Transcription Factor Gene Family Research Articles

Genome-Wide Identification and Analysis of the EIN3/EIL Transcription Factor Gene Family in Doubled Haploid (DH) Poplar.

Ethylene (ET) is an important phytohormone that regulates plant growth, development and stress responses. The ethylene-insensitive3/ethylene-insensitive3-like (EIN3/EIL) transcription factor family, as a key regulator of the ET signal transduction pathway, plays an important role in regulating the expression of ET-responsive genes. Although studies of EIN3/EIL family members have been completed in many species, their role in doubled haploid (DH) poplar derived from another culture of diploid Populus simonii × P. nigra (donor tree, DT) remains ambiguous. In this study, a total of seven EIN3/EIL gene family members in the DH poplar genome were identified. Basic physical and chemical property analyses of these genes were performed, and these proteins were predicted to be localized to the nucleus. According to the phylogenetic relationship, EIN3/EIL genes were divided into two groups, and the genes in the same group had a similar gene structure and conserved motifs. The expression patterns of EIN3/EIL genes in the apical buds of different DH poplar plants were analyzed based on transcriptome data. At the same time, the expression patterns of PsnEIL1, PsnEIN3, PsnEIL4 and PsnEIL5 genes in different tissues of different DH plants were detected via RT-qPCR, including the apical buds, young leaves, functional leaves, xylem, cambium and roots. The findings presented above indicate notable variations in the expression levels of PsnEIL genes across various tissues of distinct DH plants. Finally, the PsnEIL1 gene was overexpressed in DT, and the transgenic plants showed a dwarf phenotype, indicating that the PsnEIL1 gene was involved in regulating the growth and development of poplar. In this study, the EIN3/EIL gene family of DH poplar was analyzed and functionally characterized, which provides a theoretical basis for the future exploration of the EIN3/EIL gene function.

Dynamic transcriptome analysis provides molecular insights into underground floral differentiation in Adonis Amurensis Regel & Radde

Understanding flower developmental processes is a prerequisite for improving flowering ‘plants’ production. Adonis amurensis is a fascinating spring ephemeral plant that develops its flower organs underground. Nevertheless, knowledge of the molecular mechanisms driving this particular process is scarce. Herein, we examined transcriptional changes during underground flower differentiation in A. amurensis and unveiled key differently regulated genes and pathways. High-throughput RNA sequencing of meristems at different flower developmental stages, including flower primordium (FP), sepal stage (SE), perianth primordium (PE), stamen stage (ST), and pistil stage (PI), identified 303,234 unigenes that showed 44.79% similarity with sequences in Aquilegia coerulea. Correlations, principal component, and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) analyses revealed that few molecular changes occurred during the transition from PE to ST. Many DEGs exhibited stage-specific regulations. Transcription factor (TF) and phytohormone family genes are critical regulators of the floral differentiation process in A. amurensis. The most differentially regulated TFs were MADS, FAR1, MYBs, AP2/ERF, B3, C2H2, and LOBs. We filtered out 186 candidate genes for future functional studies, including 18 flowering/circadian-related, 32 phytohormone-related, and TF family genes. Our findings deepen our understanding of the underground flower differentiation process and offer critical resources to dissect its regulatory network in A. amurensis. These findings establish a foundational platform for researchers dedicated to exploring the unique phenotypic characteristics of this specific flowering modality and delving into the intricate molecular mechanisms underpinning its regulation and expression.

DNA-Binding with One Finger (Dof) Transcription Factor Gene Family Study Reveals Differential Stress-Responsive Transcription Factors in Contrasting Drought Tolerance Potato Species.

