Transdermal Carrier Research Articles

A Self-Skin Permeable Doxorubicin Loaded Nanogel Composite as a Transdermal Device for Breast Cancer Therapy.

Modern drug delivery research focuses on developing biodegradable nanopolymer systems. The present study proposed a polymer-based composite nanogel as a transdermal drug delivery system for the pH-responsive targeted and controlled delivery of anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX). Nanogels have properties of both hydrogels and nanomaterials. The β-cyclodextrin-based nanogels can enhance the loading capacity of poorly soluble drugs and promote a sustained drug release. The β-cyclodextrin-grafted methacrylic acid conjugated hyaluronic acid composite nanogel was successfully synthesized. β-Cyclodextrin was first grafted onto methacrylic acid. The composite nanogel-based drug carrier was prepared by controlled radical polymerization (CRP) of β-cyclodextrin-grafted methacrylic acid with hyaluronic acid. The doxorubicin-loaded carrier was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy, zeta potential analysis, dynamic light scattering (DLS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The drug loading and release efficiencies were carried out at different pH levels. The maximum drug loading and encapsulation efficiencies of the synthesized final nanogel composite material at pH 8.0 were 86.44 ± 2.12 and 96.07 ± 2.01%, respectively. The DOX-loaded final material showed a 90.0 ± 2.6% release percentage of DOX at pH 5.5, whereas at pH 7.4, the release percentage of DOX was observed to be only 35.0 ± 0.3%. In vitro swelling, degradation, hemocompatibility, drug release kinetics, cytotoxicity, apoptosis, cell colocalization, skin irritation, and skin permeation studies, along with in vivo pharmacokinetic studies, were performed to prove the efficacy of the synthesized nanogel composite as a transdermal carrier for doxorubicin.

Noninvasive Needle‐Free Cancer Vaccine Cream Patch Based on Fluorinated Chitosan

AbstractIn recent years, cancer vaccines that intend to specifically initiate host immune responses against cancer have achieved some clinical success. Delivery of vaccines with traditional needles is usually associated with the risk of infection and poor patient compliance. The development of needle‐free vaccines may overcome these limitations. In this work, a needle‐free patch is designed for effective cancer vaccination using a fluorine chain‐modified cationic polymer, fluorinated chitosan (FCS), which is able to transdermatically deliver the antigen to antigen‐presenting cells in the skin. Specifically, a transdermal carrier, FCS, and model antigen ovalbumin (OVA) can self‐assemble into nanoparticles, which can reversibly open the tight junction‐associated proteins of epithelial cells and penetrate across the epidermis. The needle‐free cancer vaccine patch is fabricated by mixing FCS‐OVA nanoparticles with the US Food and Drug Administration‐approved immune adjuvant imiquimod (R837) in blank cream. Such a needle‐free cancer vaccine can generate robust immune responses to protect mice against ovalbumin‐expressing melanoma (B16‐OVA). Compared to traditional intradermal injection, needle‐free cancer vaccines achieved an even more efficient protection effect against B16‐OVA cancer cells. This work indicated that the novel needle‐free cancer vaccine may provide a compelling technology for simple and safe vaccination, which may help to increase vaccination coverage.

Fabrication and Characterization of Electrospunned Eprosartan-Loaded Biocompatible Polyvinyl Acetate/Povidone-Based Nanofiber Mat: A Novel Approach as Transdermal Carrier for Therapeutic Actives

Fabrication and Characterization of Electrospunned Eprosartan-Loaded Biocompatible Polyvinyl Acetate/Povidone-Based Nanofiber Mat: A Novel Approach as Transdermal Carrier for Therapeutic Actives

Subcutaneous angiogenesis induced by transdermal delivery of gel-in-oil nanogel dispersion

Subcutaneous transplantation aims to enhance the growth and functionality of transplanted cells for therapeutic outcomes in tissue engineering. However, the limited subcutaneous vascular network poses a challenge. Conventional methods involve co-transplantation with endothelial cells or angiogenic scaffold implantation, but they have drawbacks like tissue inflammation, compromised endothelial cell functionality, and the risk of repeated scaffold transplantation. Effective techniques are needed to overcome these challenges. This study explores the potential of G/O-NGD, a gel-in-oil nanogel dispersion, as a transdermal carrier of proliferative factors to promote angiogenesis in subcutaneous graft beds before cell transplantation. We observed robust subcutaneous angiogenesis by delivering varying amounts of bFGF using the G/O-NGD emulsion. Quantitative analysis of several parameters confirmed the efficacy of this method for building a subcutaneous vascular network. G/O-NGD is a biodegradable material that facilitates localized transdermal delivery of bFGF while maintaining its activity. The findings of this study have significant implications in both medical and industrial fields.

