Transesterification Of Waste Oil Research Articles

Walnut-shaped calcium oxide-cancrinite spheres for transesterification of waste frying oil

Producing biodiesel via transesterification of waste oils or fats with short-chain alcohol is one of the possible ways to alleviate global energy and environmental issues, and further reducing the cost of transesterification catalyst is the essential strategy to enhance the competitiveness of biodiesel, such as applying industrial solid wastes as the source of catalyst active species. Thus in this work, via one-step pyrolysis of the calcium-rich residue, a byproduct from the hydrothermal treating (140–180 °C for 2–4 h) of paper mill sludge (PMS), a novel walnut-shaped calcium oxide-cancrinite based catalyst was prepared and applied to the transesterification of waste frying oil. The hydrothermal condition (changed from 140 oC-2 h to 180 oC-4 h) of PMS slightly influenced the yield of fatty acid methyl ester (YFAME), which ranged from 98.87% to 96.95% due to the slight decrease of the total basicity of strong basic sites (TSBβ+γ) from 149.6 to 102.9 μmol g−1. On the contrary, the pyrolysis temperature had a much greater effect on the transesterification performance of obtained catalysts. The optimum pyrolysis temperature was 750 °C and when it was increased to 850 °C, the increased bonding tendency of Si with Ca passivated the activity of calcium species and reduced the basic intensity and basicity of PSC-850, thus lowering its transesterification activity. Besides, the key process parameters were optimized and at the conditions of 70 °C, 3 h, 6.0 wt% of catalyst dosage, 10:1 of molar ratio of methanol to oil, over 95% of YFAME can be reached. The work herein not only provided a feasible way to recycle the inorganic solid residue of PMS but further lowered the cost of preparing biodiesel.

Esterification as well as transesterification of waste oil using potassium imbued tungstophosphoric acid supported graphene oxide as heterogeneous catalyst: Optimization and kinetic modeling

For one pot esterification as well as transesterification of waste oil (WO), K+ impregnated tungstophosphoric acid (TPA) was supported over graphene oxide (GO) and used as a heterogeneous catalyst. The structure of the catalyst was evaluated by a powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) study. The elemental oxidation state and catalyst composition was confirmed by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) analysis. The temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) technique supported the existence of acidic and basic sites on the surface of the catalyst. Being acidic, TPA probably catalyzes the esterification while K+ transesterification activity to the catalyst. Beneath the optimized reaction conditions, i.e. loading of catalyst 10 wt% (concerning oil), methanol: oil molar ratio of 9:1 with reaction temperature of 65 °C, >98.5% (±0.34) biodiesel was produced within 1.5 h of reaction period. By using centrifugation, the catalyst was extracted from the reaction mixture and recycled six times. The metal level in the reaction mixture was determined to be less than 2 ppm, supporting the stability of the catalyst. Additionally, the catalyst was found to be active even in the existence of free fatty acid (up to 8.76 wt%) and moisture (up to 4.0 wt%) contents. The positive values of enthalpy of activation (ΔH‡) and free energy of reaction (ΔG‡) highlighted the endothermic and non-spontaneous nature of the reaction. The kinetic modeling study, using MATLAB software (version R2021b), suggests that the reaction of WO with the synthesized catalyst was found to follow a (pseudo) first-order kinetic equation. A negative value of entropy of activation (ΔS‡) indicates that the reaction of triglyceride (T) to diglyceride (D) follows the associative pathway. In contrast, the diglyceride to monoglyceride (M) and monoglyceride to glycerol (G) conversion progressed via dissociative route.

Heterogeneous catalytic transesterification of waste vegetable oil using modified natural zeolite