DNA-binding with one finger (Dof) proteins comprise a large family that play central roles in stress tolerance by regulating the expression of stress-responsive genes via the DOFCORE element or by interacting with other regulatory proteins. Although the Dof TF has been identified in a variety of species, its systemic analysis in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is lacking and its potential role in abiotic stress responses remains unclear. A total of 36 potential Dof genes in potato were examined at the genomic and transcriptomic levels in this work. Five phylogenetic groups can be formed from these 36 Dof proteins. An analysis of cis-acting elements revealed the potential roles of Dofs in potato development, including under numerous abiotic stress conditions. The cycling Dof factors (CDFs) might be the initial step in the abiotic stress response signaling cascade. In potato, five CDFs (StCDF1/StDof19, StCDF2/StDof4, StCDF3/StDof11, StCDF4/StDof24, and StCDF5/StDof15) were identified, which are homologs of Arabidopsis CDFs. The results revealed that these genes were engaged in a variety of abiotic reactions. Moreover, an expression analysis of StDof genes in two potato cultivars ('Long10' (drought tolerant) and 'DXY' (drought susceptible)) of contrasting tolerances under drought stress was carried out. Further, a regulatory network mediated by lncRNA and its target Dofs was established. The present study provides fundamental knowledge for further investigation of the roles of Dofs in the adaptation of potato to drought stress, aiming to provide insights into a viable strategy for crop improvement and stress-resistance breeding.

Transcriptomic and volatilomic profiles reveal Neofabraea vagabunda infection-induced changes in susceptible and resistant apples during storage

Bull’s eye rot is one of the most severe diseases that may affect apple fruit during post-harvest storage. It is caused by the fungus Neofabraea vagabunda, and the mechanism by which the pathogen infects the fruits is only partially understood. In particular, very little is known about the molecular mechanisms regulating the interaction between the pathogen and the host during symptoms development. Despite different apple cultivars show divergent levels of resistance to the pathogen, the genetic basis of these responses is still unknown. In order to better understand the molecular mechanisms occurring in the apple fruit during N. vagabunda infection, a large-scale transcriptome study by RNA-Seq analysis was performed, comparing fruits of the sensitive ‘Roho’ cultivar and the resistant cultivar ‘Ariane’ after artificial infection with N. vagabunda and a storage period of four months. Transcriptomic analyses revealed the regulation of several classes of genes during this period, some of which may be involved in apple-pathogen interaction, such as superoxide dismutases and heat shock proteins (HSPs), ethylene-responsive transcription factors (ERFs), carboxylesterases and NAC transcription factors gene families. Moreover, a volatile analysis was performed, revealing differences in the volatile profile between the resistant and the susceptible cultivar that may help to elucidate the resistance mechanism. RNA-Seq data highlighted several classes of pathogen-related genes, such as genes coding for enzymes involved in cell wall disruption and in reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis, being differentially regulated between resistant and susceptible fruits and between diseased and healthy fruits of the same cultivar, indicating that apples are capable of perceiving and triggering a molecular response to N. vagabunda infection. Some volatiles, as ethanol and methanol, but also furan and formaldehyde, might be potential markers for N. vagabunda infection; others, such as hexenal and methyl acetate, were found to be putatively involved in regulating apple-fungi interaction.

Generation of a TBX20 homozygous knockout stem cell line (WAe009-A-1E) by episomal vector-based CRISPR/Cas9 system

The T-box family transcription factor gene TBX20 plays a crucial role in cardiac development and function. TBX20 mutations are associated with congenital heart disease, dilated cardiomyopathy, arrhythmias, and heart failure. To further study the role of TBX20 in human heart, here we generated a homozygous TBX20 knockout (TBX20-KO) human embryonic stem cell line using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. This TBX20-KO cell line maintains normal morphology, pluripotency, and karyotype, making it a valuable tool for investigating TBX20′s role in cardiac biology.

Genome-wide analysis of MADS-box transcription factor gene family in wild emmer wheat (Triticum turgidum subsp. dicoccoides).