Fabrication and Characterization of Electros Punned Eprosartan Loaded Biocompatible Polyvinyl Acetate/Povidone Based Nanofiber Mat: A Novel Approach as Transdermal Carrier for Therapeutic Actives

Introduction: Nanofiber (NF) represents one of the newest, promising and advanced technologies in transdermal and or mucosal drug delivery due to its unique advantages. The present study aims to explore the feasibility of Kollidon® SR (K-SR) to fabricate sustained release Eprosartan (EPR) loaded nanofiber (NF) by using electrospinning technology for transdermal drug delivery. The EPR-NF mat was prepared with sodium iodide (SI) along the backing membrane and compared with film cast mat. The fabricated NF mechanical and physicochemical properties were assessed. Further, NF evaluated for in-vitro and ex-vivo diffusion study, skin irritation study and for antihypertensive activity.

Silk Nanocarrier with Tunable Size to Improve Transdermal Capacity for Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Drugs.

Transdermal drug delivery is an attractive option for multiple disease therapies as it reduces adverse reactions and improves patient compliance. Water-dispersible β-sheet rich silk nanofiber carriers have hydrophobic properties that benefit transdermal delivery but still show inferior transdermal capacities. Thus, hydrophobic silk nanofibers were fabricated to fine-tune their size and endow them with desirable transdermal delivery capacities. Silk nanocarrier length was shortened from 2000 nm to approximately 40 nm after ultrasonic treatment. In vitro human skin and in vivo animal studies revealed different transdermal behaviors for silk nanocarriers at different nanosizes. Silk nanocarriers passed slowly through the corneum without destroying the corneum structure. Improved transdermal capacity was achieved for smaller size carriers. Both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs could be loaded onto silk nanocarriers, suggesting a promising future for different disease therapies. No cytotoxicity and skin irritation were identified for silk nanocarriers, which strengthened their superiority as transdermal carriers. Therefore, silk nanocarriers <100 nm may promote the percutaneous absorption of active cargos for disease therapy and cosmetic applications.

Development of polymeric nanofibers blended with extract of neem (Azadirachta indica), for potential biomedical applications

In recent years, electrospinning has emerged as a promising technique for the preparation of nanofibers with unique properties like flexibility, high porosity and high surface area. In the context of nanodelivery systems, polymer-based nanofibers have become promising carriers of drugs and bioactive compounds ensuring their sustained release and targeted delivery. In this study, neem extract-loaded nanofibers were developed as sustained delivery systems using the electrospinning method. The chitosan, alginate and polyethylene oxide were used as the polymeric matrix for loading of aqueous extract of neem leaves. The prepared nanofibers NF1, NF2 and NF3 carrying 2%, 4% and 6% extract respectively were characterized using SEM, FTIR, XRD and TGA. Further, the as-prepared nanocomposites exhibited a high degree of swelling and dual-phase release of phytoconstituents. Moreover, the developed controlled delivery systems were tested for antifungal and antioxidant potential. Importantly, the bioactivities of the prepared nanofibers could be improved further by using organic extracts which are generally enriched with phytoconstituents. Herein, we selected biodegradable and mucoadhesive biopolymers and an aqueous extract of neem for the development of controlled-delivery nanofibers by electrospinning through a sustainable and cleaner production process. Thus, the prepared biocompatible nanofibrous systems with biphasic release profile could be employed for biomedical applications including wound dressing, soft tissue scaffolds and as transdermal carriers.

