Population Transfer Research Articles

Spin-Vibronic Intersystem Crossing and Molecular Packing Effects in Heavy Atom Free Organic Phosphor.

We present a detailed investigation into the excited state properties of a planar D3h symmetric azatriangulenetrione, HTANGO, which has received significant interest due to its high solid-state phosphorescence quantum yield and therefore potential as an organic room temperature phosphorescent (ORTP) dye. Using a model linear vibronic coupling Hamiltonian in combination with quantum dynamics simulations, we observe that intersystem crossing (ISC) in HTANGO occurs with a rate of ∼1010 s-1, comparable to benzophenone, an archetypal molecule for fast ISC in heavy metal free molecules. Our simulations demonstrate that the mechanism for fast ISC is associated with the high density of excited triplet states which lie in close proximity to the lowest singlet states, offering multiple channels into the triplet manifold facilitating rapid population transfer. Finally, to rationalize the solid-state emission properties, we use quantum chemistry to investigate the excited state surfaces of the HTANGO dimer, highlighting the influence and importance of the rotational alignment between the two HTANGO molecules in the solid state and how this contributes to high phosphorescence quantum yield.

Transient responses of double core-holes generation in all-attosecond pump-probe spectroscopy

Double core-holes (DCHs) show remarkable and sensitive effects for understanding electron correlations and coherence. With advanced modulation of x-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) facility, we propose the forthcoming all-attosecond XFEL pump-probe spectroscopy can decipher the hidden photon-initiated dynamics of DCHs. The benchmark case of neon is investigated, and norm-nonconserving Monte-Carlo wavefunction method simulates non-Hermitian dynamics among vast states, which shows superiority in efficiency and reliability. In our scheme, population transfer to DCHs is sequentially irradiated by pump and probe laser. By varying time delay, Stark shifts and quantum path interference of resonant lines sensitively emerge at specific interval of two pulses. These ubiquitous multi-channel effects are also observed in phase-fluctuating pulses, derived from extra phases of impulsive Raman processes by pump laser. Non-perturbation absorption/emission verifies the uniquely interchangeable role of two pules in higher intensity. Our results reveal sensitive and robust responses on pulse parameters, which show potential capacity for XFEL attosecond pulse diagnosis and further attosecond-timescale chemical analysis.

Generalized nonequilibrium Fermi's golden rule and its semiclassical approximations for electronic transitions between multiple states.

The nonequilibrium Fermi's golden rule (NE-FGR) approach is developed to simulate the electronic transitions between multiple excited states in complex condensed-phase systems described by the recently proposed multi-state harmonic (MSH) model Hamiltonian. The MSH models were constructed to faithfully capture the photoinduced charge transfer dynamics in a prototypical organic photovoltaic carotenoid-porphyrin-C60 molecular triad dissolved in tetrahydrofuran. A general expression of the fully quantum-mechanical NE-FGR rate coefficients for transitions between all pairs of states in the MSH model is obtained. Besides, the linearized semiclassical NE-FGR formula and a series of semiclassical approximations featuring Wigner and classical nuclear sampling choices and different dynamics during the quantum coherence period for the MSH model are derived. The current approach enables all the possible population transfer pathways between the excited states of the triad, in contrast to the previous applications that only addressed the donor-to-acceptor transition. Our simulations for two triad conformations serve as a demonstration for benchmarking different NE-FGR approximations and show that the difference between all levels of approximation is small for the current system, especially at room temperature. By comparing with nonadiabatic semiclassical dynamics, we observe similar timescales for the electronic population transfer predicted by NE-FGR. It is believed that the general formulation of NE-FGR for the MSH Hamiltonian enables a variety of applications in realistic systems.