The members of MADS-box gene family have important roles in regulating the growth and development of plants. MADS-box genes are highly regarded for their potential to enhance grain yield and quality under shifting global conditions. Wild emmer wheat (Triticum turgidum subsp. dicoccoides) is a progenitor of common wheat and harbors valuable traits for wheat improvement. Here, a total of 117 MADS-box genes were identified in the wild emmer wheat genome and classified to 90 MIKCC, 3 MIKC*, and 24 M-type. Furthermore, a phylogenetic analysis and expression profiling of the emmer wheat MADS-box gene family was presented. Although some MADS-box genes belonging to SOC1, SEP1, AGL17, and FLC groups have been expanded in wild emmer wheat, the number of MIKC-type MADS-box genes per subgenome is similar to that of rice and Arabidopsis. On the other hand, M-type genes of wild emmer wheat is less frequent than that of Arabidopsis. Gene expression patterns over different tissues and developmental stages agreed with the subfamily classification of MADS-box genes and was similar to common wheat and rice, indicating their conserved functionality. Some TdMADS-box genes are also differentially expressed under drought stress. The promoter region of each of the TdMADS-box genes harbored 6 to 48 responsive elements, mainly related to light, however hormone, drought, and low-temperature related cis-acting elements were also present. In conclusion, the results provide detailed information about the MADS-box genes of wild emmer wheat. The present work could be useful in the functional genomics efforts toward breeding for agronomically important traits in T. dicoccoides.

Genome-wide analysis of plant specific YABBY transcription factor gene family in carrot (Dacus carota) and its comparison with Arabidopsis

YABBY gene family is a plant-specific transcription factor with DNA binding domain involved in various functions i.e. regulation of style, length of flowers, and polarity development of lateral organs in flowering plants. Computational methods were utilized to identify members of the YABBY gene family, with Carrot (Daucus carota) ‘s genome as a foundational reference. The structure of genes, location of the chromosomes, protein motifs and phylogenetic investigation, syntony and transcriptomic analysis, and miRNA targets were analyzed to unmask the hidden structural and functional characteristics YABBY gene family in Carrots. In the following research, it has been concluded that 11 specific YABBY genes irregularly dispersed on all 9 chromosomes and proteins assembled into five subgroups i.e. AtINO, AtCRC, AtYAB5, AtAFO, and AtYAB2, which were created on the well-known classification of Arabidopsis. The wide ranges of YABBY genes in carrots were dispersed due to segmental duplication, which was detected as prevalent when equated to tandem duplication. Transcriptomic analysis showed that one of the DcYABBY genes was highly expressed during anthocyanin pigmentation in carrot taproots. The cis-regulatory elements (CREs) analysis unveiled elements that particularly respond to light, cell cycle regulation, drought induce ability, ABA hormone, seed, and meristem expression. Furthermore, a relative study among Carrot and Arabidopsis genes of the YABBY family indicated 5 sub-families sharing common characteristics. The comprehensive evaluation of YABBY genes in the genome provides a direction for the cloning and understanding of their functional properties in carrots. Our investigations revealed genome-wide distribution and role of YABBY genes in the carrots with best-fit comparison to Arabidopsis thaliana.

The mechanism underlying asymmetric bending of lateral petals in Delphinium (Ranunculaceae)

During the process of flower opening, most petals move downward in the direction of the pedicel (i.e., epinastic movement). In most Delphinium flowers, however, their two lateral petals display a very peculiar movement, the mirrored helical rotation, which requires the twist of the petal stalk. However, in some lineages, their lateral petals also exhibit asymmetric bending that increases the degree of mirrored helical rotation, facilitating the formation of a 3D final shape. Notably, petal asymmetric bending is a novel trait that has not been noticed yet, so its morphological nature, developmental process, and molecular mechanisms remain largely unknown. Here, by using D.anthriscifolium as a model, we determined that petal asymmetric bending was caused by the localized expansion of cell width, accompanied by the specialized array of cell wall nano-structure, on the adaxial epidermis. Digital gene analyses, gene expression, and functional studies revealed that a class I homeodomain-leucine zipper family transcription factor gene, DeanLATE MERISTEM IDENTITY1 (DeanLMI1), contributes to petal asymmetric bending; knockdown of it led to the formation of explanate 2D petals. Specifically, DeanLMI1 promotes cell expansion in width and influences the arrangement of cell wall nano-structure on the localized adaxial epidermis. These results not only provide a comprehensive portrait of petal asymmetric bending for the first time but also shed some new insights into the mechanisms of flower opening and helical movement in plants.

Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of the C2H2-zinc finger transcription factor gene family and screening of candidate genes involved in floral development in Coptis teeta Wall. (Ranunculaceae).

