Transesterification Of Canola Oil Research Articles

Nitrogen-doped carbon dots in transesterification reactions for biodiesel synthesis

Surface chemistry drives the catalytic efficiency of nitrogen-doped carbon dot heterogeneous catalysts for the transesterification of canola oil to biodiesel.

Nitration of biodiesel by acetyl nitrate: Kinetic study and chemical safety parameters

The aim of this study was to synthesize a bio-sourced substitute to the 2-Ethyl Hexyl Nitrate (EHN) by nitrating a biodiesel. EHN is commonly used to improve the auto-ignition properties of diesel fuels. The biodiesel was obtained by trans-esterification of canola oil. The nitration reaction of biodiesel by acetyl nitrate was carried out in a reaction calorimeter RC1 with semi-batch mode to study its kinetic and exothermic behavior and acetyl nitrate as nitrating agent. The impact of the synthesis temperature on the thermal behavior and on the reaction medium composition was investigated. The final product was analyzed by using several analytical techniques such as iodine value, infrared spectrometry, GC–MS. Three nitrated products have been identified: Methyl-8-nitro oleate, Methyl-10-nitrate-9-nitrostearate and 10-acetoxy-methyl-9-nitrostearate, whose selectivity depends on the synthesis temperature. A chemical model for nitration is proposed and the thermal power profiles released by the reaction mixture are used to estimate the energy and chemical kinetic parameters. Safety parameters, maximum temperature of the synthesis reaction (MTSR) and TD24 were also determined. In addition, a Cooperative Fuel Research (CFR) engine was used to analyze the cetane number of diesel fuel mixed with our additive. The results showed an increase in cetane number by 6 points.

Canola oil transesterification for biodiesel production using potassium and strontium supported on calcium oxide catalysts synthesized from oyster shell residues

This work studied the effect of K precursor comparing KNO3 and KHCO3 and the combination with SrO, supported on CaO from oyster shell and limestone (1:1 mass ratio) for transesterification canola oil to produce biodiesel. The loading of Sr and K were 9 wt% and were calcined at 800 °C. The catalytic transesterification evaluations were conducted at 60 °C, methanol/oil of 10, 8 wt% of the catalyst for 1 h, where SrK/CaO catalysts presented biodiesel yields above 80 %. Moreover, the Box-Behnken response surface design was used with reaction time, methanol-to-oil ratio, and temperature as factors using SrKH/CaO catalyst. In comparison to using KNO3, the KHCO3 increase the concentration of CaO. However, basicity and biodiesel yield were the same regardless of the K precursor. Incorporating K into Sr/CaO increased the particle size, the basicity, and the biodiesel yield. Furthermore, the design of experiments successfully showed an optimum methanol-to-oil ratio of 15, 46 °C, and 3 h. Nonetheless, the SrK/CaO catalysts presented a reusability of only two cycles. The incorporation of Sr and K did not avoid the lixiviation of the active sites, but they may retard this process the catalyst may be more active at low reaction times.

Preparation and Characterization of Shell-Based CaO Catalysts for Ultrasonication-Assisted Production of Biodiesel to Reduce Toxicants in Diesel Generator Emissions

The environmentally sustainable production of biodiesel is important for providing both a renewable alternative transportation fuel as well as a fuel for power generation using diesel engines. This research evaluates the use of inexpensive catalysts derived from waste materials for converting triglycerides in seed oils into biodiesel composed of fatty acid methyl esters. The performance of CaO catalysts derived from the shells of oysters, mussels, lobsters, and chicken eggs was investigated. The shell-derived powders were calcined with and without the addition of zinc nitrate at 700–1000 °C for 4 h to yield CaO whereas the CaO-ZnO mixed catalyst were prepared by wet impregnation followed by calcination at 700 °C. The catalysts were characterized by XRF, XRD, TGA, SEM, FTIR and GC-MS. The CaO-ZnO catalysts showed slightly better conversion efficiency compared to CaO catalysts for the transesterification of canola oil. The mixed CaO-ZnO catalysts derived mainly from oyster shells showed the highest catalytic activity with >90% biodiesel yield at a 9:1 methanol-to-oil mole ratio within 10 min of ultrasonication. The reduction of toxicant emission from the generator is 43% and 60% for SO2, 11% and 26% for CO, were observed for the biodiesel blending levels of B20 and B40, respectively.

