Transesterification Reaction Of Oil Research Articles

Green synthesis of biodiesel from magnetic basic biochar derived from Amazonian murici residual biomass: Optimization, kinetic, thermodynamic, and environmental studies

There is a growing need for sustainable catalysts in biodiesel production, however, efficient and low-cost alternatives derived from agro-industrial residues remain limited. This study addresses this gap by exploring murici biochar as a potential source for catalytic development. A basic magnetic catalyst, based on biochar from an Amazonian agro-industrial residue and consisting of sodium impregnated in murici biochar with cobalt ferrite as the magnetic phase, was produced for application in the transesterification reaction of soybean oil. The catalyst was synthesized by wet impregnation with different sodium concentrations to determine the optimal concentration of active phase in the synthesis process. The catalyst demonstrated the best performance and was characterized by TGA, XRD, FT-IR, SEM, EDS, and VSM. A central face-centered composite design was used in the development of a mathematical model for the prediction of ester content. The biodiesel obtained in the optimized reaction conditions of temperature of 90 °C, reaction time of 1.4h, methanol:oil (MeOH:oil) molar ratio of 17:1, and catalyst concentration of 7% obtained ester content of 97.11% and presented physicochemical properties according to the limits established in the ASTM D6751. Moreover, the kinetic and thermodynamic studies revealed that the process follows the pseudo-first order. It also presents an endothermic and not spontaneous character. The green reaction parameters indicate that the reaction using the catalyst is sustainable with low waste generation. Thus, this study show the feasibility of applying the agro-industrial residue in the synthesis of environmentally friendly and low-cost magnetic basic catalysts for the production of biodiesel.

Bio-templating approach and DFT study of ZrMo@KIT-6 catalyst for the conversion of deep fried oil into sustainable biodiesel production

In this study, highly porous ZrMo@KIT-6 heterogeneous catalyst was developed using Aloevera gel along with Pluronic as a mixed template. The catalytic activity was executed in biodiesel production from low valued deep fried oil to develop a sustainable energy approach. The physiochemical properties of the developed catalyst were assessed in depth using different analytical techniques including, TGA, XRD, BET, TPD-NH3, FESEM- EDX and XRD analyses. It was noted that the catalyst synthesized with Aloevera gel and Pluronic mixed template possessed improved texture, morphological properties and evenly distributed active centers with total acidity of 0.95 mmol/g and surface area of 741.46 m2/g. These experimental results were further endorsed by DFT analysis. Moreover, the designed catalystexhibited paramounted catalytic efficacy in transesterification reaction of deep fried oil into biodiesel, providing a phenomenal 97.7 % biodiesel yield under optimal reaction conditions. Apart from this, the designed catalyst sustained catalytic activity up to five times with biodiesel yield 87 %. Thus, the designed catalyst presents a novel fuel strategy which will bring both financial and environmental sustainability in the future.

Investigation into the Fuel Characteristics of Biodiesel Synthesized through the Transesterification of Palm Oil Using a TiO2/CH3ONa Nanocatalyst

Biodiesel is a renewable and sustainable alternative fuel to petrol-derived diesel. Decreasing the operating costs by improving the catalyst’s characteristics is an effective way to increase the competitiveness of biodiesel in the fuel market. An aqueous solution of sodium methoxide (CH3ONa), which is a traditional alkaline catalyst, was immersed in nanometer-sized particles of titanium dioxide (TiO2) powder to prepare the strong alkaline catalyst TiO2/CH3ONa. The immersion method was used to enhance the transesterification reaction. The mixture of TiO2 and CH3ONa was calcined in a high-temperature furnace in a range between 150 and 450 °C continuously for 4 h. The heterogeneous alkaline catalyst TiO2/CH3ONa was then used to catalyze the strong alkaline transesterification reaction of palm oil with methanol. The highest content of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs), which amounted to 95.9%, was produced when the molar ratio of methanol to palm oil was equal to 6, and 3 wt.% TiO2/CH3ONa was used, based on the weight of the palm oil. The FAMEs produced from the above conditions were also found to have the lowest kinematic viscosity of 4.17 mm2/s, an acid value of 0.32 mg KOH/g oil, and a water content of 0.031 wt.%, as well as the highest heating value of 40.02 MJ/kg and cetane index of 50.05. The lower catalyst amount of 1 wt.%, in contrast, resulted in the lowest cetane index of 49.31. The highest distillation temperature of 355 °C was found when 3 wt.% of the catalyst was added to the reactant mixture with a methanol/palm oil molar ratio of 6. The prepared catalyst is considered effective for improving the fuel characteristics of biodiesel.

