs, despite intense efforts of donors to influence and control them. Specifically, it demonstrates that donors' advocacy and learning initiatives largely failed to influence their views and values of social justice which underpin state‐society relations. Instead, MPs learned about the policy narratives of donors, enabling them to strategically employ those narratives to sustain donor relations. The article suggests that for donor‐led social protection to modify state‐society relations, MPs' active participation, full support, and deliberation are indispensable.

Ausländische Direktinvestitionen und lokale Wissensbasis: Die Einbettung von Niederlassungen in die deutsche duale Ausbildung

Dual vocational education and training systematically combines the learning of apprentices (in vocational schools) or students (in applied universities) with the ‘learning venue’ of the company. The dual vocational education and training exists in Germany, Austria and Switzerland and stands for regional competitiveness as well as for job opportunities of young people on the local labour market. Outside of these three countries, the dual system hardly exists, but dual practices are subject of international skill transfer policies. While this transfer is well researched, it is hardly known to what extent (in mirror image) subsidiaries of foreign companies take part in the dual system of German speaking countries. This question was examined, by focussing on subsidiaries of multinational companies in Germany. Theoretically, the contribution relates to research on local knowledge bases and the embeddedness of foreign subsidiaires. The study pursues a qualitative method. The results show that the local training managers have freedom for decision-making and use this in favour of getting involved in dual vocational education and training. However, the effort turns out to be high. Dual activities take place primarily as a strategy for adapting to the institutional environment, not as a way of shaping the environment. The local stakeholders are mostly reactive in this regard. This points to possible future fields of research on local knowledge bases and local embeddedness and, with regard to practice, to the relevance of mutual coordination.

Pemerintah, Civil Society, dan Akomodasi Media dalam Polemik Pemindahan dan Pembentukan Ibu Kota Negara Baru

This article aims to examine the strategy of the Joko Widodo’s Government in the policy of moving and establishing a new National Capital (IKN), the responses shown by civil society, and the role of the media in bridging the government's political communications. Using a qualitative approach with descriptive data analysis, the article outlines how the three subjects, the government, civil society groups and the media, carry-out their roles regarding the IKN. Utilizing Media and Civil Society Theory, the research analysis is focused on IKN news content in selected mass media. In addition, the research analyzes this topic from the perspective of scientific integration of da'wa communication. Research results show that the Jokowi’s government has built political communication by expanding coalitions in parliament as well as using internal media as an effective strategy in gaining support for the policy of moving and opening IKN. The article also notesthat the voice of the Civil Society group, which considered that the transfer of the IKN did not have social and political urgency, was not adequately accommodated. Finally, the research finds the vulnerability of media independence referring to accommodative tendencies of the media in reporting information on the birth of transfer policies and the establishment of the new capital.

Research on the Pro-Poorness of Economic Growth in Rural China

Based on the pro-poor index and pro-poor curve measurement method of economic growth, this paper uses the data of Chinese Family Panel Studies to measure the pro-poorness of economic growth in rural areas of China. The study found that, from 2014 to 2018, the economic growth of rural areas in China was absolutely pro-poor, the economic growth in 2014–2016 was relatively non-pro-poor, and the economic growth in 2016–2018 was relatively pro-poor. From the perspective of household income structure, optimizing the pro-poorness of economic growth requires continuously increasing the wage income of low-income households, and continuing to implement fiscal transfer policies that are more favorable to low-income households. From the perspective of the human capital of households, optimizing the pro-poorness of economic growth requires active family support policies to enable workers to better balance family and work responsibilities, and adopt target location strategies to give special care to families with special difficulties while increasing investment in public services.

The Economics of Technology Transfer in The Environmental Safety of Enterprises for the Energy Transition

Introduction. European countries are at different stages of transition to a new energy system due to different levels of energy dependence, geographical conditions, and priorities of national administration. The use of information technology and innovative developments in the energy field allows for reducing energy production costs, improving resource use efficiency, reducing environmental impact, and ensuring energy security. Modern energy is reaching a new qualitative level due to technology transfer and government policy. Such an energy transition in the industry requires time, unfolding globalization processes, implementing sustainable development strategy and solving greening problems. 
 Aim and tasks. The aim of the study is to assess the level of the economic base of technology transfer in the creation and functioning of a new energy system based on the principles of environmental safety of modern enterprises in EU countries.
 Results. The theoretical model is considered, which explains the essence and factors in the implementation of the new energy system of production enterprises in the cross-section of the EU countries. The ranking of European countries is given based on the calculation of the use of final electricity consumption per dollar per capita and one percent of renewable energy consumption minus the tax burden. Thus, some countries already have significant indicators that indicate the effectiveness of the transition to a new energy structure of their national enterprises. And such results do not directly depend on the share of the use of renewable energy sources and the reduction of the use of coal. But the share of more than 60% of the use of renewable energy and the significant tax burden placed on the final household consumers of electricity are general signs of the implementation of such a transition. Enterprises use such a transition mechanism more effectively in EU countries, where more than 60%. In economic terms, such transitions of enterprises are carried out at the expense of the lion's share of the tax burden on electricity use by end consumers – households.
 Conclusions. The study of the economic basis of technology transfer in the creation and functioning of a new energy system based on the principles of environmental safety of modern enterprises in EU countries is of great importance for improving energy efficiency and achieving environmental safety in the region as a whole. The research will be useful for government bodies that are engaged in shaping energy policy, regulating the energy sector, and ensuring environmental safety.