Cellulose Derivative-Based Bioadhesive Blend Patch for Transdermal Drug Delivery

In this study, matrix-type transdermal patches of glibenclamide were developed using a combination of hydrophilic and hydrophobic polymers for investigating the efficacy of transdermal carriers. A cellulose derivative, HPMC E50, was used as a hydrophilic matrix-forming polymer, and Eudragit RS 100 was used as a hydrophobic polymer. The solvent casting technique was employed to develop a transdermal blend patch formulation using chloroform and methanol as the casting solvent. No drug–polymer interaction was observed by the FTIR study. The membrane permeation study exhibited a sustained release of glibenclamide up to 12 h within a range of 76.15 ± 2.80% to 101.01 ± 0.33% depending on the polymeric ratio. The increased concentration of Eudragit RS 100 in different formulations has gradually decreased the amount of drug penetration through the membrane. The kinetic analysis showed the release is best explained by zero-order kinetics, followed by Higuchi and first order. The release exponent suggested shifting of non-Fickian diffusion to the super case II transport drug release mechanism when Eudragit RS 100 concentration was increased. It is concluded that the developed formulations may be a better alternative to the conventional oral delivery of glibenclamide.

Identification of a peptide ligand facilitating percutaneous delivery of macromolecular cargo via inner root sheath in hair follicles by phage display combined with quantitative real-time PCR as a validation tool

To identify transdermal peptide ligands, an in vivo phage display was conducted by percutaneous administration of a phage-peptide library through the abdominal skin of rats, and the skin-traversing phages were recovered from the systemic circulation after three round of biopannings. Among total 182 peptide sequences consisting of seven amino acids which were identified from the third round phages, four peptide sequences (ST1-ST4) showing high rank in abundance were selected as transdermal peptide candidates, then their transdermal abilities were further validated simultaneously by phage quantification from blood using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). While ST1 showed the highest appearance frequency after the third round of biopanning, the most efficient transdermal activity was observed with ST3 (AFTPAKT) by qRT-PCR. The ST3-encoding phage delivered across intact epidermis was detected in blood during test period up to 240 min. Fluorescent microscopy analysis further revealed specific localization of the ST3-encoding phage on the inner root sheath surrounding the hair follicles after its percutaneous administration. Thus, it is inferred that the hair follicles would be the transdermal route for ST3 which enables its access into systemic circulation. The overall results suggest that the ST3 peptide could be potentially utilized as an efficient transdermal carrier to deliver macromolecular therapeutics into body. It is also expected that qRT-PCR could be adopted as a reliable validation tool after phage display screening in the aspects of its accuracy, promptness and economic feasibility.

Comparative study of liposomes and liposomes-in-polymer hydrogel as transdermal carriers for improving the topical delivery of imperatorin

Comparative study of liposomes and liposomes-in-polymer hydrogel as transdermal carriers for improving the topical delivery of imperatorin

Gelled non-toxic bicontinuous microemulsions as promising transdermal drug carriers

Gelled non-toxic bicontinuous microemulsions have great potentials in transdermal drug delivery. The bicontinuous microemulsion provides optimum drug solubilisation and promotes skin permeation, while the gel network provides mechanical stability and an easy application. For the first time, we have formulated such a gelled non-toxic bicontinuous microemulsion consisting of H2O, isopropyl myristate (IPM), the non-ionic sugar-based surfactant Plantacare 1200 UP (C12G1.4), 1,2-octanediol, and the low molecular weight gelator 1,3:2,4-dibenzylidene-D-sorbitol (DBS). In this study, we solubilised both hydrophobic and hydrophilic model drugs in the non-toxic bicontinuous microemulsion, namely lidocaine and diclofenac sodium salt. We found that the microemulsion allows for the solubilisation of designated amounts of both model drugs in the same formulation. Interestingly, the combination of both drugs led to the unexpected stabilisation of a scattering one-phase formulation without adding the surfactant Plantacare 1200 UP. Furthermore, the drug-loaded microemulsions were gelled by DBS without altering the phase behaviour. Finally, we found the rheological behaviour of the drug-free and drug-loaded microemulsions to be quite similar. These results suggest that the drug-containing gelled bicontinuous microemulsion is an orthogonal self-assembled system with a high potential for the use in transdermal drug delivery.