Background: C2H2-zinc finger transcription factors comprise one of the largest and most diverse gene superfamilies and are involved in the transcriptional regulation of flowering. Although a large number of C2H2 zinc-finger proteins (C2H2-ZFPs) have been well characterized in a number of model plant species, little is known about their expression and function in Coptis teeta. C. teeta displays two floral phenotypes (herkogamy phenotypes). It has been proposed that the C2H2-zinc finger transcription factor family may play a crucial role in the formation of floral development and herkogamy observed in C. teeta. As such, we performed a genome-wide analysis of the C2H2-ZFP gene family in C. teeta. Results: The complexity and diversity of C. teeta C2H2 zinc finger proteins were established by evaluation of their physicochemical properties, phylogenetic relationships, exon-intron structure, and conserved motifs. Chromosome localization showed that 95 members of the C2H2 zinc-finger genes were unevenly distributed across the nine chromosomes of C. teeta, and that these genes were replicated in tandem and segmentally and had undergone purifying selection. Analysis of cis-acting regulatory elements revealed a possible involvement of C2H2 zinc-finger proteins in the regulation of phytohormones. Transcriptome data was then used to compare the expression levels of these genes during the growth and development of the two floral phenotypes (F-type and M-type). These data demonstrate that in groups A and B, the expression levels of 23 genes were higher in F-type flowers, while 15 genes showed higher expressions in M-type flowers. qRT-PCR analysis further revealed that the relative expression was highly consistent with the transcriptome data. Conclusion: These data provide a solid basis for further in-depth studies of the C2H2 zinc finger transcription factor gene family in this species and provide preliminary information on which to base further research into the role of the C2H2 ZFPs gene family in floral development in C. teeta.

Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of the MYB Transcription Factor Family in Salvia nemorosa.

The MYB transcription factor gene family is among the most extensive superfamilies of transcription factors in plants and is involved in various essential functions, such as plant growth, defense, and pigment formation. Salvia nemorosa is a perennial herb belonging to the Lamiaceae family, and S. nemorosa has various colors and high ornamental value. However, there is little known about its genome-wide MYB gene family and response to flower color formation. In this study, 142 SnMYB genes (MYB genes of S. nemorosa) were totally identified, and phylogenetic relationships, conserved motifs, gene structures, and expression profiles during flower development stages were analyzed. A phylogenetic analysis indicated that MYB proteins in S. nemorosa could be categorized into 24 subgroups, as supported by the conserved motif compositions and gene structures. Furthermore, according to their similarity with AtMYB genes associated with the control of anthocyanin production, ten SnMYB genes related to anthocyanin biosynthesis were speculated and chosen for further qRT-PCR analyses. The results indicated that five SnMYB genes (SnMYB75, SnMYB90, SnMYB6, SnMYB82, and SnMYB12) were expressed significantly differently in flower development stages. In conclusion, our study establishes the groundwork for understanding the anthocyanin biosynthesis of the SnMYB gene family and has the potential to enhance the breeding of S. nemorosa.

Genome-wide characterization and expression analysis of MADS-box transcription factor gene family in Perilla frutescens.

MADS-box transcription factors are widely involved in the regulation of plant growth, developmental processes, and response to abiotic stresses. Perilla frutescens, a versatile plant, is not only used for food and medicine but also serves as an economical oil crop. However, the MADS-box transcription factor family in P. frutescens is still largely unexplored. In this study, a total of 93 PfMADS genes were identified in P. frutescens genome. These genes, including 37 Type I and 56 Type II members, were randomly distributed across 20 chromosomes and 2 scaffold regions. Type II PfMADS proteins were found to contain a greater number of motifs, indicating more complex structures and diverse functions. Expression analysis revealed that most PfMADS genes (more than 76 members) exhibited widely expression model in almost all tissues. The further analysis indicated that there was strong correlation between some MIKCC-type PfMADS genes and key genes involved in lipid synthesis and flavonoid metabolism, which implied that these PfMADS genes might play important regulatory role in the above two pathways. It was further verified that PfMADS47 can effectively mediate the regulation of lipid synthesis in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii transformants. Using cis-acting element analysis and qRT-PCR technology, the potential functions of six MIKCC-type PfMADS genes in response to abiotic stresses, especially cold and drought, were studied. Altogether, this study is the first genome-wide analysis of PfMADS. This result further supports functional and evolutionary studies of PfMADS gene family and serves as a benchmark for related P. frutescens breeding studies.

