Transfer Kinetics Research Articles

Mesoporous structured MoS2 as an electron transport layer for efficient and stable perovskite solar cells.

Mesoporous structured electron transport layers (ETLs) in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have an increased surface contact with the perovskite layer, enabling effective charge separation and extraction, and high-efficiency devices. However, the most widely used ETL material in PSCs, TiO2, requires a sintering temperature of more than 500 °C and undergoes photocatalytic reaction under incident illumination that limits operational stability. Recent efforts have focused on finding alternative ETL materials, such as SnO2. Here we propose mesoporous MoS2 as an efficient and stable ETL material. The MoS2 interlayer increases the surface contact area with the adjacent perovskite layer, improving charge transfer dynamics between the two layers. In addition, the matching between the MoS2 and the perovskite lattices facilitates preferential growth of perovskite crystals with low residual strain, compared with TiO2. Using mesoporous structured MoS2 as ETL, we obtain PSCs with 25.7% (0.08 cm2, certified 25.4%) and 22.4% (1.00 cm2) efficiencies. Under continuous illumination, our cell remains stable for more than 2,000 h, demonstrating improved photostability with respect to TiO2.

Fabrication of sodium alginate doped phosphoric acid composite hydrogel and its application of the adsorption of La (III) in wastewater

Recycling rare earth ions from wastewater is an important task, as rare earth elements have a wide range of applications and can cause harm to the environment if discharged arbitrarily. In this work, a simple and inexpensive hydroxyethylidene diphosphate-based adsorbent (SA@HEDP) for adsorbing lanthanum was designed and fabricated. The adsorbent SA@HEDP with the surface rich in phosphate and hydroxyl functional groups provided active sites for adsorption of lanthanum. Research on adsorption performance was conducted by testing the amount of HEDP added, the amount of adsorbent used, the effect of initial pH of La (III), adsorption time, and temperature. The results showed that the adsorption capacity of the adsorbent was 158.0 mg/g. Adsorption of La (III) in real wastewater was tested, when the initial concentration of La (III) was 319.2 mg/L, it could be basically all recovered through three adsorption processes. SEM, EDS mapping, XPS, FTIR, and Zeta potential were used to characterize and analyze the mechanism, and mass transfer kinetics was used to analyze the adsorption process of the adsorbent for La (III).

Growth and stabilization of high-concentration metallic 1T-phase MoS2 as a high-performance l-cysteine electrochemical sensor by electron injection engineering

MoS2 is an attractive electrochemical sensing electrode material for the detection of biomolecule because of its adjustable band gap, large surface area, and unique electrochemical characteristics. However, the poor catalytic and electrical conductivity of the semiconductor 2H-phase MoS2 and the phenomenon of restacking during electrochemical use hinder its sensing application. Herein, electron injection engineering is employed for the formation and stabilization of high-concentration metal 1T-phase MoS2 nanosheets on ionic liquid-functionalized carbon nanotubes (CNTs-IL). The increase of MoS2 concentration in the metal 1T phase significantly accelerates electron transfer kinetics. The in-situ growth method results in a tightly interfaced coupling effect, thereby substantially shortening the electron transport pathway and decreasing interfacial transmission impedance. In addition, the sulfur defects on the surface of MoS2 as the anchoring point of sulfhydryl groups promote the enrichment of thiols on the surface of the material and reduce the reaction barrier for sulfhydryl oxidation, thereby improving the catalytic performance. The prepared CNTs-IL-MoS2/SPE biosensor shows excellent l-cysteine sensing performance by electrochemical detection.

Electrochemical detection of human papillomavirus DNA based on an ultrasensitive electrochemical sensing platform using N-graphene paper

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the primary cause of cervical cancer, a major global health concern affecting women worldwide. Early detection of high-risk HPV genotypes is crucial for timely intervention and reducing disease burden. However, current detection methods often lack sensitivity, speed, or cost-effectiveness, especially in resource-limited settings. This work addresses this critical need by developing an ultrasensitive electrochemical biosensing platform based on nitrogen-doped graphene paper electrodes for quantifying high-risk HPV16 DNA sequences. The N-graphene nanohybrid, fabricated via simple solvothermal treatment of biomass-derived graphene oxide, demonstrated significantly enhanced electrical and electrocatalytic properties compared to undoped graphene. DNA detection was achieved through characteristic oxidation signals of guanine bases, which displayed a wide linear dynamic range (0.5–100 μg/mL), low detection limit (75 pg/mL), and excellent reproducibility (relative standard deviation <3.5 %). Detailed spectroscopic and electrochemical analyses revealed the key roles of pyridinic nitrogen defects in improving interfacial charge transfer kinetics and mitigating biofouling issues. This synergistic combination of high electrical conductivity and versatile surface functionality paves the way for equipment-free, point-of-care genosensor devices tailored for quantitative biomarker screening in resource-constrained environments.