Halo effect of university: the reputation and technology cross-regional commercialisation in China

ABSTRACT The relationship between halo effect and cross-regional commercialisation of technology in universities is a very important issue that has not been answered theoretically. Based on signal theory and information asymmetry theory, universities with different reputations have their scope of influence and competitive advantages, and studying the cross-regional commercialisation of technology under the political border effect is worthwhile. Given the panel data of universities directly under the Ministry of Education, the relationship between the cross-regional commercialisation of universities and their reputation is non-linear, that is, the reputation mechanism plays a prominent role after breaking the province boundary. Specifically, high-reputation universities have higher technology transfer advantages in interprovince commercialisation, whereas relatively low-reputation ones perform better in intraprovince commercialisation. Moreover, improving research quality can compensate for the disadvantage of low-reputation universities in cross-regional technology transfer, whereas government incentive policies can retain more research results from high-reputation universities locally. Our study provides theoretical guidance for the optimization and adjustment of science and technology achievement transfer policies in China, especially for promoting science and technology achievement transfer, as well as providing practical references for retaining high-quality science and technology achievements in the region.

Challenges and Strategic Solutions to Guarantee Last Mile Reach for an Indian TB Patient's Nikshay Poshan Yojana; A Conditional Cash Transfer Scheme Comment on "Does Direct Benefit Transfer Improve Outcomes Among People With Tuberculosis? - A Mixed-Methods Study on the Need for a Review of the Cash Transfer Policy in India".

India has put efforts into the prevention and control of tuberculosis (TB) for more than 50 years. Nikshay Poshan Yojna (NPY) is one of the schemes of conditional cash transfers (CCTs) by the Government of India. The CCT schemes mostly address the demand side constraints. Governments could use this in developing nations as a tool to divert financial resources toward societal development. In India, NPY is more directed toward providing monetary support for a nutritional diet and reducing the catastrophic expenditure of TB patients. Several studies highlighted challenges in implementing cash transfer schemes and provided different operational models. A country like India should address the challenges with defined strategies to ensure its last-mile reach. A present commentary discussing challenges and possible solutions that policy-makers can adapt and set up a support structure to ensure that supportive actions are implemented in response to patient and system side issues.

The policy of transfer of curricular reforms between Spain and Brazil. Towards the psychologization of education

In order to adapt the organization and functioning of the educational system to the constitutional requirements derived from the document of 1978, the Spanish educational reform of the 1980s and 90s went beyond the national borders encompassing international spaces. In its broad and firm expansion to different countries of the Latin American orbit, we want to show how it had a special impact on the reform of the Brazilian education agreed in the nineties reflecting on its development, especially, in the PCNs (National Curricular Parameters). We approach this analysis, derived from the application of the Systematic Literature Review method, which we anticipate of high value and interest, from a threefold dimension that seeks to investigate the influences of Spanish educational policies on Brazil. Firstly, we make use of the essential and classic contribution on school culture made by Professor Escolano (2000). Secondly, we advance until we approach curriculum design (what we understand as“the discourse”) and its consequent projection. And finally, thirdly, we analyze the tensions between psychologists and pedagogues both in interpretative and academic terms that were illustrated in conferences, congresses, seminars and, of course, in the publication of books, articles and reports.

Uncertainty in policy transfer across contaminated land management regimes: Examining the Nigerian experience

Weak and developing contaminated land management regimes have continued to transfer perceived effective contaminated land management policies into their regimes, without considering the effects of variability in risk perceptions, available scientific data, expertise, and contextual differences in the implementation process of such policies. Such transferred policy is a foundation for faulty contaminated land management decisions and potentially exposes receptors to higher levels of risk and affects confidence in decisions and future land use. In addition, because the technical capacity to interpret and implement the transferred policy are often lacking, it becomes difficult to justify contaminated land management decisions and to involve local communities and other stakeholders in the decision-making process. It is argued that too much emphasis has been placed on policy transfer, without attention to contextualization and this results in uncertainties linked to lack of capacity, expertise, data, risk perception and human factor, during the implementation of transferred policies particularly in developing regimes. This article examines uncertainties related to policy transfer using the Nigerian experience of contaminated land management. The study concludes that uncertainty affects confidence in contaminated management decision-making, exposes receptors to unacceptable risks and threatens future land use. Developing contaminated land management regimes intending to transfer policy from effective regimes should consider country-specific peculiarities and use effective regimes as guidance rather than stark transfer of policy without consideration of contextual differences.