The Diverse Roles of ETV6 Alterations in B-Lymphoblastic Leukemia and Other Hematopoietic Cancers.

Genetic alterations of the repressive ETS family transcription factor gene ETV6 are recurrent in several categories of hematopoietic malignancy, including subsets of B-cell and T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemias (B-ALL and T-ALL), myeloid neoplasms, and mature B-cell lymphomas. ETV6 is essential for adult hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), contributes to specific functions of some mature immune cells, and plays a key role in thrombopoiesis as demonstrated by familial ETV6 mutations associated with thrombocytopenia and predisposition to hematopoietic cancers, particularly B-ALL. ETV6 appears to have a tumor suppressor role in several hematopoietic lineages, as demonstrated by recurrent somatic loss-of-function (LoF) and putative dominant-negative alterations in leukemias and lymphomas. ETV6 rearrangements contribute to recurrent fusion oncogenes such as the B-ALL-associated transcription factor (TF) fusions ETV6::RUNX1 and PAX5::ETV6, rare drivers such as ETV6::NCOA6, and a spectrum of tyrosine kinase gene fusions encoding hyperactive signaling proteins that self-associate via the ETV6 N-terminal pointed domain. Another subset of recurrent rearrangements involving the ETV6 gene locus appear to function primarily to drive overexpression of the partner gene. This review surveys what is known about the biochemical and genome regulatory properties of ETV6 as well as our current understanding of how alterations in these functions contribute to hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic cancers.

Study of glutathione S-transferase (CqGSTs) gene expression patterns, the response of basic helix–loop–helix (bHLH) transcription factor and genome-wide identification gene family in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) and its mechanisms of salt stress tolerance

Study of glutathione S-transferase (CqGSTs) gene expression patterns, the response of basic helix–loop–helix (bHLH) transcription factor and genome-wide identification gene family in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) and its mechanisms of salt stress tolerance

The Analysis of Short-Term Differential Expression of Transcription Factor Family Genes in Diploid and Tetraploid Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Varieties during Blast Fungus Infection

The necessity to understand plant adaptations to environmental stressors is underscored by the role of polyploidy in species evolution. This study focuses on the superior stress resistance exhibited by autotetraploid rice, which arises from chromosome doubling, in comparison to its diploid donor. We provide a quantitative analysis that highlights the differing susceptibilities of diploid (GFD-2X) and autotetraploid (GFD-4X) rice to rice blast disease, with GFD-2X being significantly more susceptible. Our investigation centers on transcription factors (TFs), which are crucial in regulating biological stress responses, by analyzing their expression in the face of a pathogen attack. This study uncovers variations in the number and expression timing of differentially expressed TF genes, providing a quantitative view of GFD-4X’s resistance. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses confirm the role of specific pathways, including “response to stimulus” and the “MAPK signaling pathway,” in resistance mechanisms. An extensive analysis of protein–protein interaction networks further clarifies the complex role of TFs during stress responses. The rationale for our experimental approach is rooted in the imperative to decipher the molecular basis of disease resistance across different ploidies, which has implications for crop enhancement. The conclusion from our research is that autotetraploid rice has a unique and more effective defense response regulation system, facilitated by transcription factors, when faced with rice blast disease. This finding provides a foundation for future genetic strategies aimed at improving crop resistance.

NK-2 Homeobox Transcription Factor NKX2-3 Confers Differentiation Block in NPM1-Mutated in Acute Myeloid Leukaemia