A first-principles adsorption study of functionalized carbon, boron nitride, silicon carbon nanotubes with ifosfamide as vehicles for drug delivery: Thermal analysis

We investigated the adsorption of ifosfamide (IFS) on the outer surface of zigzag (10, 0) carbon nanotubes (CNT), boron nitride nanotubes (BNNT), and silicon carbon nanotubes (SiCNT), using density functional theory (DFT) calculations at the PBE-D3 level in a water solvent phase. Based on zero-point corrected binding energies (Ebin), IFS exhibits chemisorption through its O-head and Cl-head on CNT (−1.05 eV) compared to BNNT (−0.93 eV), characterized by covalent interaction. In contrast, IFS undergoes physisorption via its O-head on SiCNT with binding energy of −0.68 eV as the most stable model this interaction is driven by electrostatic forces. The formation of complexes between the drug and nanotubes is influenced by charge transfer dynamics. Our thermodynamic analysis demonstrates the Gibbs free energy (ΔG) and enthalpy energy (ΔH) for all models are exothermic and spontaneous. The observed decrease in binding energy for BNNT and CNT correlates with changes in their energy gap, dipole moment, and charge transfer upon IFS adsorption. Notably, SiCNT exhibits a different response with a significant energy gap change leading to an increase in dipole moment and charge transfer. These findings suggest that these nanotubes demonstrate promising sensitivity to the presence of IFS and could be explored as potential drug delivery systems for this drug.

Optimizing and investigating the charging time of phase change materials in a compact-latent heat storage using pareto front analysis, artificial neural networks, and numerical simulations

There's a growing emphasis on adopting eco-friendly energy sources to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions and foster sustainability. While renewable energy sources like solar power offer numerous benefits, they have some limitations. Additionally, storing electricity generated from solar panels can be costly and challenging due to limitations in battery technology and storage capacity. Therefore, phase change material-based thermal energy storage systems offer a promising solution to these challenges. These systems also play a crucial role in enhancing buildings' energy efficiency and sustainability. The dimensionality of these systems affects their performance. Traditional systems often rely on fixed dimensions, leading to non-uniform thermal conditions within the storage medium. To address these challenges, adopting a compact-latent heat storage (C-LHS) mechanism was recommended herein. Besides, some fins were inserted into the C-LHS system to alter the heat transfer dynamics within the device. Three of the critical parameters of the fins were changed to examine their impact on the charging time. Artificial neural networks and genetic algorithms were employed to determine the optimal positioning of fins to minimize the duration of material to get both part (melt fraction of 0.8) and full (melt fraction of 1) melting capacities. Here, the primary aim was to present a predictive model capable of accurately forecasting the charging time of the material. In all the presented finned samples, the entire PCM melted in less than 15,110 s (4 h and 12 min) and was able to fully utilize the energy absorption capacity in latent form, whereas in the non-finned system, only 68.6 % of the material managed to melt within the entire duration of the investigation (5 h). After analyzing the data, two optimal configurations of OS1 and OS2 with the minimum time for melt fractions of 0.8 and 1 were introduced. In the OS2 configuration, it took 16,200 s (4 h and 30 min) to absorb 4929 kJ of energy. The non-finned sample absorbed only 3250 kJ of energy during the same period. In General, OS2 achieved total energy absorption 51.6 % faster than the non-finned sample. Therefore, the introduced system has the potential to increase absorbed energy in the rest of the daylight hours to further amounts by increasing the number of units and employing a larger volume of material.

Ab Initio Kinetics of Electrochemical Reactions Using the Computational Fc0/Fc+ Electrode.