Hyaluronic acid incorporation into nanoemulsions containing Pterodon pubescens Benth. Fruit oil for topical drug delivery

Abstract There is growing interest in the use of topical delivery systems that can modify the permeation of drugs through the skin. Transdermal carriers containing hyaluronic acid have been investigated, and results indicate that nanoemulsions containing hyaluronic acid can be used successfully in delivery systems of lipophilic drugs. Pterodon pubescens oil be widely used due to its anti-inflammatory, antirheumatic, leishmanicidal, and antiproliferative activities. In this study, the effect of the incorporation of hyaluronic acid on the physicochemical properties and physical stability of topical nanostructured systems containing P.pubescens fruit oil was investigated. Nanoemulsions were prepared using an Ultra-Turrax homogenizer. The droplet diameter varied from 16.33 ± 0.30 to 26.63 ± 0.21 nm. The zeta potential for nanoemulsions with hyaluronic acid indicated good physical stability. The thermogravimetric and differential scanning calorimetry analyses showed that the nanoemulsions were able to protect the vegetable oil from thermal degradation. The nanoemulsions containing hyaluronic acid presented a pseudoplastic flow behavior, and a lower instability index than the formulations without hyaluronic acid in accelerated physical stability study. In conclusion, the incorporation of hyaluronic acid altered the physical characteristics of the evaluated systems, providing favorable properties for the use of these nanoemulsions as topical carriers.

Evaluation of microemulsions containing a large amount of a deep eutectic solvent as a potential transdermal carrier of resveratrol

Inclusion of a large amount of deep eutectic solvent (DES) in a microemulsion (ME) may enhance transdermal permeation of resveratrol (RSV) due to its high solubility in DES of the inner phase. We prepared MEs with different DES loading and surfactant composition, and investigated the entrapment amount of RSV, the structures of the MEs, and their skin penetration amount. We found that MEs at Tween-80/Span-20 = 4/1 (wt/wt) (T4S1) were able to contain the largest amount of DES in the inner phase. The structural characterization results showed that T4S1-MEs containing more than 20 wt% DES and less than 10 wt% DES formed a vesicle containing DES in the membrane of surfactants and a spherical micelle containing DES in the inner phase, respectively. The vesicles containing more than 20 wt% DES were able to trap a larger amount of RSV and deliver more RSV through the stratum corneum compared to the spherical micelles containing less than 10 wt% DES.

Lecithin/isopropyl myristate reverse micelles as transdermal insulin carriers: Experimental evaluation and molecular dynamics simulation

Reverse micelles are nanoaggregates of surfactants that spontaneously form in a non-aqueous solvent. As a transdermal carrier for delivery of hydrophilic drugs, they can effectively control the release of drugs and improve their bioavailability thus achieving therapeutic levels throughout the body. Here, we prepared insulin-loaded reverse micelles composed of isopropyl myristate (IPM) and lecithin as the solvent and the surfactant, respectively. We tuned the amount of lecithin and volume of insulin leading to significant variations in viscosity. The optimal permeation flux was (6.98 ± 2.85) to (8.95 ± 4.74) μg/cm2/h with a gel viscosity of 1079.56–2956.45 cP. The in vitro insulin permeation through hairless mice skin from reverse micelles gel followed zero-order kinetics (R2 = 0.9234–0.9853) over a period of 24 h with case-II transport mechanism. The in vivo study of optimized reverse micelles gel in alloxan-induced diabetic rabbits demonstrated prolonged hypoglycemic effects of at least 12 h after transdermal administration. The optimal relative bioavailability (RBA) value was 136.74% versus the subcutaneous insulin group. We evaluated coarse grained molecular dynamics simulations (CGMD) to explore the permeation mechanism of reverse micelles to improve transdermal drug delivery and modify the viscosity on insulin release. The results indicated that reverse micelles deform after contacting the stratum corneum and penetrate further through it. There is reduced insulin release with increasing viscosity. The CGMD results confirmed the experimental findings.

Distinctive Nanogels as High-Efficiency Transdermal Carriers for Skin Wound Healing.

We propose that nanogels (HLGs) prepared by simply blending an epidermal growth factor (EGF)-loaded hyaluronan (HA)-based nanoformulation and poloxamers can be efficient transdermal drug carriers. In particular, due to the thermogelling behavior of poloxamer, when the HLGs, which are liquid at room temperature, are applied to the skin's surface, they form a gel at skin temperature. First, lipid-based nanoformulations (EGF-LNs) were fabricated by the lipid thin film method and then chemically conjugated with HA on the surface of the films to prepare EGF-loaded HA-based nanoformulations (EGF-HLNs). Both EGF-LNs and EGF-HLNs exhibited a uniform size and spherical lamellar structure. The EGF-HLN was added to a poloxamer solution to form EGF-HLG, which is a liquid at room temperature and a gel at skin temperature. HLGs have been shown to be able to deliver and permeate EGF well into the skin using both in vitro and in vivo systems, thus serving as an effective transdermal delivery system. In addition, it has been confirmed that this system could be a possible implantable drug carrier. Therefore, HLGs, which are uncomplicated and easily prepared, are expected to be easily used not only in the pharmaceutical field but also in the cosmetic field.