Dysregulation of HOX homeobox family transcription factor (TF) gene expression is important in the pathogenesis of AML in particular in NPM1-mutated and MLL rearranged molecular subtypes. However, little is known about the role of NK2-homeobox (NKX2) family TF genes. NKX2 genes have critical roles in normal development of the central nervous system, thyroid, lung and pancreas. We observed high expression of NKX2-3 in patient AML samples and hypothesised the transcription factor might have a functional role in the disease. By qPCR, we found that NKX2-3 is highly expressed in normal HSCs but is rapidly down regulated as cells differentiate. In primary AML samples, it is highly expressed in 21-37% cases, including within the immunophenotypic LSC compartment, in particular in cases with NPM1 and/or FLT3-ITD mutations. Forced expression of NKX2-3 in normal murine KIT + bone marrow (BM) HSPCs transiently enhanced their clonogenic activity and impaired differentiation: NKX2-3-expressing HSPCs expressed higher levels of E2F or MYC target genes, and leukemia stem cell (LSC) maintenance genes. Congenic transplant experiments revealed that forced expression of NKX2-3 in normal BM HSPCs was sufficient to enhance multilineage engraftment across four months of follow up without inducing leukemia. In keeping with this, transplantation of Nkx2-3 -/- knockout BM cells led to significantly inferior engraftment compared with BM cells from litter mate control mice. Thus, while increased expression of Nkx2-3 enhances engraftment of normal stem cells in transplantation assays, loss of Nkx2-3 impairs it. Analysis of NKX2-3 high primary human AML cases demonstrated that HOXA9 was the most highly upregulated transcription factor gene compared with NKX2-3 low cases. We expressed both factors singly and together in murine KIT+ BM HSPCs: Hoxa9/NKX2-3 cells exhibited significantly higher clonogenic activity and reduced morphologic and immunophenotypic differentiation compared with Hoxa9/MTV cells. Congenic BM transplant experiments demonstrated that Hoxa9/NKX2-3 recipients developed leukemias significantly earlier than Hoxa9/MTV recipients (median 82 vs 155 days). BM morphology and immunophenotyping confirmed that Hoxa9/NKX2-3AMLs exhibited a greater degree of differentiation block than Hoxa9/MTV AMLs. Leukemia cells from Hoxa9/NKX2-3 recipients coordinately expressed higher levels of E2F or MYC target genes, and LSC maintenance genes. NKX2-3 KD to ~30% of control values reduced proliferation and induced morphologic and immunophenotypic differentiation in primary patient NPM1-mutated AML cells. NKX2-3 KD led to down regulation of E2F and MYC target genes and normal human CD34 + stem cell genes; and up regulation of myeloid differentiation genes. Using a CRISPR ribonucleofection approach to relocate NPM1c to the nucleus we confirmed that NKX2-3 expression in NPM1-mutant primary AML cells is sustained by mutant NPM1c. ChIPseq in NPM1-mutated primary patient and KO52 AML cells identified NKX2-3 binding peaks. As expected, DNA sequences under peak apices were strongly enriched for NKX2-3 binding motifs; there was also significant enrichment for RUNX and ETS family motifs, but not HOX/MEIS/PBX motifs. To identify genes potentially regulated by NKX2-3, genomic coordinates of strong binding peaks were mapped to the single nearest gene. Remarkably, among genes up regulated following NKX2-3 knockdown in primary human AML cells there was a highly significant enrichment of genes with putative regulatory elements bound by NKX2-3. Likewise, among genes down regulated in NKX2-3-expressing KIT+ murine HSPCs, there was a similar significant enrichment of genes with putative regulatory elements bound by NKX2-3. These data suggest that NKX2-3 functions as a transcription repressor at bound regulatory elements in primary AML cells. In summary, NKX2-3 is highly expressed in NPM1 & FLT3 mutated molecular subtypes of AML and serves to enhance self-renewal and the level of differentiation block through binding to and repressing regulatory elements of myeloid differentiation genes.

Genome-wide identification of trihelix transcription factor family genes in pear (Pyrus bretschneideri) and functional characterization of PbrGT15 in black spot resistance