Thermochemical valorisation of cattle manure into gaseous fuel and furfural-rich bio-oil

Surplus carbon, in the form of carbon dioxide (CO2), has aggravated global warming over several past decades. To divert the current energy mix that relies heavily on fossil fuels, researchers have realised waste materials as alternative energy. Such attempts could reduce CO2 emissions and potentially contribute to establishing a circular economy. This study investigated the transformation of cattle manure (CM) into value-added products (syngas and furfural) via a thermochemical pathway. The CM was treated with FeCl3 prior to pyrolysis to enhance the conversion selectivity toward syngas and furfural. Slow-pyrolysis was conducted to determine the mechanisms of syngas production, and fast-pyrolysis was undertaken to optimize bio-oil production. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed that Fe impregnation facilitated the thermal degradation of CM, resulting in enhanced syngas formation. The oil product obtained from the Fe-impregnated CM exhibited notable enrichment in furfural and a much simpler chemical composition than that of the untreated CM. Furthermore, the produced biochar catalytically expedited the kinetics of the transesterification reaction of canola oil. The overall results of this study offer a practical means of converting livestock manure into useful resources, thereby contributing to the realisation of a circular economy.

Fe-doped TiO2 nanocrystals as highly efficient catalysts for heterogeneous catalytic transesterification of coconut oil

BackgroundThe impact of Fe doped TiO2 nanocatalyst on the heterogeneous catalytic transesterification reaction of coconut oil into biodiesel has been investigated. MethodsThe nanocatalyst was prepared by sol-gel method using titanium isopropoxide as TiO2 precursor and Fe(NO3)3 as iron (Fe) source. Several conditions of Fe-TiO2 were synthesized, each with Fe concentration of 0.5 %, 1 %, and 1.5 %, and calcined at 500 °C. The nanocatalyst's physical and chemical characteristics including phase crystallinity and morphology were examined. Significant findingsWe found that the biodiesel conversion efficiency increases with the increasing of Fe content in the Fe-TiO2 nanocatalyst and optimum at the Fe concentration of 1.5 % (w/w). The optimal Fe-TiO2 nanocatalyst could yield biodiesel output as high as 30.8 %, under at a relatively low temperature of 60 °C. Furthermore, the presence of the nanocatalyst effectively reduced the free fatty acid content in the biodiesel product by 1.43 %. Moreover, the acidity of the produced biodiesel was exceptionally low, at 0.02 %, primarily attributed to lauric acid. These exceptional performances are believed to be attributed to the enhanced surface chemistry properties of the Fe-TiO2 nanocatalyst. The Fe-TiO2 system is expected to find extensive application in the cost-effective production of biodiesel.

CaO catalysts supported on ZSM-5 zeolite for biodiesel production via transesterification of rapeseed oil

This paper deals with the effect of Si/Al ratio and form of zeolite support on the catalytic properties of the CaO catalysts in transesterification reaction of rapeseed oil with methanol. The reaction was conducted at 180 and 220 °C. To get the intended purposes of the work a various calcium oxide (CaO) catalysts supported on the ammonium and hydrogen forms of ZSM-5 zeolites with different Si/Al ratios were prepared by impregnation method. The results showed that the most active zeolite-based catalyst was 10%CaO/ZSM-5 (Si/Al = 50) system in the transesterification reaction at both temperatures 180 and 220 °C, which exhibited triglycerides (TG) conversion equal to 72.7 and 95.2% and fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) yield of 56.9 and 91.1%, respectively. High reactivity of this catalyst is explained by its acid-base properties, crystallite size of active phase, large external surface area and uniform distribution of the CaO on catalyst surface compared to the other investigated CaO systems supported on ZSM-5 zeolites. In addition, the analysis of the product obtained in the transesterification process carried out on the 10% CaO/ZSM-5 (Si/Al = 280) catalyst at 220 °C confirmed the presence of the following methyl esters of higher fatty acids: methyl oleate, methyl linoleate, methyl linolenate, methyl stearate, methyl eicosenoate, methyl palmitate, methyl palmitoleate, methyl nervonate and methyl arachidate.