A novel nanogel loaded with chitosan decorated bilosomes for transdermal delivery of terbutaline sulfate: artificial neural network optimization, in vitro characterization and in vivo evaluation

The objective of the present work was to formulate, optimize, and evaluate transdermal terbutaline sulfate (TBN)-loaded bilosomes (BLS) in gel, compared to conventional oral TBN solution and transdermal gel loaded with free TBN, aiming at evading the hepatic first-pass metabolism. A face-centered central composite design was adopted to observe the effects of different formulation variables on TBN-BLS, and artificial neural network (ANN) modeling was employed to optimize TBN-BLS. TBN-BLS were prepared by a thin film hydration method integrating soybean phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol as a lipid phase and sodium deoxycholate (SDC) as a surfactant with or without the coating of chitosan (CTS). After being subjected to physicochemical characterization, TBN-BLS were enrolled in a histopathological study and pharmacokinetic investigation in a rat model. The optimized TBN chitosan-coated bilosomes (TBN-CTS-BLS) were spherical vesicles (245.13 ± 10.23 nm) with adequate entrapment efficiency (65.25 ± 5.51%) and good permeation characteristics (340.11 ± 22.34 μg/cm2). The TBN-CTS-BLS gel formulation was well-tolerated with no inflammatory signs manifested upon histopathological evaluation. The pharmacokinetic study revealed that the optimized TBN-CTS-BLS formulation successively enhanced the bioavailability of TBN by about 2.33-fold and increased t1/2 to about 6.21 ± 0.24 h as compared to the oral solution. These findings support the prospect use of BLS as active and safe transdermal carrier for TBN in the treatment of asthma. Graphical Abstract.

Deciphering the Role of Bilayer of a Niosome towards Controlling the Entrapment and Release of Dyes

AbstractNiosomes are self‐assemblies of non‐ionic surfactants into vesicular structures, which mimic cell membranes in several aspects and potentially used as transdermal carriers for hydrophilic or hydrophobic drugs. However, controlling the amount of prescribed drug is absolutely important during transdermal delivery. The drug entrapment in a niosome, depends on several factors such as the bilayer arrangement, size and surface charge of a particular niosome. Hence, a systematic synthetic and spectroscopic study will convey the important information about drug entrapment and even controlling the entrapment, upon structural variation of the niosomes. In this report, we show that how the hydrophobic bilayer arrangement can be crucial to alter the molecular entrapment inside the niosome. For such study, niosomes are synthesized, which contain bilayers of different capacities. Entrapment and release studies are performed subsequently using common fluorophores: coumarin‐153 (a hydrophobic dye) and rhodamine 6G (a water loving dye). Raman Spectroscopy is extensively used to characterize the bilayer disorderness for the synthesized niosomes. Our study reveals, that the niosome with ordered bilayer can entrap the hydrophobic dye coumarin‐153 significantly more than the niosome containing a disordered bilayer. However, we have also identified that these entrapment efficiencies of the niosomes are reversed in a substantial way by the addition of ionic surfactants like CTAB, to the niosome.

LIPOSOME AS TRANSDERMAL CARRIER FOR LABISIA PUMILA AND FICUS DELTOIDEA WATER EXTRACTS

In this study, liposome has been investigated as the potential transdermal carrier for Labisia pumila (Lp) and Ficus deltoidea (Fd). The encapsulation efficiency, zeta potential, particle size and transdermal transport properties of the herbal extracts loaded liposomes were determined to characterize the delivery system. The entrapment efficiency for Lipo-Lp and Lipo-Fd were 35.47 ± 2.71% and 31.23 ± 7.65%, respectively. The average diameter were153.35nm and 131.9nm, respectively and the zeta potential were -47.2 and -46.8, respectively. The permeability and partition coefficient (K) of Lipo-Lp were 1.31cm h-1 and 10.05, respectively and the permeability and partition coefficient (K) of Lipo-Fd were 1.28cm h-1 and 7.62, respectively. Labisia pumila and Ficus deltoidea loaded liposomes showed better transdermal permeation compared to un-encapsulated Labisia pumila and Ficus deltoidea indicative of potential actives herbal cosmetic formulations.