Pear (Pyrus bretschneideri), a valuable widely cultivated fruit, faces significant economic losses due to black spot disease caused by Alternaria alternate (Fr.) Keissl. Trihelix transcription factors (TFs) are crucial in regulating plant defense and autoimmunity. This study aimed to analyze the trihelix transcription factor (GT) genes within pear through genome-wide identification, phylogenetic, gene structure, synteny, and cis-acting elements analyses. Among the 31 trihelix genes, 28 were on 12 known chromosomes, while the remaining 3 were located on unknown chromosomes. These genes were categorized into five clades: SIP1, GTγ, GT1, GT2 and SH4, containing 7, 2, 9, 11 and 2 genes, respectively. Synteny analysis indicated eight duplicated gene pairs. Based on the expression pattern of PbGT genes in seven tissues from the database, the PbGT genes of the GT2 clade were selected for further investigation. The quantitative reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction confirmed that PbrGT5, PbrGT6, PbrGT15 and PbrGT16 correlated with black spot disease resistance. Notably, the salicylic acid (SA) treatment significantly upregulated the expression levels of PbrGT10, PbrGT13, PbrGT15 and PbrGT23. Among these, PbrGT15 showed the highest induction to both SA and black spot infection. Subcellular localization demonstrated that PbrGT15 functions as a nuclear protein. Virus-induced gene silencing of PbrGT15 increased pear plants' susceptibility to black spot disease, indicating its pivotal role in enhancing resistance. These results indicated that PbrGT15 positively regulated black spot disease resistance in pears.

Evolutionary insights and expression dynamics of the CaNFYB transcription factor gene family in pepper (Capsicum annuum) under salinity stress.

Introduction: The Capsicum annuum nuclear factor Y subunit B (CaNFYB) gene family plays a significant role in diverse biological processes, including plant responses to abiotic stressors such as salinity. Methods: In this study, we provide a comprehensive analysis of the CaNFYB gene family in pepper, encompassing their identification, structural details, evolutionary relationships, regulatory elements in promoter regions, and expression profiles under salinity stress. Results and discussion: A total of 19 CaNFYB genes were identified and subsequently characterized based on their secondary protein structures, revealing conserved domains essential for their functionality. Chromosomal distribution showed a non-random localization of these genes, suggesting potential clusters or hotspots for NFYB genes on specific chromosomes. The evolutionary analysis focused on pepper and comparison with other plant species indicated a complex tapestry of relationships with distinct evolutionary events, including gene duplication. Moreover, promoter cis-element analysis highlighted potential regulatory intricacies, with notable occurrences of light-responsive and stress-responsive binding sites. In response to salinity stress, several CaNFYB genes demonstrated significant temporal expression variations, particularly in the roots, elucidating their role in stress adaptation. Particularly CaNFYB01, CaNFYB18, and CaNFYB19, play a pivotal role in early salinity stress response, potentially through specific regulatory mechanisms elucidated by their cis-elements. Their evolutionary clustering with other Solanaceae family members suggests conserved ancestral functions vital for the family's survival under stress. This study provides foundational knowledge on the CaNFYB gene family in C. annuum, paving the way for further research to understand their functional implications in pepper plants and relative species and their potential utilization in breeding programs to enhance salinity tolerance.

Genome-wide identification of CaARR-Bs transcription factor gene family in pepper and their expression patterns under salinity stress

In plants, ARRs-B transcription factors play a crucial role in regulating cytokinin signal transduction, abiotic stress resistance, and plant development. A number of adverse environmental conditions have caused severe losses for the pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)—a significant and economically important vegetable. Among the transcription factors of the type B-ARRs family, multiple members have different functions. In pepper, only a few members of the ARRs-B family have been reported and characterized. The current study aimed to characterize ARRs-B transcription factors in C. annuum, including phylogenetic relationships, gene structures, protein motif arrangement, and RT-qPCR expression analyses and their role in salinity stress. In total, ten genes encode CaARRs-B transcription factors (CaARR1 to CaARR10) from the largest subfamily of type-B ARRs were identified in C. annum. The genome-wide analyses of the CaARRs-B family in C. annuum were performed based on the reported ARRs-B genes in Arabidopsis. An analysis of homologous alignments of candidate genes, including their phylogenetic relationships, gene structures, conserved domains, and qPCR expression profiles, was conducted. In comparison with other plant ARRs-B proteins, CaARRs-B proteins showed gene conservation and potentially specialized functions. In addition, tissue-specific expression profiles showed that CaARRs-B genes were differentially expressed, suggesting functionally divergent. CaARRs-B proteins had a typical conserved domain, including AAR-like (pfam: PF00072) and Myb DNA binding (pfam: PF00249) domains. Ten of the CaARRs-B genes were asymmetrically mapped on seven chromosomes in Pepper. Additionally, the phylogenetic tree of CaARRs-B genes from C. annuum and other plant species revealed that CaARRs-B genes were classified into four clusters, which may have evolved conservatively. Further, using quantitative real-time qRT-PCR, the study assessed the expression patterns of CaARRs-B genes in Capsicum annuum seedlings subjected to salt stress. The study used quantitative real-time qRT-PCR to examine CaARRs-B gene expression in Capsicum annuum seedlings under salt stress. Roots exhibited elevated expression of CaARR2 and CaARR9, while leaves showed decreased expression for CaARR3, CaARR4, CaARR7, and CaARR8. Notably, no amplification was observed for CaARR10. This research sheds light on the roles of CaARRs-B genes in pepper’s response to salinity stress. These findings enrich our comprehension of the functional implications of CaARRs-B genes in pepper, especially in responding to salinity stress, laying a solid groundwork for subsequent in-depth studies and applications in the growth and development of Capsicum annuum.

