Transfer Characteristic Curves Research Articles

B308 EFFECT OF NON-CONDENSABLE GAS MASS FRACTION ON CONDENSATION HEAT TRANSFER FOR WATER-ETHANOL VAPOR MIXTURE

The condensation heat transfer characteristics curves for a ternary vapour mixture of water, ethanol and air (or nitrogen) for several ethanol concentrations and relatively low concentrations of air (or nitrogen) were measured. The effect of non-condensable gas on several different domains in the condensation curves was discussed. The effect of non-condensable gas in the domains controlled by the diffusion resistance and the filmwise condensation was notable; whereas that in the domain dominated by the condensate resistance of dropwise mode was remarkable. Moreover, variations due to changes in non-condensable gas concentration of several characteristics points representing the curves were discussed.

Stability Analysis of Drilled Shafts Reinforced Slope

Drilled shafts have been used as an effective means to stabilize a soil slope with marginal safety factor. A limit equilibrium based slope stability analysis technique is presented in this paper that would allow for the determination of the safety factor of the reinforced slope and the forces acting on the drilled shafts. Specifically, the finite element analysis generated load transfer characteristic curves were incorporated into the traditional method of slice approach to account for the soil arching effects. Mathematical formulation of the proposed analysis method is given in detail, followed by validation of the approach with other analysis methods. Examples of the slopes with or without the drilled shafts are given to illustrate the reasonableness of the solution provided by the proposed approach. The efficiency of using drilled shafts to stabilize a slope is discussed by examing the influence of the shaft location, shaft size and spacing on the calculated safety factor. Finally, a practical case involving the use of the proposed approach is presented.

Characterization of Series Resistances and Mobility Attenuation Phenomena in Short Channel MOS Transistors

As the scaling proceeds, the transverse electric field increase, and a mobility attenuation phenomenon becomes of primordial interest. Indeed, the high transverse electric field is generally ascribed [1] to surface roughness scattering in the channel and consequently reduce effective mobility of carriers. In short channel MOSFET, the Source-Drain resistance Rsd influence strongly the effective mobility.The aim of this work is therefore to propose an original method especially conceived for the extraction of the series resistance Rsd. Using the approach of the Surface Roughness Scattering which enables a consistent modelling of the mobility to be obtained from low to high electric field [2], this allow to determine all model parameters in particular a Series Resistance from the plot of the transfer characteristic drain current Idversus gate voltage Vg Curves.

Study on Condensation Heat Transfer for Steam-Ethanol Vapor Mixture. Relation between Condensation Characteristic Curves and Modes of Condensate.

The relation between the condensation characteristic curves, which show the variations of heat flux or heat transfer coefficient with the changes in surface subcooling, and the aspects of condensate on the heat transfer surface was investigated. The aspects of condensate were divided into six different characteristic modes, that is, ordinary smooth film, rivulets on smooth film, relatively large drops on smooth film, dropwise with drops of various sizes, rivulets on dropwise and wavy film, which appeared in order of increasing surface subcooling for all ethanol concentrations (mass fraction between 0.17 and 0.74). Furthermore, on the basis of photographs taken simultaneously with the measurement, the coverages of the surface by the condensate, which were the main heat transfer resistances for each mode of condensate, were measured. The correspondence among the heat transfer characteristic curves, the modes of condensate and the surface coverage of condensate of main resistance are shown quantitatively.

Reactive ion etch damages in inverted, trilayer thin-film transistor

Plasma damages on the inverted, trilayer a-Si:H thin-film transistor from an n+ RIE process have been detected. These damages include a high threshold voltage, a high off current, and the divergence of the transfer characteristic curves under different drain voltages. Both the bulk of the films and the film-film interfaces were damaged by the plasma. The former was proved by the relation between the threshold voltage shift and the gate dielectric layer thickness and materials. The latter was demonstrated by the plasma radiation exposure experiment. Plasma radiation, instead of the charge buildup on devices, is the major cause of the thin-film transistor’s abnormality. All damages were easily repaired with a thermal annealing step.

Evaluation of a new type of high sharpness film for skull radiography.

A new type of high sharpness, high speed film was evaluated in combination with rare-earth screens for modulation transfer function, root-mean-square granularity and characteristic curve, and compared with currently available film-screen combinations. The clinical applicability of the new system was also compared on the basis of resolution and the discrimination of anatomical features on radiographs of a skull phantom. The results indicated that the new type film provided a radiograph of higher image quality while at the same time reducing patient dose by about 20% compared with the present rare-earth screen systems, or with no loss of image quality while reducing patient dose by about 50% compared with the present calcium tungstate system.

Low frequency excess noise in SOS MOS FET's : S. T. Hsu. RCA Rev.41, 577 (December 1980)

The effect of dipole layer and white light illumination on the density of states for the 6,13-bis(triisopropylsilylethynyl)pentacene (TIPS-pentacene) thin film transistor were investigated. We developed a physical compact model based on variable range hopping (VRH) theory for expressing the DOS in OTFTs that takes into account the effects of dipole layer and white light illumination. Using this model, we explain that the DOS for TIPS-pentacene thin film transistor depend strongly on the white light illumination under the surface dipole effect. Finally, an analytical model of drain-current has been developed in order to reproduce the output and transfer characteristics curves of 6,13-bis(triisopropylsilylethynyl)pentacene (TIPS-pentacene) phototransistor in saturation regime.