Transcutaneous drug delivery by liposomes using fractional laser technology.

Transdermal delivery of hydrophilic peptides remains a challenge due to their poor cellular uptake and transdermal penetration. We hypothesize that combination of a CO2 fractional laser to enhance percutaneous absorption and liposomes as transdermal carriers would improve skin penetration of hydrophilic drugs. NA. Liposomes were prepared using membrane fusion lipid dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine, and used to deliver 5-carboxyfluorescein (CF) and fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated ovalbumin (OVA-FITC) as model hydrophilic peptide drugs. Liposome size was estimated by dynamic light scattering. Liposome uptake into murine macrophage cells and penetration or permeation into Yucatan micropig skin after irradiation by CO2 fractional laser at varying energy levels (laser power and exposure duration) were investigated using Franz cell and fluorescence microscopy. Oxidative damage to the irradiated mouse skin was assessed by electron spin resonance. Size of CF and OVA-FITC encapsulated liposomes was 324 ± 75 nm. Cellular uptake of OVA-FITC delivered by liposomes was 10-fold higher (1,370 relative fluorescence units, RFU) than delivered in solution form (130 RFU). Fractional laser irradiation increased skin permeation rate of CF liposomes (0-10%) and OVA-FITC liposomes (4-40%) in a dose-dependent manner. Although peeling off the stratum corneum facilitated CF liposome penetration at low energy levels (2.69-3.29 J/cm2 ; 10-20 W for 500 μs), drug permeation was similar (7-8%) in peeled or untreated skin at higher laser energy levels (6.06 J/cm2 ; 20 W for 1,500 μs). FITC penetrated deeper in the skin after laser irradiation. However, OH, O2-, and VC reactive oxygen species were generated upon irradiation of the skin with a fractional CO2 laser. Increasing laser power and irradiation, time increased liposome uptake by cells and penetration of peptide drugs across the skin in a dose-dependent manner. High-energy CO2 fractional laser overcomes the rate-limiting barrier function of the stratum corneum. Further investigations are required to establish the safety and efficacy of fractional laser-irradiation assisted delivery of liposome-encapsulated drugs as a transcutaneous drug delivery system. Lasers Surg. Med. 49:525-532, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Drug–polymer interaction between glucosamine sulfate and alginate nanoparticles: FTIR, DSC and dielectric spectroscopy studies

This work involves the preparation and characterization of alginate nanoparticles (Alg NPs) as a new transdermal carrier for site particular transport of glucosamine sulfate (GS). The GS–Alg NPs were examined through transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dielectric spectroscopy. GS–Alg NPs was efficiently prepared via ionic gelation method which generates favorable conditions for the entrapment of hydrophilic drugs. The TEM studies revealed that GS–Alg NPs are discrete and have spherical shapes. FTIR studies showed a spectral change of the characteristic absorptions bands of Alg NPs after encapsulation with GS because of the amine groups of GS and the carboxylic acid groups of Alg. The DSC data showed changes in the thermal behavior of GS–Alg NPs after the addition of GS indicating signs of main chemical interaction among the drug (GS) and the polymer (Alg). The absence of the drug melting endothermic peak within the DSC thermogram of GS–Alg NPs indicating that GS is molecularly dispersed in the NPs and not crystallize. From the dielectric study, it was found modifications within the dielectric loss (ε″) and conductivity (σ) values after the addition of GS. The ε″ and σ values of Alg NPs decreased after the addition of GS which indicated the successful encapsulation of GS within Alg NPs. Furthermore, the dielectric study indicated an increase of the activation energy and the relaxation time for the first process in the GS–Alg NPs as compared to Alg NPs. Consequently, the existing observations indicated an initiation of electrostatic interaction among the amine group of GS and carboxyl group of Alg indicating the successful encapsulation of GS inside Alg NPs which could provide favorable circumstance for the encapsulation of GS for topical management.