Objectives: In the search of an economical process for bio-diesel synthesis, waste cooking oil was analyzed as a poten-tial feedstock. The influence of different concentrations and granulations of the zeolite catalyst on the yield and quality of the final product was also investigated.Methods: The pretreatment of waste oil was carried out using the simple processes of filtration and drying with CaCl2, after which its physicochemical properties were de-termined. Transesterification of waste oil with methanol was carried out using zeolite clinoptilolite as the catalyst. Its preparation included modification with sodium hydrox-ide, drying at 105°C and calcination at 300°C. As for the waste oil, the density, acid and peroxide number, moisture content, kinematic viscosity and flash point of the obtained biodiesels were determined by standardized methods. After the synthesis, the Fourier transformation infrared (FT-IR) spectra of the obtained biodiesel and waste cooking oil were recorded and compared.Results: The process of transesterification with methanol was found to be suitable due to the high conversion of waste oil esters under relatively mild reaction conditions. Moreover, modified natural clinoptilolite proved to be a suitable catalyst for the process of biodiesel production. At each catalyst concentration and granulation, the biodiesel yield was satisfactory and its quality parameters met the prescribed standards. Conclusion: The basic characteristics of the biodiesel ob-tained from waste cooking oil enable its potential appli-cation. Moreover, the properties of clinoptilolite, such as concentration and particle size, can be adjusted for each transesterification process to attain high quality product. The performed experiment presents an example of the efficient linking of biofuel production and waste oil dis-posal processes.

Metal Oxide Doped Egg Shell-Fly Ash Composite: An Effective Catalyst for Transesterification of Waste Oil

Biodiesel is a promising alternative for fossil fuels as it is a renewable source of energy and is considered a green fuel. Generally used method for preparation of biodiesel is catalytic transesterification. Fly ash, an inorganic waste, is a major environmental contaminant. The utilization and safe management of this material is the need of the hour. In this short communication, we report a composite of fly ash and eggshell modified with zinc oxide (ZEF) as a low-cost, efficient, and reusable heterogeneous base catalyst for transesterification reaction of waste cooking oil. The catalyst was prepared by the wet impregnation method and was characterized by FT-IR, XRD, and SEM techniques. Catalytic performance was checked in biodiesel preparation. Conditions like catalyst loading, oil: methanol ratio, temperature, and time were optimized. Product formation was confirmed by the GC analysis.

Magnetic silica particles functionalized with guanidine derivatives for microwave-assisted transesterification of waste oil

This study aimed to develop a facile synthesis procedure for heterogeneous catalysts based on organic guanidine derivatives superbases chemically grafted on silica-coated Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles. Thus, the three organosilanes that were obtained by reacting the selected carbodiimides (N,N′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC), N,N′-diisopropylcarbodiimide (DIC), respectively 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC) with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) were used in a one-pot synthesis stage for the generation of a catalytic active protective shell through the simultaneous hydrolysis/condensation reaction with tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS). The catalysts were characterized by FTIR, TGA, SEM, BET and XRD analysis confirming the successful covalent attachment of the organic derivatives in the silica shell. The second aim was to highlight the capacity of microwaves (MW) to intensify the transesterification process and to evaluate the activity, stability, and reusability characteristics of the catalysts. Thus, in MW-assisted transesterification reactions, all catalysts displayed FAME yields of over 80% even after 5 reactions/activation cycles. Additionally, the influence of FFA content on the catalytic activity was investigated. As a result, in the case of Fe3O4@SiO2-EDG, a higher tolerance towards the FFA content can be noticed with a FAME yield of over 90% (for a 5% (weight) vs oil catalyst content) and 5% weight FFA content.

Cleaner approach to fine coal flotation by renewable collectors prepared by waste oil transesterification

Abstract In order to realize the cleaner flotation production of fine coal, renewable collector was prepared by transesterification of waste oil in kitchen waste, which can be used as alternatives to traditional collectors. The functional groups and components of renewable collectors were analyzed by FT-IR and GC-MS respectively. Further, the flotation effect of the synthesized collector on fine coal was verified by laboratory flotation test, and the adsorption of the collector on the coal surface was analyzed by XPS. Results of FT-IR showed that the renewable collector contains the functional groups of –CH3, –CH2, C O, and C–O bonds. The GC-MS results showed that small molecules were produced through transesterification of crude oils, which proved that the carbon chain was interrupted. The adsorption analysis showed that the collector can be adsorbed effectively and enhance the particle hydrophobicity. In addition, the flotation experiment results showed that the fine coal could be effectively cleaned through the application of renewable collector, and the low temperature resistance of the collector has also been verified. The study proves that the renewable collector prepared by transesterification of waste oil can reduce the dependence on traditional collectors, which promotes the cleanness of fine coal flotation process.