Carbon Nitride-Based Nanomaterials as a Sustainable Catalyst for Biodiesel Production

In this work, we investigated a series of carbon nitride-based nanomaterials (CNs), i.e., H-PHI, mpg-C3N4, PCN, Na-PHI, Mg-PHI, CN-OA-m, and LiK-PHI, as candidate catalysts for biodiesel synthesis. The heterogeneous catalyst design based on CNs, with tunable catalytic sites and inexpensive syntheses, can allow biodiesel production to become a more sustainable process, helping to meet future energy demands. Transesterification of canola oil with methanol using LiK-PHI as a catalyst, under the optimized conditions, displayed the best performance for biodiesel production with 94% of yield and catalyst loading of 1.6 wt %. The outstanding performance exhibited by LiK-PHI is owed to this sample presenting the highest concentrations of basic sites, among the CN materials tested, directly correlated with the alkali metal content. This is an important information to understand the very nature of these basic active sites, which were exploited in this work to boost the catalyst efficiency among the best in the field. Moreover, the biodiesel produced under the best conditions, using LiK-PHI, was verified in relation to the number of esters and glycerides in this product. All values are within the values previously established by legislation, 97.6% ± 0.1 and 0.20%, respectively, which indicates the high quality of biodiesel produced.

Selected acid and basic functionalized ordered mesoporous materials as solid catalysts for transesterification of canola oil: A comparative study

This study investigates the preparation and application of mesoporous silica-supported basic and acidic catalysts in transesterification. Mesoporous silicas of SBA-15 and MCF type were prepared and modified by post-synthesis with organic moieties (amine and sulfonic). The obtained supports and catalysts were characterized by N2 adsorption, IR spectroscopy, MAS NMR, SEM, and TEM techniques. The results show that several active groups attached to the SBA-15 and MCF silica channels do not lead to the collapsing of the characteristic open structure of the mesoporous sieves. The investigated catalysts exhibit high activity and selectivity in the transesterification of canola oil. The SBA-15-phenyl-SO3H one shows the highest conversion (84.6%) after 6 h (at 150 °C), which is comparable to the activity of H2SO4. The selectivity towards fatty acid methyl esters was noted at the level of 60.6% (after 6 h of reaction).

Production and characterization of biodiesel from canola oil through enzymatic transesterification

Abstract Biodiesel, a promising type of biofuel, can be produced from various types of renewable feedstocks, ranging from animal fats to plant oil. It is mainly made up of fatty acid alkyl ester compounds due to the transesterification reaction. This work aims to synthesize and characterize biodiesel, known as fatty acid methyl esters, from canola oil using an enzymatic reaction involving immobilized Novozym 435 and Rhizomucor miehei (RM IM) lipase enzymes.4 g of canola oil was added to the reaction mixture consisting of 0.2 g immobilized lipase and 3:1 methanol to oil ratio. First, the enzymatic methanolysis reaction was conducted at the temperature of 35°C and at agitation rate of 216 rpm for 24 hours. Next, the synthesized biodiesel was characterized using the Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC/MS) analysis. Based on the analysis results, the main fatty acid methyl esters present in both products were hexadecanoic acid, 9-octadecenoic acid (z)-, 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid, (z, z, z)-, and 11,14-eicosadienoic acid. The transesterification of canola oil using both enzymes consistently revealed methyl oleate as the methyl ester with the highest composition, ranging from 67 to 71 %. In conclusion, canola oil was successfully converted into fatty acid methyl ester via the enzymatic transesterification process in this study.