Synergistic effect of La2O3-Al2O3 based catalysts for efficient biodiesel production

Comprehensive synergistic effect of La2O3-Al2O3 on the catalytic performance of transesterification reaction of palm oil with methanol for biodiesel production was studied. The prepared catalyst possessed bifunctional acid-base properties. The well-balanced of acido-basic sites amounts over the catalyst at the La2O3 loading of 40 % and the calcined temperature of 600 °C gave the maximum fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) content of 93.12 %, under the optimum conditions of 1:30 molar ratio of oil to methanol, 200 °C reaction temperature, 39 bar reaction pressure, 5 wt% catalyst loading and 5 h reaction time. The catalyst exhibited reasonable stability. The partial leaching of La3+ ions and deposition of organics resulted in the loss of activity. The results showed that the catalyst generated new weak basic sites and more effective in the transesterification compared to strong basic sites as reported previously. The different strengths of new acid sites were also formed. The balancing of acid-base sites amount was a key to control the catalytic activity and the formation of side reactions. This gives critical guidance in further catalyst development for biodiesel production of waste oils or low-quality oils via simultaneous esterification and transesterification, which helps the biodiesel system being economical and scalable.

A multi reaction kinetic model to describe the enzymatic transesterification reaction of jatropha oil using a fermented solid containing lipases

The advancement of more precise tools for sustainable process design in enzymatic biodiesel synthesis from renewable sources is crucial. Kinetics of solvent-free transesterification reactions were conducted across a temperature spectrum from 30 °C to 60 °C, utilizing Jatropha curcas oil (TG) and ethanol as substrates, alongside a fermented solid by Rhizopus homothallicus as the biocatalyst. The dynamics of chemical species concentrations were monitored through High-performance Thin-Layer Chromatography. Maximum productivities were achieved at 35 °C and 60 °C for biodiesel (293.24 and 299.02 g kg biocat−1 h−1, respectively), at 40 °C for diglycerides (1018.36 g kg biocat−1 h−1), and at 35 °C for monoglycerides (560.75 g kg biocat−1 h−1). Maximum yields were determined at 30 °C for fatty acid ethyl esters (0.56 g gTG−1), and at 40 °C for diglycerides (0.53 g gTG−1) and monoglycerides (0.30 g gTG−1). Based on the experimental findings, a kinetic model was formulated encompassing three reversible transesterification reactions. Individual reactions were structured following classical biochemical kinetics, inclusive of ethanol inhibition. Model fitting was executed through non-linear multivariable regression techniques, with the minimum of the average coefficient of variation of the residuals (ACVR) serving as the objective function. The resulting fit of the kinetic model to the experimental data proved satisfactory, with an ACVR of less than 5 % across all instances. Notably, the maximum biodiesel productivity, obtained in this work, represented the highest value, compared to other related studies, using a fermented solid as a biocatalyst.

Utilising magnetite and heteropoly acid to modify silica foam and consider catalytic activity for esterification and transesterification procedure

Silica foam can be helpful substrate to tailoring heterogenous catalyst in various shapes and size. In this work, we have successfully prepared and modified Silica Foam that modified by magnetite nanoparticle (FM) and heteropoly acid (FMH). These new composites were characterized by FT-IR, XRD, SEM, TGA, DTG, NH3-TPD, and VSM. The result confirms that fine dispersity of magnetite nano particle and heteropoly acid into silica foam and without any significant change in structure of materials. The synthesized composites FM and FMH were used as catalysts for the esterification reaction of acetic acid with five different alcohols and the transesterification reaction of sunflower, animal fats, and waste oils. The results show that the efficiency of the esterification reaction for the FMH catalyst is about 98.8 % and 78.8 % for the transesterification reaction.