Control of the valley polarization of monolayer WSe2 by Dexter-like coupling

Intervalley scattering mechanisms strongly affect the dynamics of excitonic complexes in transition metal dichalcogenide monolayers. Here, we investigate the excitation energy dependence of the valley polarization of excitons in a WSe2 monolayer. We observe that the valley polarization drastically decreases when the excitation is resonant with the B 1s resonance. This behavior can be explained by a Dexter-like coupling in the momentum space between exciton states residing in opposite valleys but with the same spin configuration. This induces a net transfer of the exciton population from the optically driven valley towards the opposite, undriven valley. We observe the long-term fingerprints of this population transfer as a vanishing valley polarization for the neutral exciton, and a negative valley polarization for biexcitonic complexes, in qualitative agreement with theoretical predictions based on a fully microscopic many-particle approach. This, together with a decrease of the PL energy when the excitation is resonant with the B 1s state, points to the prominent role of the Dexter-like coupling in the exciton dynamics of atomically thin semiconductors.

Kualitas Pelayanan Dokumen Perpindahan Penduduk di Kelurahan Pacarkeling Kota Surabaya

The government is obliged to provide good services in fulfilling the wants and needs of the community as stated in Undang-Undang Number 25 of 2009 concerning public services. Population administration services are one form of government public services with implementation at the village office in population administration services. The presence of the Klampid New Generation application is to assist the community in submitting population administration applications, one of which is the transfer service. In reality, several problems were found in population administration services. The existence of this research aims to analyze the quality of service of population transfer documents in Pacarkeling Village, Surabaya City using descriptive qualitative research methods with data analysis techniques referring to the Miles and Huberman model, namely analyzing data, namely data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing and data collection techniques through interviews, documentation, observation, and literature study. This research uses five dimensions of public service quality theory according to Parasuraman, Zeithaml, and Berry, namely 1) Tangible, 2) Reliability, 3) Responsiveness, 4) Assurance, and 5) Empathy. The results showed that the population transfer service in Pacarkeling Village in terms of service quality can be said to be good.

Regional patient transfer patterns matter for the spread of hospital-acquired pathogens

Pathogens typically responsible for hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) constitute a major threat to healthcare systems worldwide. They spread via hospital (or hospital-community) networks by readmissions or patient transfers. Therefore, knowledge of these networks is essential to develop and test strategies to mitigate and control the HAI spread. Until now, no methods for comparing healthcare networks across different systems were proposed. Based on healthcare insurance data from four German federal states (Bavaria, Lower Saxony, Saxony and Thuringia), we constructed hospital networks and compared them in a systematic approach regarding population, hospital characteristics, and patient transfer patterns. Direct patient transfers between hospitals had only a limited impact on HAI spread. Whereas, with low colonization clearance rates, readmissions to the same hospitals posed the biggest transmission risk of all inter-hospital transfers. We then generated hospital-community networks, in which patients either stay in communities or in hospitals. We found that network characteristics affect the final prevalence and the time to reach it. However, depending on the characteristics of the pathogen (colonization clearance rate and transmission rate or even the relationship between transmission rate in hospitals and in the community), the studied networks performed differently. The differences were not large, but justify further studies.

A study on siting of emergency shelters for dam failure floods considering population distribution and weather effects

In recent years, dam failures have occurred frequently because of extreme weather, posing a significant threat to downstream residents. The establishment of emergency shelters is crucial for reducing casualties. The selection of suitable shelters depends on key information such as the number and distribution of affected people, and the effective capacity and accessibility of the shelters. However, previous studies on siting shelters did not fully consider population distribution differences at a finer scale. This limitation hinders the accuracy of estimating the number of affected people. In addition, most studies ignored the impact of extreme rainfall on the effective capacity and accessibility of shelters, leading to a low applicability of the shelter selection results. Therefore, in this study, land-use and land-cover change (LUCC) and nighttime lighting data were used to simulate population distribution and determine the number and distribution of affected people. Qualified candidate shelters were obtained based on screening criteria, and their effective capacity and accessibility information under different weather conditions were quantified. Considering factors such as population transfer efficiency, construction cost and shelter capacity constraints, a multi-objective siting model was established and solved using the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA- II) to obtain the final siting scheme. The method was applied to the Dafangying Reservoir, and the results showed the following: (1) The overall mean relative error (MRE) of the population in the 35 downstream streets was 11.16 %, with good fitting accuracy. The simulation results truly reflect the population distribution. (2) Normal weather screening generated 352 qualified candidate shelters, whereas extreme rainfall weather screening generated 266 candidate shelters. (3) Based on the population distribution and weather factors, four scenarios were set up, with 63, 106, 73, and 131 shelters selected. These two factors have a significant impact on the selection of shelters and the allocation of evacuees, and should be considered in the event of a dam-failure floods.