The current state-of-the-art electron-transfer modeling primarily focuses on the kinetics of charge transfer between an electroactive species and an inert electrode. Experimental studies have revealed that the existing Butler-Volmer model fails to satisfactorily replicate experimental voltammetry results for both solution-based and surface-bound redox couples. Consequently, experimentalists lack an accurate tool for predicting electron-transfer kinetics. In response to this challenge, we developed a density functional theory-based approach for accurately predicting current peak potentials by using the Marcus-Hush model. Through extensive cyclic voltammetry simulations, we conducted a thorough exploration that offers valuable insights for conducting well-informed studies in the field of electrochemistry.

Unraveling the Spin-to-Charge Current Conversion Mechanism and Charge Transfer Dynamics at the Interface of Graphene/WS2 Heterostructures at Room Temperature.

We report experimental investigations of spin-to-charge current conversion and charge transfer (CT) dynamics at the interface of the graphene/WS2 van der Waals heterostructure. Pure spin current was produced by the spin precession in the microwave-driven ferromagnetic resonance of a permalloy film (Py=Ni81Fe19) and injected into the graphene/WS2 heterostructure through a spin pumping process. The observed spin-to-charge current conversion in the heterostructure is attributed to the inverse Rashba-Edelstein effect (IREE) at the graphene/WS2 interface. Interfacial CT dynamics in this heterostructure was investigated based on the framework of the core-hole clock (CHC) approach. The results obtained from spin pumping and CHC studies show that the spin-to-charge current conversion and charge transfer processes are more efficient in the graphene/WS2 heterostructure compared to isolated WS2 and graphene films. The results show that the presence of WS2 flakes improves the current conversion efficiency. These experimental results are corroborated by density functional theory (DFT) calculations, which reveal (i) Rashba spin-orbit splitting of graphene orbitals and (ii) electronic coupling between graphene and WS2 orbitals. This study provides valuable insights for optimizing the design and performance of spintronic devices.

Experimental Analysis and CFD Simulation of Photovoltaic/Thermal System with Nanofluids for Sustainable Energy Solution

The integration of photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) systems with nanofluids presents a promising avenue for enhancing sustainable energy solution. This study investigates the performance of such systems through experimental analysis and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. Nanofluids, engineered colloidal suspensions of nanoparticles in base fluids, are employed to enhance heat transfer within the PV/T system. The experimental setup involves measuring electrical output, thermal efficiency, and overall system performance under varying conditions. Additionally, CFD simulations are conducted to model fluid flow and heat transfer dynamics within the PV/T collector integrated with nanofluids. The results from both experimental and simulation studies provide insights into the synergitic effects of nanofluids on enhancing energy conversion efficiency and thermal management of the PV/T system. The research contributes to the development of sustainable energy solutions by demonstrating the potential of nanofluid-enhanced PV/T systems in improving energy conversion efficiency and thermal management for various environmental conditions.

Unraveling the exceptional kinetics of Zn||organic batteries in hydrated deep eutectic solution

Intuitively, the solvation structure featuring stronger interacted sheath in deep eutectic solution (DES) electrolyte would result in sluggish interfacial charge transfer and intense polarization, which obstructs its practical application in emerging Zn based batteries. Unexpectedly, here we discover a Zn||organic battery with exceptional kinetics properties enabled by a hydrated DES electrolyte, which can render higher discharge capacity, smaller voltage polarization, and faster kinetics of charge transfer in comparison with conventional aqueous 3 M ZnCl2 electrolyte, though its viscosity is two orders of magnitude higher than the latter. The improved kinetics of charge transfer and ion diffusion is demonstrated to originate from the local electron structure regulation of cathode in hydrated DES electrolyte. Furthermore, the DES electrolyte has also been shown to restrict parasitic reaction associated with active water by preferential urea-molecular adsorption on Zn surface and stronger water trapping in solvation structure, giving rise to long-term stable dendrite-free Zn plating/stripping. This work provides a new rationale for understanding electrochemical behaviors of organic cathodes in DES electrolyte, which is conducive to the development of high-performance Zn||organic batteries.