Catalysis of the Transesterification Reaction of Alkyl Benzoates and Vegetable Oils by Carbonates, Carbene, and Anionite

Catalysis of the Transesterification Reaction of Alkyl Benzoates and Vegetable Oils by Carbonates, Carbene, and Anionite

Application of Microwaves in the Production Process of Biodiesel from Bulk Oil

Abstract Using bulk oil as biodiesel fuel is a waste reduction opportunity that creates economic value and creates alternative fuels to replace diesel fuel. The research was conducted through the transesterification reaction of bulk oil and methanol in batches using microwave heating to speed up the reaction time. The research is expected to show the right performance and response time to achieve optimal biodiesel yield and biodiesel properties, according to the Indonesian Nasional Standard (SNI). The experiment used two power levels (100 and 400 watts) and three reaction times (5, 10 and 15 minutes). Based on the analysis of variance and extended Duncan’s test, microwave power and response time were found to have a significant <0.05 impact on product yield. The highest yield was 93.3%, achieved with a variation of 100 watts and a process time of 10 minutes. The results showed that, except for total glycerol, all quality criteria (density, acid number, saponification rate, methyl ester content, and iodine) met the SNI 7182:2015 standard [17]. It can be concluded that the use of microwaves has the potential to shorten the reaction time of biodiesel production while at the same time achieving high yield and good biodiesel quality.

Enhanced Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil Using Potash-Enriched Natural Base Catalyst

The transesterification reaction of waste cooking oil with methanol using a sugar apple peel ash catalyst has been reported. Under optimized conditions, the reaction of the oil with methanol in a molar ratio of 1:10, in the presence of a catalyst (2 g) at 60 °C temperature offered a 94.5% yield of biodiesel within 120 min. The heterogeneous catalyst was developed via a straightforward calcination process using fruit processing industry waste peels of sugar apples. The characterization of the catalyst by FTIR, EDS, SEM, XRD, N2 sorption, and XRF analysis revealed a higher concentration of potassium species which is possibly responsible for the promotion of the transesterification reaction more efficiently. This approach offers cost competitiveness, reusability of the catalyst, simplicity of operation, and high biodiesel yields. This study underscores the potential of utilizing waste materials for sustainable biodiesel production, contributing to environmental preservation and economic viability.

Modeling and simulation of biodiesel synthesis in fixed bed and packed bed membrane reactors using heterogeneous catalyst: a comparative study

In this study, modeling and simulation of biodiesel synthesis through transesterification of triglyceride (TG) over a heterogeneous catalyst in a packed bed membrane reactor (PBMR) was performed using a solid catalyst and compared with a fixed bed reactor (FBR). The kinetic data for the transesterification reaction of canola oil and methanol in the presence of solid tungstophosphoric acid catalyst was extracted from the published open literature. The effect of reaction temperature, feed flow rate, disproportionation of the reactants, and reactor length on the product performance was investigated. Two-dimensional and heterogeneous modeling was applied to PBMR and the resultant equations were solved by the Matlab software. Moreover, the velocity profile in the membrane reactor was obtained. The results showed the best conditions for this reaction are 180 °C, the molar ratio of methanol to oil equal 15:1, and the input flow rate of 0.5 mL/min. In this condition, a conversion of 99.94% for the TG can be achieved in the PBMR with a length of 86 cm while a length of 2.75 m is required to achieve this conversion of the FBR. Finally, the energy consumption for the production of 8000 ton/y biodiesel in a production plant using the PBMR and the FBR was obtained as is 1313.24 and 1352.44 kW, respectively.