Experimental aspects of 14N overtone RESPDOR solid-state NMR spectroscopy under MAS beyond 60 kHz

Nitrogen-14 (14N) overtone (OT) spectroscopy under fast magic angle spinning (MAS) conditions (>60 kHz) has emerged as a powerful technique for observing correlations and distances between 14N and 1H, owing to the absence of the first-order quadrupolar broadenings. In addition, 14NOT allows selective manipulation of 14N nuclei for each site. Despite extensive theoretical and experimental studies, the spin dynamics of 14NOT remains under debate. In this study, we conducted experimental investigations to assess the spin dynamics of 14NOT using the rotational-echo saturation-pulse double-resonance (RESPDOR) sequence, which monitors population transfer induced by a14NOT pulse. The 14NOT spin dynamics is well represented by a model of a two-energy-level system. Unlike spin-1/2, the maximum excitation efficiency of 14NOT coherences of powdered solids, denoted by p, depends on the radiofrequency field (rf-field) strength due to orientation dependence of effective nutation fields even when pulse lengths are optimized. It is also found that the p factor, contributing to the 14NOT spin dynamics, is nearly independent of the B0 field. Consequently, the filtering efficiency of RESPDOR experiments exhibits negligible dependence on B0 when the 14NOT pulse length is optimized. The study also identifies the optimal experimental conditions for 14NOT/1H RESPDOR correlation experiments.

Three-state coherent control using narrowband and passband sequences.

In this work, we propose a comprehensive design for narrowband and passband composite pulse sequences by involving the dynamics of all states in the three-state system. The design is quite universal as all pulse parameters can be freely employed to modify the coefficients of error terms. Two modulation techniques, the strength and phase modulations, are used to achieve arbitrary population transfer with a desired excitation profile, while the system keeps minimal leakage to the third state. Furthermore, the current sequences are capable of tolerating inaccurate waveforms, detuning errors, and work well when rotating wave approximation is not strictly justified. Therefore, this work provides versatile adaptability for shaping various excitation profiles in both narrowband and passband sequences.

Evidencing an elusive conical intersection in the dissociative photoionization of methyl iodide.

The valence-shell dissociative photoionization of methyl iodide (CH3I) is studied using double imaging photoelectron photoion coincidence (i2 PEPICO) spectroscopy in combination with highly-tunable synchrotron radiation from synchrotron SOLEIL. The experimental results are complemented by new high-level ab initio calculations of the potential energy curves of the relevant electronic states of the methyl iodide cation (CH3I+). An elusive conical intersection is found to mediate internal conversion from the initially populated first excited state, CH3I+(Ã2A1), into the ground cationic state, leading to the formation of methyl ions (CH3+). The reported threshold photoelectron spectrum for CH3+ reveals that the ν5 scissors vibrational mode promotes the access to this conical intersection and hence, the transfer of population. An intramolecular charge transfer takes place simultaneously, prior to dissociation. Upon photoionization into the second excited cationic state, CH3I+(B̃2E), a predissociative mechanism is shown to lead to the formation of atomic I+.