Dynamics of heat transfer in complex fluid systems: Comparative analysis of Jeffrey, Williamson and Maxwell fluids with chemical reactions and mixed convection

This study addresses the complex dynamics of heat transfer in magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) systems involving Jeffrey, Williamson, Maxwell, and Newtonian fluids, focusing on how chemical reactions, activation energy, porosity, and mixed convection impact fluid behavior. The problem is critical due to the significant influence these factors have on industrial processes and applications involving non-Newtonian fluids. The developed a mathematical model represented by partial differential equations (PDEs), which were solved using similarity transformations and the fourth order Runge-Kutta (R-K) method combined with shooting technique, with MATLAB software facilitating the solution process. The results reveal that variations in magnetic field strength, porosity, and buoyancy force significantly affect fluid velocities, while radiation, Brownian motion, and thermophoresis alter temperature profiles. Furthermore, chemical reaction rates, Schmidt number, relaxation constant, and activation energy influence fluid concentrations. Key findings include that increasing porosity and magnetic field strength generally decreases fluid velocity, while higher radiation and Prandtl numbers reduce temperature. Chemical reactions and activation energy decrease fluid concentrations, with non-Newtonian fluids showing more pronounced effects compared to Newtonian fluids. The novelty of this work lies in its comprehensive analysis of multiple interacting parameters and their combined effects on heat transfer in MHD systems, providing insights that extend beyond previous studies in the literature. This research offers valuable implications for optimizing fluid dynamics in various industrial applications, including food processing, ink formulation, and friction reduction.

Characterizing the Compressive Force at L5/S1 During Patient Transfer From Bed to Wheelchair.

The peak compressive forces at L5/S1 during patient transfers have been estimated. However, no study has considered the actual patient body weight that caregivers had to handle during transfers. We developed a simple kinematic model of lifting to address this limitation. Fifteen prospective health care providers transferred a 70-kg individual who mimicked a patient ("patient") from bed to wheelchair. Trials were acquired with the patient donning (weighted) and doffing (unweighted) a 5-kg weight belt. Trials were also acquired with and without knee assistance and a mechanical lift. During trials, kinematics and kinetics of transfers were recorded to estimate the peak compressive force at L5/S1 using static equilibrium equations. The peak compressive force was associated with the transfer method (P < .0005), and the compressive force was 68% lower in lift-assisted than manual transfer (2230 [SD = 433]N vs 6875 [SD = 2307]N). However, the peak compressive force was not associated with knee assistance, nor with a change in the patient body weight. Our results inform that mechanical loading exceeding the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health safety criterion occurs during patient transfers, confirming a high risk of lower back injuries in caregivers. However, the risk can be mitigated with the use of a mechanical lift.

Sulfur atom occupying surface oxygen vacancy to boost the charge transfer and stability for aqueous Bi2O3 electrode

Oxygen vacancies (Ov) within metal oxide electrodes can enhance mass/charge transfer dynamics in energy storage systems. However, construction of surface Ov often leads to instability in electrode structure and irreversible electrochemical reactions, posing a significant challenge. To overcome these challenges, atomic heterostructures are employed to address the structural instability and enhance the mass/charge transfer dynamics associated with phase conversion mechanism in aqueous electrodes. Herein, we introduce an atomic S–Bi2O3 heterostructure (sulfur (S) anchoring on the surface Ov of Bi2O3). The integration of S within Bi2O3 lattice matrix triggers a charge imbalance at the heterointerfaces, ultimately resulting in the creation of a built-in electric field (BEF). Thus, the BEF attracts OH− ions to be adsorbed onto Bi within the regions of high electron cloud overlap in S–Bi2O3, facilitating highly efficient charge transfer. Furthermore, the anchored S plays a pivotal role in preserving structural integrity, thus effectively stabilizing the phase conversion reaction of Bi2O3. As a result, the S–Bi2O3 electrode achieves 72.3 mAh g−1 at 10 A g−1 as well as high-capacity retention of 81.9% after 1600 cycles. Our innovative S–Bi2O3 design presents a groundbreaking approach for fabricating electrodes that exhibit efficient and stable mass and charge transfer capabilities. Furthermore, it enhances our understanding of the underlying reaction mechanism within energy storage electrodes.