A Novel PETG Microchannel Reactor for Microwave-Powered Biodiesel Production

Biodiesel stands at the forefront as a replacement for fossil diesel in compression ignition engines, particularly in the transportation sector where diesel engines are the primary movers. However, biodiesel production is hampered by poor heat and mass transfer during the transesterification reaction, leading to long production times and high costs due to inefficient energy utilisation. This study targets heat and mass transfer issues during the production of biodiesel via a synergic approach that combines microwave-assisted heating and microfluidics via a polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG) microchannel reactor. The transesterification reaction of palm oil and methanol was investigated using a full factorial design of experiments (DOE) method. Biodiesel yield was quantified via gas chromatographic analysis, and the results were optimised using statistical analysis. Optical analysis of slug quantification within the microchannel revealed that small slugs, smaller than 1 mm, accelerated the transesterification reaction. The composite-optimised experimental results, aimed at minimising energy costs and environmental impacts while maximising fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) yield, indicate a reaction temperature of 50 °C, a catalyst loading of 1.0 wt.%, and a 3:1 methanol to oil molar ratio. Regression analysis revealed that the reaction temperature was statistically insignificant when utilising the PETG microchannel reactor. This key finding positively impacts biodiesel production as it relates to significantly reduced energy intensity, costs, and emissions. Overall, this research work paves a pathway toward an energy-efficient and sub-minute rapid transesterification reaction, highlighting the effectiveness of microwave heat delivery and effects of microfluidics via the PETG microchannel reactor in overcoming heat and mass transfer barriers in biodiesel production.

Preparation of CaO@CeO2 Solid Base Catalysts Used for Biodiesel Production

The study investigated the use of CeO2 extracted from monazite with calcium oxide (CaO) as a solid catalyst for biodiesel production. The wet impregnation method was used to produce CaO@CeO2 mixed-oxide catalysts with 0–50 wt.% CaO. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area analysis, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR) was used to characterize the catalysts. In order to determine the optimal preparation conditions, the effect of different CaO compositions on the performance of CaO@CeO2 mixed-oxide catalysts was examined. The catalytic activity of the CaO@CeO2 catalyst for the transesterification reaction of palm oil to produce biodiesel was studied. The results show that the optimum yield of biodiesel can reach 97% fatty acid methyl ester over the 30CaO@CeO2 catalyst at the reaction conditions of 5 wt.% catalysts, methanol-to-oil molar ratio of 9:1, with a reaction temperature of 65 °C within 30 min. The results show that the high catalytic activity and stability of the CaO@CeO2 catalyst make it a promising candidate for industrial-scale biodiesel production. Further study is needed to improve the stability and efficiency of catalysts in transesterification reactions to achieve a high FAME yield using long-life-span catalysts. Moreover, it is necessary to investigate the economic feasibility of this process for application in large-scale biodiesel production.

Indirect Measurement of Variables in a Heterogeneous Reaction for Biodiesel Production.

This research focuses on the development of a state observer for performing indirect measurements of the main variables involved in the soybean oil transesterification reaction with a guishe biochar-based heterogeneous catalyst; the studied reaction takes place in a batch reactor. The mathematical model required for the observer design includes the triglycerides' conversion rate, and the reaction temperature. Since these variables are represented by nonlinear differential equations, the model is linearized around an operation point; after that, the pole placement and linear quadratic regulator (LQR) methods are considered for calculating the observer gain vector L(x). Then, the estimation of the conversion rate and the reaction temperature provided by the observer are used to indirectly measure other variables such as esters, alcohol, and byproducts. The observer performance is evaluated with three error indexes considering initial condition variations up to 30%. With both methods, a fast convergence (less than 3 h in the worst case) of the observer is remarked.

Biodiesel Production by Methanolysis of Rapeseed Oil-Influence of SiO2/Al2O3 Ratio in BEA Zeolite Structure on Physicochemical and Catalytic Properties of Zeolite Systems with Alkaline Earth Oxides (MgO, CaO, SrO).

Alkaline earth metal oxide (MgO, CaO, SrO) catalysts supported on BEA zeolite were prepared by a wet impregnation method and tested in the transesterification reaction of rapeseed oil with methanol towards the formation of biodiesel (FAMEs-fatty acid methyl esters). To assess the influence of the SiO2/Al2O3 ratio on the catalytic activity in the tested reaction, a BEA zeolite carrier material with different Si/Al ratios was used. The prepared catalysts were tested in the transesterification reaction at temperatures of 180 °C and 220 °C using a molar ratio of methanol/oil reagents of 9:1. The transesterification process was carried out for 2 h with the catalyst mass of 0.5 g. The oil conversion value and efficiency towards FAME formation were determined using the HPLC technique. The physicochemical properties of the catalysts were determined using the following research techniques: CO2-TPD, XRD, BET, FTIR, and SEM-EDS. The results of the catalytic activity showed that higher activity in the tested process was confirmed for the catalysts supported on the BEA zeolite characterized by the highest silica/alumina ratio for the reaction carried out at a temperature of 220 °C. The most active zeolite catalyst was the 10% CaO/BEA system (Si/Al = 300), which showed the highest triglyceride (TG) conversion of 90.5% and the second highest FAME yield of 94.6% in the transesterification reaction carried out at 220 °C. The high activity of this system is associated with its alkalinity, high value of the specific surface area, the size of the active phase crystallites, and its characteristic sorption properties in relation to methanol.