Functionalized Ordered Mesoporous Materialsas the Solid Catalysts for Transesterification of Canola Oil

Functionalized Ordered Mesoporous Materialsas the Solid Catalysts for Transesterification of Canola Oil

Pour point and yield simultaneous improvement of alkyl esters produced by ultrasound-assisted in the presence of αFe2O3/ZnO: RSM approach

αFe2O3/ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized as a heterogeneous catalyst to produce biodiesel by transesterification of canola oil under ultrasonic irradiation. Nanocatalysts were characterized using XRD, FT-IR, SEM, TEM, BET, and CO2− TPD. The RSM and the BBD were employed to analyze the effect of variables. An acceptable agreement was achieved between the experimental and predicted data using RSM for yield (R2 = 0.9837) and pour point (R2 = 0.9901). Maximum yield and minimum pour point were obtained as 90.75% and −20 0C, respectively. The optimal reaction conditions were achieved at alcohol to triglyceride molar ratio, catalyst concentration, ultrasonic time, and alcohol type of 12:1 mol: mol, 2.53 wt% 30.98 min and 2-butanol, respectively. The incorporation of ZnO to αFe2O3 improved the basicity of the nanocatalyst. Moreover, the αFe2O3/ZnO nanocatalysts displayed a very good stability (83.19% yield) after 7 cycles. Kinetic studies indicated that the production rate of biodiesel corresponds well to the first-order equation.

Na-CaO/MgO dolomites used as heterogeneous catalysts in canola oil transesterification for biodiesel production

Mexican dolomites were doped with sodium nitrate and calcined at 900 °C to generate the corresponding CaO/MgO and Na-CaO/MgO mixed metal oxides. The resulting oxides were tested with regard to the catalytic transesterification of commercial canola oil in a batch reactor for biodiesel production. The catalysts were characterized using several spectroscopic and physicochemical techniques. Among all catalysts, Na-CaO/MgO effected the highest conversion rate, at 95.4%. The experimental catalytic parameters were processed in a nonlinear program to obtain the optimal theoretical conversion rate of 97.46%, consistent with the experimental results.

A Novel CaO-Based Catalyst Obtained from Natural Calcite Stone for Biodiesel Production Through Transesterification of Canola Oil

A Novel CaO-Based Catalyst Obtained from Natural Calcite Stone for Biodiesel Production Through Transesterification of Canola Oil

Biodiesel production via transesterification of canola oil in the presence of Na–K doped CaO derived from calcined eggshell

CaO derived from calcined eggshell was doped with Na–K by wet impregnation method and the effect of different Na/K molar ratios was investigated on biodiesel production from canola oil. The catalysts were characterized by X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRD), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX), and Thermogravimetric (TGA) analyses. FAME yields were determined by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The Na–K/CaO catalyst with Na/K molar ratio of 1 showed the highest FAME yield of 97.6% at optimum reaction conditions. Structural investigation of materials revealed that FAME yield was proportional to the number of basic sites on the surface of catalyst. The optimum reaction conditions were found to be catalyst loading of 3 wt%, methanol to oil molar ratio of 9:1, reaction temperature of 50 °C, and reaction time of 3 h.

Graphitic carbon nitrides: Efficient heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production

Abstract Biodiesel remains one of the most promising sustainable alternatives to fossil fuel-derived energy; however, current process limitations and steep production costs associated with the use of homogeneous catalysts have limited global-wide acceptance and adoption. While heterogeneous catalysts have been put forth as suitable alternatives, they suffer from numerous drawbacks including high metal content and cost. As such, the search for novel and inexpensive alternatives is currently underway. Graphitic carbon nitride macrostructures have been widely investigated for photocatalytic applications yet their role in driving chemically-catalyzed reactions remains relatively unexplored. Herein, we synthesized and investigated the use of bulk, fiber, acid- and thermal-treated carbon nitrides as heterogeneous catalysts for the transesterification of canola oil to biodiesel. A conversion of 96% was achieved using 1 wt% catalyst loading, a low oil to methanol ratio of 1:24 and a reaction temperature and time of 150 °C and 3 h, respectively. Carbon nitrides offer a high thermal stability, cost effective and metal-free alternative to the many proposed metal-containing heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production, while maintaining high biodiesel conversions of >90%.