Genome-wide analysis of the SPL transcription factor family and its response to water stress in sunflower (Helianthus annuus).

SPL (SQUAMOSA promoter binding proteins-like) are plant-specific transcription factors that play essential roles in a variety of developmental processes as well as the ability to withstand biotic and abiotic stresses. To date, numerous species have been investigated for the SPL gene family, but so far, no SPL family genes have been thoroughly identified and characterized in the sunflower (Helianthus annuus). In this study, 25 SPL genes were identified in the sunflower genome and were unevenly distributed on 11 chromosomes. According to phylogeny analysis, 59 SPL genes from H. annuus, O. sativa, and A. thaliana were clustered into seven groups. Furthermore, the SPL genes in groups-I and II were demonstrated to be potential targets of miR156. Synteny analysis showed that 7 paralogous gene pairs exist in HaSPL genes and 26 orthologous gene pairs exist between sunflower and rice, whereas 21 orthologous gene pairs were found between sunflower and Arabidopsis. Segmental duplication appears to have played a vital role in the expansion processes of sunflower SPL genes, and because of selection pressure, all duplicated genes have undergone purifying selection. Tissue-specific gene expression analysis of the HaSBP genes proved their diverse spatiotemporal expression patterns, which were predominantly expressed in floral organs and differentially expressed in stem, axil, and root tissues. The expression pattern of HaSPL genes under water stress showed broad involvement of HaSPLs in the response to flood and drought stresses. This genome-wide identification investigation provides detailed information on the sunflower SPL transcription factor gene family and establishes a strong platform for future research on sunflower responses to abiotic stress tolerance.

Genome-wide identification and analysis of Lateral Organ Boundaries Domain (LBD) transcription factor gene family in melon (Cucumis melo L.).

Lateral Organ Boundaries Domain (LBD) transcription factor (TF) gene family members play very critical roles in several biological processes like plant-spesific development and growth process, tissue regeneration, different biotic and abiotic stress responses in plant tissues and organs. The LBD genes have been analyzed in various species. Melon (Cucumis melo L.), a member of the Cucurbitaceae family, is economically important and contains important molecules for nutrition and human health such as vitamins A and C, β-carotenes, phenolic acids, phenolic acids, minerals and folic acid. However, no studies have been reported so far about LBD genes in melon hence this is the first study for LBD genes in this plant. In this study, 40 melon CmLBD TF genes were identified, which were separated into seven groups through phylogenetic analysis. Cis-acting elements showed that these genes were associated with plant growth and development, phytohormone and abiotic stress responses. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis revealed that of CmLBD genes especially function in regulation and developmental processes. The in silico and qRT-PCR expression patterns demonstrated that CmLBD01 and CmLBD18 are highly expressed in root and leaf tissues, CmLBD03 and CmLBD14 displayed a high expression in male-female flower and ovary tissues. These results may provide important contributions for future research on the functional characterization of the melon LBD gene family and the outputs of this study can provide information about the evolution and characteristics of melon LBD gene family for next studies.