Synthesis and characterization of NaY@ZIF‐8 composite by the ship‐in‐bottle method as a catalyst for esterification and transesterification reactions

AbstractZeolite imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) were composited with NaY zeolite using two different approaches to the ship‐in‐bottle method. The two synthesized nanocatalysts showed that the ZIF‐8 composite with NaY zeolite could stabilize their structure as catalysts in an acidic environment. The NaY@ZIF‐8 nanocomposites that were prepared were investigated using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), elemental mapping (MAP), thermogravimetric (TGA), temperature‐programmed desorption of ammonia (NH3‐TPD), and inductively coupled plasma analyses. The synthesized composites were used as catalysts for the esterification reaction of acetic acid with four different alcohols and the transesterification reaction of animal fats, vegetable oils, and waste oils. The results show that the efficiency of the esterification reactions for the two catalytic composites was 98.5% and 94.3%, respectively, and 78.1% for the transesterification reaction.

Synthesizing a transesterification catalyst via a condensation reaction and assessment of the mechanism using density functional theory

AbstractBACKGROUNDA solid acid (SPEI–EN–OHCMs) having dendritic –NH2 groups was prepared via oxidation of hydrothermal carbon microspheres (OHCMs) followed by a condensation reaction with the –NH2 groups of polyethyleneimine and sulfonation. The mechanism by which –COOH groups on the surfaces of OHCMs reacted with these –NH2 groups was assessed using density functional theory (DFT).RESULTActivation using a combination of 1‐(3‐dimethylaminopropyl)‐3‐ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) and N‐hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) was found to promote the formation of amide bonds such that –NH2 groups were bonded to the microsphere surfaces. This effect provided more bonding sites for –SO3H groups. The DFT results indicated that the energy barrier on the potential energy surface in the presence of EDC and NHS was lowered by 18.1 kcal mol−1. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses also confirmed the introduction of –NH2 groups followed by –SO3H groups onto the surfaces of the OHCMs. The concentration of surface acid sites on SPEI–EN–OHCMs was found to be as high as 11.8 mmol g−1. Thermogravimetric data and elemental analysis results showed that the –SO3H groups on the SPEI–EN–OHCM surfaces were thermally stable below 180 °C.CONCLUSIONThe SPEI–EN–OHCMs catalyst was used to promote the transesterification reaction of waste frying oil with methanol. A trial with a methanol‐to‐oil molar ratio of 10:1 at 110 °C for 4 h gave a fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) yield of 92.3%. After four reuses, an SPEI–EN–OHCMs specimen provided a FAME yield of 54.3%. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).

Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using an innovative magnetic solid acid catalyst based on Ni–Fe ferrite: RSM-BBD optimization approach

In the present study, a novel solid acid magnetic catalyst composed of nickel ferrite (NiFe2O4) and impregnated with molybdenum oxide (MoO3) was synthesized by wet method and applied in the production of biodiesel from the methyl transesterification reaction of waste cooking oil (WCO). The catalyst was characterized by the following techniques: surface acidity, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS), and Vibrating Sample Magnetometry (VSM). The optimization of the variables of the methyl transesterification reaction was carried out through the Box-Behnken 24 experimental design (BBD) and the response surface methodology (RSM). The optimized experimental results led to the obtainment of a biodiesel with 95.4 % conversion to esters under the following reaction conditions: 168 °C temperature, 30:1 methanol:WCO molar ratio, 10 wt% catalyst amount, and 1 h reaction time. The mathematical model developed showed an error of less than 5 % between the observed and predicted values. In addition, the catalyst showed bifunctional character (catalytic and magnetic) and high stability after seven reaction cycles, with conversion to esters above 90.3 %, as well as high versatility in the presence of various raw materials, indicating its high potential for development and application.