A switching‐parameter algorithm for finding multiple solutions of nonlinear resistive circuits

AbstractAn efficient algorithm for finding multiple solutions of a system of nonlinear algebraic equations is presented. This algorithm consists of solving an associated system of first order nonlinear differential equations whose independent variable may be switched from one variable to another during each integration step. The choice of the forward Euler predictor and Newton‐Raphson corrector for integrating the differential equations leads to an extremely efficient method for implementing this switching‐parameter algorithm. This approach involves only the recursive solution of an associated system of linear algebraic equations and can be easily programmed. The switching‐parameter algorithm can also be used to derive the driving‐point or transfer characteristic curve of multivalued resistive nonlinear networks.

The arc-length method for the computation of characteristic curves

The present paper discusses the arc-length method that analyzes frequency response curve of the dynamic nonlinear network, driving-point, and transfer characteristic curves of the nonlinear resistive networks [1]. Although each point of the characteristic curve can be obtained by the numerical approaches [2]-[6] of the nonlinear equation, our arc-length method can trace the curve continuously if only we find a point of the curve.

Description of the transfer characteristics of the cochlear microphonic

The transfer characteristic curves of the CM were constructed by measuring the cochlear potentials inside the scala media (SM). The transfer curve was constructed by measuring the input-output of the cochlear potentials (CM and SP) and plotting the magnitude of the cochlear potentials for + CM and − CM as a function of pressure change (dynes/cm2) of the input stimulus. Both amplitude and phase were measured in all four turns of the guinea pig cochlea. Results are based upon data from 22 animals. Graphs were constructed showing the gain of the biological system (in decibels) as a function of phase shift. The transfer characteristics changed as a function of recording site along the scala media (SM). When comparing a theoretical waveform to actual waveforms, the transfer characteristic at a given point within the SM agrees with experimental data. The gain-phase plot demonstrated the ability to view, as a single function independent of frequency and electrode placement, the relationship of the cochlear potential to the auditory stimuli.

Nonlinear Aspects of Cochlear Microphonics

Using the resting endocochlear potential as a reference level, the amplitudes of the positive and negative peaks of the cochlear microphonics were measured in each of the four turns of the guinea pig scala media during pure tone stimulation. Since the relative stimulus amplitudes at these peak values were known, these peak values were used to determine the transfer characteristic curve for each frequency. After appropriate adjustments for frequency sensitivity, the curves for each turn were nearly identical for a wide range of stimulus frequencies and intensities. Therefore a single nonlinear frequency-independent transfer characteristic curve for each turn was adequate to describe the cochlear potentials. The significance of these curves is that, due to the differences in the shapes of the positive and negative portions of the curves, they can account, not only for the amplitude of the cochlear microphonics, but for the polarity and magnitude of the summating potentials as well. [Research supported by the National Institutes of Health.]

組合せ形カスケード増幅空気マイクロメータ回路の静特性

This paper is concerned in static transfer characteristics of the pneumatic micrometer system with both hybrid pressure cascade connection and linear feedback. The static transfer characteristic expression is shown as the sum of the transfer characteristic of the linear feedback path and that of the forward circuit which consists of a series of two pneumatic micrometer single circuits. Using the same pneumatic circuit element informed in the previous report No. 2, the static characteristic curve is concretely introduced, and the effect of the input stage initial operating point, the coupling transducer gain, the feedback transducer gain and the compliance between the gauging nozzle and its counter-face on the transfer characteristic curve are discussed. It is also described on a three stage pneumatic amplifier having additional intermediate amplifier curcuit which is good for getting very high amplification.

空気マイクロメータの特性に対する測定力の影響

Measuring force caused by the air flow through the measuring head of a pneumatic micrometer acts to widen the gap between the measuring head and the surface to be measured in proportion to the compliance between them. This understood as a non-linear feedback effect that causes the change of the static and dynamic performance from their originals. The formulas are described to represent the static transfer characteristic curve and the equivalent time constant in which the effect of the measuring force is taken into consideration as a modification factor. Then, taking an example of 1 kg/cm2 gauge high pressure supply system, measuring force influence is concretely studied how it affects the performance of the pneumatic circuit through the comparison of the theoretical formula with the experimental results. A factor is introduced to represent the deformability of the static characteristic curve caused by the measuring force and a relation between the pneumatic circuit dimensions and the factor is shown. An experimental formula is also described to represent the measuring force as a function of the output pressure.

低-高圧力スケード接続空気マイクロメータ回路の静特性

A pneumatic micrometer system with both a hybrid pressure cascade connection and a linear feedback was previously proposed, and its experimental performance was reported by the present author. This paper is concerned with static transfer characteristics of the pneumatic circuit with the hybrid pressure cascade connection, the forward circuit of the system of which acts as the non-linear part of the static transfer characteristics of the system. The static characteristic expression of the circuit is shown as a function of the initial operating pressure of the input stage P01, coupling transducer gain Kg and compliances between the measuring nozzles and their counter-faces, and the effect of these factors on the transfer characteristics or the linear ranges is discussed with a concrete circuit. The results obtained are summarized as follows, 1) the smaller Kg is selected and the lower P01 is selected, the linear range on the characteristic curve displaces toward the high pressure side, 2) the larger the compliance between the measuring nozzle and its counter face in the output circuit is, the linear range displaces toward the low pressure side, 3) the effect of the measuring force in the input stage upon the transfer characteristic curve is negligible small, 4) the larger the gain Kg is selected, the less the variation of the measuring force over the output pressure range becomes.