Production of biodiesel from food processing waste using response surface methodology

ABSTRACT The optimum conditions for biodiesel production by the transesterification of waste oil form the pork grilling process in the food factory in Udon Thani, Thailand, using NaOH and KOH as catalysts, has been investigated. A Box–Behnken Design (BBD) followed by a Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with 30 runs was used to assess the significance of three factors: the methanol to oil molar ratio, the amount of NaOH and KOH used, and the reaction time required to achieve the optimum percent fatty acid methyl ester (%FAME). The measured %FAME following transesterification using NaOH as a catalyst was an optimum 95.6% with a methanol to oil molar ratio of 12.2:1, a NaOH percentage mass fraction of 0.49% and a reaction time of 63 min. Using KOH as a catalyst, the %FAME was an optimum 93.0% with a methanol to oil molar ratio of 12:1, a KOH percentage mass fraction of 0.61% and a reaction time of 72 min. The coefficient of determination (R 2) for regression equations were 98.55% and 93.99%, respectively. The probability value (P<0.05) demonstrated a very good significance for the regression model. The physicochemical properties of the biodiesel obtained from the waste oil met the ASTM 6751 biodiesel standard, illustrating that waste oil from the pork grilling process can be used as a raw material for biodiesel production by transesterification.

Esterification of oily-FFA and transesterification of high FFA waste oils using novel palm trunk and bagasse-derived catalysts

Waste cooking oil is increasingly becoming a significant component of biodiesel feedstock and its conversion to FAME requires coupling of esterification and transesterification processes. In this study, new environmentally benign catalysts were prepared from oil palm trunk and sugarcane bagasse, which are sustainable because of the superfluity of oil palm trunk and abundant supply of bagasse. Effect of preparation variable, surface acidity and textural properties, pre-esterification of FFA in oil matrices and transesterification of waste oil under pseudo-infinite methanol and conventional methods were investigated. The preparation variable, H2SO4 impregnation time showed marginal effect on sulfonic acid density after 6h, and the corresponding values for 6–10h impregnations were 1.33±0.01–1.41±0.01mmolg−1 for OPT and 1.44±0.01–1.48±0.01mmolg−1 for SCB catalysts. In esterification of palmitic acid, activity of catalysts with different H2SO4 impregnation time correlates with their sulfonic acid density. The catalysts demonstrated rapid esterification of FFA in oil matrices under pseudo infinite methanol, reducing its content from 42wt.% to <1wt.% in just 15min. Similarly, the conversions of waste oil by OPT and SCB derived catalysts were 80.6% and 83.2%, respectively after 4h under pseudo-infinite methanol, and 43.7% and 45%, respectively after 6h under conventional method. These catalysts have shown remarkable properties that are suitable for biodiesel production from waste oil.

Production of biodiesel from mixed waste vegetable oils using Ferric hydrogen sulphate as an effective reusable heterogeneous solid acid catalyst

Biodiesel production by simultaneous esterification and transesterification of waste oil with methanol has been studied in a heterogeneous system using solid ferric hydrogen sulphate [Fe (HSO4)3] acid catalyst. The catalyst was prepared by displacement reaction followed by calcination at 400°C for 3h. The prepared catalyst was characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR), Brunner-Emmett-Teller surface area measurement (BET), thermal gravimetric analyzer (TGA) and temperature-programmed desorption of NH3 (TPD - NH3). Furthermore, the dependence of the conversion of mixed waste oil on the reactions variables such as the molar ratio of methanol/oil, the amount of catalysts used, reaction temperatures, reusability were also investigated. The catalyst was reused many times with slight loss in activity and the maximum yield of 94.5% was achieved at the optimized conditions of reaction temperature of 205°C; stirring speed of 350rpm, 1:15 molar ratio of oil to alcohol and 1% w/w catalyst loading.

Process design accompanying life cycle management and risk analysis as a decision support tool for sustainable biodiesel production

The search for sustainable synthesis pathways for biodiesel generation is still ongoing, although extensive research and development work on this topic has already led to a broad variety of process alternatives, utilizing different feedstocks, alcohols, catalysts and process parameters. Thus, the choice for the most sustainable option is not an easy task, depending on related costs and environmental impacts deriving from up-stream and down-stream processes, but also on safety constraints. The aim of our work presented herein is to demonstrate a decision support procedure for the best suited process design of biodiesel production in front of a pilot plant construction. The development of a novel biodiesel production alternative was accompanied by Life Cycle Management and Risk Analysis in an iterative procedure nearly from the beginning in order to point out favorable process parameter combinations in parallel to experimental optimization. The transesterification of waste oil via supercritical processing in intensifying continuous flow reactors, using the feedstock methanol, was found to be the most favourable option.