The Effect of the ZrO2 Loading in SiO2@ZrO2-CaO Catalysts for Transesterification Reaction.

The effect of the ZrO2 loading was studied on spherical SiO2@ZrO2-CaO structures synthetized by a simple route that combines the Stöber and sol-gel methods. The texture of these materials was determined using SBET by N2 adsorption, where the increment in SiO2 spheres’ surface areas was reached with the incorporation of ZrO2. Combined the characterization techniques of using different alcoholic dissolutions of zirconium (VI) butoxide 0.04 M, 0.06 M, and 0.08 M, we obtained SiO2@ZrO2 materials with 5.7, 20.2, and 25.2 wt % of Zr. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis also uncovered the shape and reproducibility of the SiO2 spheres. The presence of Zr and Ca in the core–shell was also determined by TEM. X-ray diffraction (XRD) profiles showed that the c-ZrO2 phase changed in to m-ZrO2 by incorporating calcium, which was confirmed by Raman spectroscopy. The purity of the SiO2 spheres, as well as the presence of Zr and Ca in the core–shell, was assessed by the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) method. CO2 temperature programmed desorption (TPD-CO2) measurements confirmed the increment in the amount of the basic sites and strength of these basic sites due to calcium incorporation. The catalyst reuse in FAME production from canola oil transesterification allowed confirmation that these calcium core@shell catalysts turn out to be actives and stables for this reaction.

Lanthanum oxide behavior in La2O3-Al2O3 and La2O3-ZrO2 catalysts with application in FAME production

La2O3 monolayer catalysts with 90% coverage on Al2O3 and 71% on ZrO2 were successfully obtained by a sol–gel method and the catalytic performance evaluated as fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) production in a canola oil transesterification reaction show differences upon the nature and extent of basic sites. The La2O3 monolayer does not modify strongly the textural properties of the Al2O3 and larger structural changes are detected on ZrO2. For the La2O3-Al2O3 monolayer catalyst, the inter-diffusion Al3+/La3+ cation modify the nature of the acidity and increases the basicity of the Al-O-La species, whereas for the La2O3-ZrO2 monolayer catalyst, appearance of tetragonal ZrO2 structure with larger basicity is detected. The effect of the nature of the support in the catalytic performance in FAME production of the La2O3-ZrO2 and La2O3-Al2O3 monolayer catalyst informed as FAME % (60% at 5 h and 65 °C) for the La2O3-ZrO2 is attributed to the presence of the new medium strength basic sites and the m-ZrO2 structure, whereas the lower basicity of the La2O3-Al2O3 explain the lower fatty acid methyl esters production (45% at 5 h and 65 °C).

A Comparative Study of Ultrasound Biodiesel Production Using Different Homogeneous Catalysts

Biodiesel (BD) is a liquid fuel that consists of mono alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived from vegetable oil or fat. Recently, biodiesel has received additional attention and intense research has been performed in this field due to its favorable atmospheric CO2 balance compared with conventional fossil fuels (net energy balance of 3.0–4.0 MJ/MJ). In this work, a comparison of transesterification of Canola oil with methanol under ultrasound and under mechanical stirring is reported. The general aspects of the ultrasound transesterification process and a comparative study of different types of homogeneous catalysts (NaOH, KOH, CH3ONa, tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide and four guanidines) are described. Special attention is given to ultrasound transesterification reaction using guanidines as catalysts.

Development of a lithium based chicken bone (Li-Cb) composite as an efficient catalyst for biodiesel production

A lithium based chicken bone (Li-Cb) composite has been synthesized by wet impregnation method followed by calcination at various temperatures (750, 800, 850, and 900 °C). The Li-Cb catalysts were characterized by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area (BET), X-ray diffraction (XRD), TG-DSC and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The catalytic activities of Li impregnated catalyst were described in term of basicity. 2 g of LiNO3 impregnated in 7 g of Cb and calcinated at 850 °C (2Li-Cb850) were found as the best combination to synthesize the efficient catalyst for the transesterification of canola oil with 96.6% conversion to FAME in 3 h of reaction time along with 18:1 of methanol:oil molar ratio, catalyst loading of 4 wt %, and reaction temperature of 60 °C. The pseudo-first order model with 0.58 h−1 rate constant (at 60 °C) and 16.9 kJ/mol activation energy was the best fitted to represent the transesterification kinetic. Moreover, the prepared catalyst (2Li-Cb850) showed sustained activity after being recycled and reused for 5 times with FAME content > 82%.