Echoes of Exile

This article delves into the intricacies of memory, resistance, and identity within the context of Palestinian experiences, as portrayed in Hala Alyan’s novel, Salt Houses. This study examines the profound impact of rememory on the collective consciousness of a Palestinian family haunted by forced expulsions, upheavals, and the enduring cycle of occupation and forced migrations. The essay underscores that residual elements of past are not a passive recollection but active agents that shape the present and future. It highlights how traumatic pasts, passed down through generations, become an enduring legacy, connecting history with contemporary realities. Drawing on the characters’ experiences, it showcases how the struggle for identity and resistance against displacement is interwoven with the memory of ancestral trauma. Furthermore, the research explores the role of elder Palestinians, especially grandmothers, in preserving cultural heritage and transmitting stories that bridge generations. These narratives serve not only to understand history but also as a means of challenging occupation and advocating for the right of return. The article investigates the dissonance between imagined homelands and present-day realities, shedding light on the challenges faced by subsequent generations attempting to reclaim their heritage.

Ultrafast photochemical processes in 1,2-dichloroethene measured with a universal XUV probe.

The presence of two chlorine atoms in 1,2-dichloroethene allows for isomerization around the double bond. This isomerization can lead to rich photochemistry. We present a time-resolved pump-probe photoelectron spectroscopy measurement on both the cis- and trans- isomers of 1,2-dichloroethene. A universal XUV probe of 22.3 eV is used allowing observation of photoelectrons formed anywhere on the potential energy surface, even from the ground-state or dissociation products. Following excitation with a 200 nm pump both ultrafast excited state dynamics and product formation are observed within the time resolution of the experiment. Excited state population begins to return to the ground state on an ultrafast time scale (<70 fs) and population of products channels is observed on the same timescale. With the aid of ab initio calculations it is found that population transfer from the excited state is facilitated by vibrational modes involving C-C-H bends.

Village Development and Welfare Enhancement: The Influence of Area Size, Population, and Village Fund Transfer: Evidence from Bangkalan, Indonesia

This study analyzes the influence of area, population, and village fund transfers on improving community welfare in Bangkalan Regency, Indonesia. Using regression analysis methods, data were collected from various sources, including government statistics and field surveys. The results show that village area has no significant effect on community welfare. In contrast, population has a negative effect, indicating challenges in the distribution of village fund benefits in villages with larger populations. However, village fund transfers are shown to have a significant positive effect on community welfare, indicating that increasing village fund allocations can improve infrastructure, basic services, and empower communities. This study emphasizes the importance of good management of village funds to achieve the goal of improving welfare. These findings are expected to be a reference for policymakers and practitioners in designing effective strategies to improve the welfare of rural communities. Recommendations for further research include exploring other variables, such as village management capacity, to provide a more comprehensive picture of the factors that influence welfare in rural areas.

ANALISIS KORELASI KARAKTERISTIK TANAH (P TERSEDIA, BAKTERI PELARUT FOSFAT, C ORGANIK, DAN KAPASITAS TUKAR KATION) TERHADAP PRODUKTIVITAS JAGUNG DI KECAMATAN CIBUGEL, KABUPATEN SUMEDANG

Maize is the main strategic food crop in Indonesia's food supply, but the productivity of maize in Indonesia is still low. Increasing the productivity of maize can be done by understanding information about the characteristics of the soil on maize planting areas. The research aimed to evaluate the relationship of soil biological and chemical characteristics (available P, phosphate solubilizing bacterial population, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal population, organic C, and cation exchange capacity) on maize plant productivity. The research was carried out in Cibugel District, Sumedang Regency. The research used descriptive survey and comparative methods on 18 soil samples. The maize planting area was obtained based on analysis and overlapping of land units in the form of; slope, elevation, climate and shelled maize production area. Maize planting land is at an altitude of 500-1,000 meters above sea level and with a slope of 10-30%. The results of correlation analysis showed that organic C, cation exchange capacity, and phosphate solubilizing bacteria had a positive correlation with maize productivity, while available P and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi had a negative correlation. organic C had the highest close relationship with a value of r = 0.43, while the other parameters have a weak relationship.

Nonadiabatic quantum dynamics explores non-monotonic photodissociation branching of N2 into the N(4S) + N(2D) and N(4S) + N(2P) product channels.

Vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) photodissociation of N2 molecules is a source of reactive N atoms in the interstellar medium. In the energy range of VUV optical excitation of N2, the N-N triple bond cleavage leads to three types of atoms: ground-state N(4S) and excited-state N(2P) and N(2D). The latter is the highest reactive and it is believed to be the primary participant in reactions with hydrocarbons in Titan's atmosphere. Experimental studies have observed a non-monotonic energy dependence and non-statistical character of the photodissociation of N2. This implies different dissociation pathways and final atomic products for different wavelength regions in the sunlight spectrum. We here apply ab initio quantum chemical and nonadiabatic quantum dynamical techniques to follow the path of an electronic state from the excitation of a particular singlet 1Σ+u and 1Πu vibronic level of N2 to its dissociation into different atomic products. We simulate dynamics for two isotopomers of the nitrogen molecule, 14N2 and 14N15N for which experimental data on the branching are available. Our computations capture the non-monotonic energy dependence of the photodissociation branching ratios in the energy range 108 000-116 000 cm-1. Tracing the quantum dynamics in a bunch of electronic states enables us to identify the key components that determine the efficacy of singlet to triplet population transfer and therefore predissociation lifetimes and branching ratios for different energy regions.

Theoretical study of Dy&lt;sup&gt;3+&lt;/sup&gt;,Na&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;: PbGa&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;S&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; mid-infrared laser based on experimental parameters

Based on the absorption spectra of Dy&lt;sup&gt;3+&lt;/sup&gt;, Na&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;:PbGa&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;S&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; crystal elements, as well as the theoretical calculation data obtained from Judd-Ofelt analysis, we have derived partial fluorescence absorption and emission cross sections. For energy levels that cannot be directly measured, we have employed the reciprocal method to calculate their respective absorption and emission cross-sections. Combing both experimental measurements and calculated data, a numerical simulation is conducted to investigate the experimental setup for generating a 4.3 μm mid-infrared laser through direct pumping of dysprosium and Dy&lt;sup&gt;3+&lt;/sup&gt;, Na&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;:PbGa&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;S&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; crystals using 1.3 μm and 1.7 μm diode lasers pumping. The simulation calculates spatial distributions of laser power, gain coefficient, and absorption coefficient within the crystal. Furthermore, we analyze the effects of pumping power, crystal length, and output mirror reflectance on laser performance. The model introduces 2.9 μm laser oscillation and observes the change of output power before and after introduction. Our findings demonstrate that the incorporation of 2.9 μm laser oscillation effectively facilitates the population transfer from the &lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;13/2&lt;/sub&gt; level to the ground state 6H15/2, thereby mitigating the self-terminating phenomenon during the transition between the &lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;11/2&lt;/sub&gt; and &lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;13/2&lt;/sub&gt; levels, consequently enhancing both output power and slope efficiency of the laser system. Numerical results indicate that maximum output powers for the 1.3 μm diode laser pumping are achieved at 103 mW with a pumping threshold of 12 mW and a slope efficiency of 2.8%, while for the 1.7μm diode laser pumping, they reach up to 315 mW with a pumping threshold of 46 mW and a slope efficiency of 8%. Additionally, the optimal crystal lengths are determined as 17 mm for the 1.3 μm diode laser pumping and 32 mm for the 1.7 μm diode laser pumping. Finally, the best reflectance value for the output mirror is 0.92. These numerical results have important guiding significance for crystal processing and the selection of optical path structure parameters.

Recent Resonances of a Century Old Treaty: The Foundation of Lausanne Treaty Emigrants and Civic Diplomacy in the Turkish-Greek Realm

Abstract: this study evaluates the Lausanne Population Exchange Protocol and its long-term effects on the Turkish-Greek civil dialogue. The Lausanne Population Exchange Protocol was one of the most contentious protocols of the Lausanne Treaty. The Protocol regulated the compulsory exchange of the Greek Orthodox inhabitants of Turkey with the Muslim inhabitants of Greece. The compulsory character of this forced migration has been debated a lot since the Lausanne Conference in 1923. It was a challenge to the civilization standards in 1920s. A hundred years after, it is a challenge to the contemporary human rights standards. However, the cross-border civil society organizations established by the descendants of the exchanged communities have a potential to reverse the situation and transform this diplomatic stalemate into a peaceful dialogue ground on the centenary.