Editorial for the virtual special issue (VSI) “metal and metalloid contamination in soil and vegetables”

BackgroundIndustrial growth and population expansion have led to increasing contamination of soils and plants by metals and metalloids. Toxic elements such as lead, cadmium, and arsenic persist in the environment, presenting significant risks to both ecosystems and human health. This editorial introduces the Virtual Special Issue, which compiles recent studies on the infiltration of these contaminants into soils and their bioaccumulation in plants. ObjectivesThis special issue aims to explore the interaction between human activities and metal/metalloid contamination, highlight key bioaccumulation mechanisms, transfer dynamics, and assess the risks posed to human health by contaminated soils and plants. MethodsThe contributions to this issue include a variety of methodologies, both in laboratory and field settings, such as soil contamination assessments, bioaccumulation studies in plant species, and risk estimations for human exposure. ResultsThe compiled studies demonstrate significant contamination levels in soils and plants, especially in regions of Africa and Asia, where cadmium, mercury, zinc, and arsenic frequently exceed safety guidelines. These findings emphasize the urgent need for stricter contamination controls and further investigation in underrepresented regions. ConclusionThis issue provides crucial insights into metal and metalloid contamination in agricultural systems, offering evidence that can inform environmental policies and support the development of sustainable agricultural practices to mitigate contamination risks.

Laser-initiated electron and heat transport in gold-skutterudite CoSb3 bilayers resolved by pulsed x-ray scattering

Abstract Electron and lattice heat transport have been investigated in bilayer thin films of gold and CoSb3 after photo-excitation of the nanometric top gold layer through picosecond x-ray scattering in a pump-probe setup. The kinetics of heat transfer are detected by thermal lattice expansion and compared to simulations based on the two-temperature model of coupling of electron and phonon degrees of freedom. The unexpected observation of a larger portion of the deposited heat being detected in the underlying CoSb3 layer before the topmost gold layer is heated supports the picture of transport of the photo-excited electrons from gold to the underlying layer to be converted into lattice heat. The change of partition of heat between the gold and CoSb3 layer with laser fluence and wavelength (either exciting intraband transitions or additionally interband transitions) is rooted in the amplitude of electron temperature. Higher electron temperatures result in a longer equilibration time with the lattice and thus a larger proportion of ballistic electron transport across the interface.

Coupled heat transfer and chemical kinetics in a calcium oxide/hydroxide fixed bed thermochemical energy storage reactor

Among energy storage technologies, thermochemical heat storage despite its unique advantages, remains at a nascent state due to varied technical challenges. One of the key unknowns in the otherwise well-studied calcium oxide/hydroxide chemistry, is a lack of understanding of the possible output power profiles. Here, we investigate the theoretical power output from a fixed-bed, modular, honeycomb-geometry thermochemical energy storage (TCS) reactor based on a calcium oxide/hydroxide, using finite element modeling of heat transfer coupled with reaction kinetics. We calculate the extent of reaction and temperature profiles in a lattice of honeycomb cells that make up the bed, while varying heat transfer related parameters. We find that the size of the unit cell can limit energy discharge, for example, increasing the time to completion for the reaction to ∼7 hours as the cell size increases to 6 cm, even though the reaction kinetics is fast at ∼2 mins. The time constant of the transient power profile increases by a factor of ∼4 as the cell size increases by a factor of ∼3, when considering cells in the nominal size range 2–6 cm. Besides cell size, we investigate how the power profile is affected by the following parameters: the thermal conductivity of the bed, the initial temperature, the material of the cell wall and the heat transfer coefficient of external flows. In particular, we identify the combination of parameters that can vary the power profile on demand to operate the same reactor as either a thermal capacitor or alternately, a thermal battery. This work informs future design possibilities with oxide-hydroxide, solid–gas reaction TCS and provides insight into critical heat transfer parameters.

Amorphous mesoporous sulfur-rich 1T/2H-MoS2 nanospheres as high-capacity cathode materials for advanced magnesium ion batteries