Catalytic Activity of KOH–CaO–Al2O3 Nanocomposites in Biodiesel Production: Impact of Preparation Method

CaO–Al2O3 mixed oxides were prepared by different preparation methods–such as sol–gel, co-precipitation, impregnation, and MW-assisted solution combustion synthesis (M-SCS)–and then impregnated with KOH to examine their activity in transesterification of canola oil to biodiesel. Synthesized nanocomposites were characterized by XRD, FTIR, BET/BJH, and SEM/EDX. The mixed oxides, except those prepared by M-SCS method, exhibited a nearly amorphous structure with some diffraction peaks of calcium oxide. Due to high combustion temperature during the M-SCS process, Ca ions could diffuse into the alumina lattice to form CaAl2O4. But upon impregnation with KOH, the former transformed to Ca12Al14O33. The KOH/Ca12Al14O33 nanocatalyst prepared by M-SCS method exhibited better basicity, mean pore size, and activity, as well as highest Ca/Al and K/Al ratios. In the presence of this catalyst, around 86% of canola oil were converted to biodiesel in the transesterification reaction carried out at 65°C, methanol/oil molar ratio 12: 1, 4 wt% catalyst, 4 h. Such parameters seem appropriate for industrial application. The M-SCS method is technically simple, cost effective, time/energy saving and requires no further thermal treatment.

Biodiesel production using immobilized lipase supported on a zirconium-pillared clay. Effect of the immobilization method

AbstractEdible oils, used in restaurants and households, have become a potential source of environmental pollution because their residuals are indiscriminately poured into rivers and lakes. One cost-effective and sustainable way to treat this waste is using this biomass in the production of biofuels, such as biodiesel. The main reactions for obtaining biodiesel are catalyzed in a homogeneous phase, using basic or acid solutions (NaOH or H2SO4, respectively) or in a heterogeneous phase, using a porous material with or without metals. One interesting reaction, owing to its low energy consumption, is carried out using biocatalysts of enzymes immobilized in porous materials. In this work, a porcine pancreatic lipase (PPL) was immobilized in a zirconium-pillared clay (Zr-PILC) by means of two syntheses: adsorption (PPL/Zr-PILC ADS) and cross-linking (PPL/Zr-PILC CL). The biocatalysts were used in the transesterification of canola oil. The amount of methyl esters was produced in the order Zr-PILC ≈ PPL ≪ PPL/Zr-PILC CL ≪ PPL/Zr-PILC ADS. According to these results, the activity and selectivity are a function of the method of synthesis and show the potential of these biocatalysts to transform waste oil in biodiesel at low cost by means of a sustainable process.

Statistical Optimization of the Biodiesel Production Process Using a Magnetic Core‐Mesoporous Shell KOH/Fe3O4@γ‐Al2O3 Nanocatalyst

AbstractA magnetic core‐mesoporous shell KOH/Fe3O4@γ‐Al2O3 nanocatalyst was synthesized using the Fe3O4@γ‐Al2O3 core‐shell structure as support and KOH as active component. The prepared samples were characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), field‐emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM), energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Brunauer‐Emmett‐Teller (BET), and vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM) techniques. Transesterification of canola oil to methyl esters (biodiesel) in the presence of the magnetic core‐mesoporous shell KOH/Fe3O4@γ‐Al2O3 nanocatalyst was investigated. Response surface methodology (RSM) based on the Box‐Behnken design (BBD) was employed to optimize the influence of important operating variables on the yield of biodiesel. A biodiesel yield of 97.4 % was achieved under optimum reaction conditions. There was an excellent agreement between experimental and predicted results.