New Critical Approaches to the Greek-Turkish Population Exchange

New Critical Approaches to the Greek-Turkish Population Exchange

Microbial screening of animal skin bags used in traditional cheesemaking

Bouhezza is a traditional Algerian cheese produced and ripened in goatskin bags called Djeld. The aim of this study was to characterize the microbial ecosystem from Djeld (fresh and dried Djeld for making Bouhezza cheese) and the changes introduced by Lben microflora during its preparation and to identify its role in cheesemaking and its safety. Two replicates of fresh and dried skin bags (FS and DS) were sampled and analyzed before and after contact with Lben. The microbiological results showed no pathogens. Skins observed before the addition of Lben were less populated 2.86 and 3.20 log CFU cm−2 than skins examined after the addition of Lben (approximately 6.0 log CFU cm−2), suggesting a potential role of Lben in releasing some microorganisms into the skin during its time in the Djeld. However, an increase in mesophilic lactic acid bacteria and yeasts was observed in Lben after different periods of interaction with the skin. PCR-TTGE revealed the predominance of lactic acid bacteria (Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, Limosilactobacillus fermentum, Staphylococcus equorum subsp. linens, Lactococcus cremoris, Streptococcus thermophilus) and a few high-GC-content bacteria (Lacticaseibacillus paracasei, Brevibacterium casei). Transfer of several microbial species was observed between the goatskin bag biofilm and Lben during the overnight interaction. Bands corresponding to Lacticaseibacillus paracasei, Brevibacterium casei, and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis were detected in the fresh skin profile and in Lben after contact with the fresh skin. Lacticaseibacillus paracasei was found in dried skin and Lben after contact with dry skin. Lactobacillus helveticus and Enterococcus faecalis appeared in the Lben profile and persisted in Lben and the biofilm-covered dry skin after interaction. These results demonstrate an exchange of specific microbial populations between goatskin bag biofilm and Lben during the traditional preparation method, suggesting that the diversity of goatskin biofilm contributes to the microbial diversity of Lben used in the production of Bouhezza cheese.

A LIFE COURSE APPROACH TO IDENTIFYING EVICTION LAWS AFFECTING OLDER ADULTS AND HISTORICALLY MARGINALIZED GROUPS

Abstract Alongside population aging, more older adults are becoming at risk of homelessness. Eviction—a type of housing instability in which a landlord initiates legal forced expulsion from a rental property—is one of the main drivers of homelessness. Evictions and homelessness disproportionately affect older adults, individuals of color, women, sexual and gender minority populations, veterans, and those with disabilities. Evictions can have devastating short- and long-term effects on tenants, and these negative consequences may be especially pronounced for individuals with multiple minoritized identities such as older LGBTQ+ adults. Older LGBTQ+ individuals face higher baseline rates of poor mental health, smoking, and health risk behaviors. In this study, key informant interviews (N=5) were utilized to identify state eviction and landlord-tenant laws that disproportionately affect older adults and other historically marginalized groups. Using a life course approach to understanding health disparities as they accumulate across the lifespan, data from LawAtlas—an online database allowing the examination of specific laws across the US—was cross-referenced with data from key informants to identify the following laws which may disproportionately affect older adults and other historically marginalized populations: nuisance property ordinances, source of income discrimination, state fair housing protections, and minimum notice-to-vacate laws. This presentation will describe how intentionally or unintentionally, these laws disproportionately affect older adults and other historically marginalized populations and may lead to negative eviction outcomes, homelessness, and poor physical and mental health. Identifying how such discriminatory laws can contribute to health disparities across the lifespan is necessary to achieve health equity.