Two-dimensional layered-structure MoS2 has been explored as the promising cathode materials for magnesium ion batteries benefited by its wide layer distance and satisfactory capacity. However, such strong interaction between Mg2+ and MoS2 brings about the sluggish diffusion kinetics and irreversible electrochemical reaction, leading to a decreased specific capacity and poor rate capability. How to adopt its structure engineering and interface engineering to boost the Mg2+ diffusion kinetics and enhance the electrochemical reversibility of MoS2 is still a huge challenge. Herein, the amorphous sulfur-rich 1T/2H-MoS2 mesoporous nanospheres (a-MoS2+x, 0<x<1) have been developed via a facile one-pot hydrothermal route. Acted as a cathode material for magnesium ion batteries, owing to the cooperate effects of inherent rich active sites, high conductivity and wide layer distance induced by the coexistence of sulfur-rich, 1T phase and nearly amorphous features, the as-prepared a-MoS2+x demonstrates an ultra-high discharge capacity (438.7 mAh g−1 for 50 cycles at 0.1 A g−1), promising rate capability (97.6 mAh g−1 at 1.0 A g−1), and good cyclic stability (110 cycles at 0.5 A g−1), superior to the crystalline MoS2 (c-MoS2) and other previously reported MoS2 counterparts. Besides, the kinetics results indicate that the a-MoS2+x manifests good charge transfer and diffusion kinetics, and its entire charge storage is a combination of surface-controlled capacitance behavior and diffusion-controlled battery behavior. Moreover, some ex-situ Raman, XPS and HRTEM characterization techniques are employed to disclose the Mg2+ storage mechanism. Such remarkable magnesium storage properties of a-MoS2+x demonstrates its promising application as cathode for magnesium ion batteries.

Progress in theory and simulations of lattice Boltzmann method for heat transfer enhancement on phase change

As a general phenomenon in science and engineering, phase change has appeared and been applied in many aspects. However, there is a sufficient necessity to enhance the heat transfer in the phase change process due to the low heat transfer efficiency of the phase change material. In order to improve the efficiency of heat transfer during the phase change process, theory and numerical simulations based on computational fluid dynamics, especially the lattice Boltzmann (LB) method, are reviewed. The LB method has become a strong numerical method for heat and mass transfer and fluid dynamics because of its mesoscopic nature and a series of unique merits brought by this nature. In this article, progress in theory and simulations of the LB method for heat transfer enhancement on phase change is reviewed. This review first introduces the basic theories and models of the LB method for flow field and temperature field. Afterward, the development of the LB models for tracing the phase interface is reviewed. The application of the LB method for phase change and investigations of the heat transfer enhancement in the phase change process are also discussed. Finally, future developments in the LB method for phase change problems are prospected.

A real-time phase transition modeling of supercritical steam cycle and load variation rate enhancement of thermal power plants under deep peak shaving

The ambitious green revolution to renewable energy sources in global power grids necessitates massive integration of solar and wind energy, which involves intermittent and unpredictable challenges. Thermal power plants are crucial in stabilizing the grid and addressing these challenges through flexibility reformation including deep peak shaving and frequent load variations since the unsteady state energy transfer and thermal dynamics during combustion and heat transformation in thermodynamic processes vary significantly. These conditions lead to issues such as furnace instability and latent heat of phase transition. This study introduces a novel approach to modeling phase transitions of supercritical steam cycle, and investigatesthe length, position, temperature, and energy transfer of the working medium and components under normal and low operational states. Conducting and analyzing the thermal feasible region associating the security of components and working medium this study establishes a control strategy for dynamic heat transfer to reduce component degradation effects andenhance load variation rate under flexible operations. Simulation model of a supercritical power unit based on the proposed method demonstrates an accuracy of 97.94%. Results from the optimal approach in maximizing load variation rate show the effectiveness and achieve 1.2%p.e./min most under transition process.

Numerical investigation on the influence of porous media structural parameters on pool boiling heat transfer performance

This work investigates pool boiling heat transfer (BHT) and bubble dynamics from a porous medium. The influence of the porous media structural parameters, such as porosity, pore density, porous medium height, thermal conductivity, and wettability, are mainly investigated. The findings indicate that the presence of porous media can increase the critical heat flux (CHF) by an average of 3.75 times and the BHT coefficient by an average of 3.84 times when porosity varies between 57.5% and 98.0% as compared to the plain surface. It is also found that both the CHF and BHT coefficient increase as the porosity decreases if porosity ε≥71.4%. However, they drop with the porosity decreases if porosity ε≤71.4%. On the other hand, the number of nucleation sites, heat transfer area, and bubble escape resistance increase as pore density increases. In addition, increasing the porous media height may enhance BHT performance, but too high a porous media increases the bubble escape resistance and restricts the separation of bubbles. Moreover, the CHF value and the maximum BHT coefficient increase with the thermal conductivity of porous media linearly. Finally, the stronger the wettability, the faster the bubble detachment, and the stronger the BHT performance.