Biodiesel production by sulfated mesoporous titania–silica catalysts synthesized by the sol–gel process from less expensive precursors

A sulfated titania–silica composite (S-TSC) was obtained through surface modification of mesoporous titania–silica composite synthesized using less expensive precursors; titanium oxychloride and sodium silicate as titania and silica sources respectively. A pre-formed titania sol facilitated the synthesis of a mesoporous composite with a high BET surface area (520m2/g), suitable for surface modification using sulfuric acid to improve its catalytic performance. The materials synthesized via this process were examined by XRD, XRF, FTIR, SEM, TEM, TGA, and N2 physisorption studies. FTIR analysis showed the vibration band of the TiOSi bond at 943cm−1, suggesting the incorporation of titania into silica to form a composite. This vibration band was substantially shifted to 952cm−1 after the attachment of the sulfate group. The catalytic activity of a series of as-prepared TSC, S-TSC calcined samples and pure H2SO4 were evaluated for esterification of oleic acid and transesterification of waste oil with methanol to yield methyl esters. It was observed that at these reaction conditions, S-TSC-450 and S-TSC-550 possessed high catalytic activity comparable to that of pure H2SO4 implying that surface modification of the titania–silica composite improves its acidic properties.

Experimental Study of a Diesel Engine Performance Running on Waste Vegetable Oil Biodiesel Blend

The main purpose of this research is to study the effect of various blends of an environmental friendly alternative fuel “methyl ester” on the performance of a heavy diesel engine. The biodiesel was obtained from a chemical process: the transesterification of waste oils (frying oils). Tests were conducted on an engine test bench in accordance to DIN 2020 standards. Results obtained demonstrate that the biodiesel gives very interesting ecological advantages but engine performance was reduced slightly comparatively to those obtained with a pure diesel fuel. We have noted about 5% decrease in power and torque and about 2% in Nox emission for every 10% of biodiesel blend added comparatively to pure diesel. However, the use of biodiesel has slightly increased specific fuel consumption (about 6% for every 10% of biodiesel blend added).

The Effect of Rare Earth Modification on the Structure and Catalytic Performance of SO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt;/ZrO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; Solid Acid Catalysts

Rare earth modified SO2-4/ZrO2 solid acid catalysts were prepared by coprecipitation and impregnation methods respectively. The properties of the samples were characterized by XRD (X-ray diffraction), FT-IR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy). And their catalytic performances were evaluated and investigated by transesterification of waste oil with methanol. The results showed that the catalyst containing 4% Ce and calcined at 550°C displayed the highest production rate and the better reuse ability than the others. 63.5% yield of fatty acid methyl ester was achieved. An analysis of XRD patterns reveal that the incorporation of rare earth into tetragonal zirconia stabilizes the compound, and the calcination at 550°C increases the reactivity of the catalyst by producing a greater fraction of active tetragonal zirconia. It can be seen from the FT-IR spectra that superacids structures are formed in the catalysts and the acidity is strengthened remarkably and the activated centre of the catalyst were increasesed.

Reduction of Free Fatty Acids of Waste Oil by Acid-Catalyzed Esterification

Clean fuels such as biodiesel are used to provide energy in the word, recently. Transesterification of waste oil in the presence of alkali catalyst is used to produce biodiesel. Since free fatty acid (FFA) and water in the waste oil will decrease process efficiency specially in washing step, so concentration of the mentioned component should be reduced to a low value (<1% FFA) using esterification before transesterification process. In this work, silica sulfuric acid is used as heterogeneous catalyst for reduction of FFA in waste cooking oils and effects of variables on the esterification reaction were also studied. To determine FFA decreasing, i.e. esterification reaction conversion, the samples were analyzed by GC and FTIR. As a result of this study, 1.5% wt catalyst, at 60, molar ratio methanol to oil 6:1 and 300rpm are suggested as optimum conditions. Results are shown that conversion of free fatty acids to ester, in terms of waste oil is 90% and FFA concentration is less than1%.