Transceiver Model Research Articles

Next-Generation Dual Transceiver FSO Communication System for High-Speed Trains in Neom Smart City

Smart cities like Neom require efficient and reliable transportation systems to support their vision of sustainable and interconnected urban environments. High-speed trains (HSTs) play a crucial role in connecting different areas of the city and facilitating seamless mobility. However, to ensure uninterrupted communication along the rail lines, advanced communication systems are essential to expand the coverage range of each base station (BS) while reducing the handover frequency. This paper presents the dual transceiver free space optical (FSO) communication system as a solution to achieve these objectives in the operational environment of HSTs in Neom city. Our channel model incorporates log-normal (LN) and gamma–gamma (GG) distributions to represent channel impairments and atmospheric turbulence in the city. Furthermore, we integrated the siding loop model, providing valuable insights into the system in real-world scenarios. To assess the system’s performance, we formulated the received signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the network under assumed fading conditions. Additionally, we analyzed the system’s bit error rate (BER) analytically and through Monte Carlo simulation. A comparative analysis with reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS) and relay-assisted FSO communications shows the superior coverage area and efficiency of the dual transceiver model. A significant reduction of up to 76% and 99% in the number of required BSs compared to RIS and relay, respectively, is observed. This reduction leads to fewer handovers and lower capital expenditure (CAPEX) costs.

A Framework of Hybrid Transceiver Optimizations With Eigenvalue Constraints for Multi-Hop Networks

In this paper, we propose a general framework on the hybrid analog-digital transceiver design for multi-hop communications. For the inclusive purpose, a transceiver model unifying both linear and nonlinear transceivers has been taken into account. Various performance metrics, including the most representative capacity and weighted mean-squared error (MSE), have been investigated in a unified manner. In particular, to meet practical needs for the quality of services (QoS), a general eigenvalue power constraint model is introduced, which contains a sum power constraint and box eigenvalue constraints as special cases. Specifically, by carefully designing the auxiliary analog and digital beamformers, the multi-hop transceiver optimization is decomposed into a series of independent sub-problems, where the analog beamformers for different hops are completely decoupled. Based on that, this framework establishes a majorization-minimization (MM) based analog beamformer design algorithm, which is able to handle the complicated weighted unit-modulus matrix optimizations by finding their semi-closed-form solutions. Furthermore, an efficient waterfilling algorithm is proposed for the digital beamformer designs to deal with the difficulties of optimizations subject to the multiple eigenvalue power constraints. The numerical results are provided to demonstrate the performance advantages of the proposed framework.

Optimum GMSK based transceiver model for cellular IoT networks

This paper focuses on the evolution of cellular networks as part of their adaptation to the IoT, allowing their new belonging to the category of LPWAN networks. We will be more particularly interested in coverage extension mechanisms. The transmission chain used in this work based on GMSK scheme with maximum likelihood criterion for phase detection. During the theoretical study on the IQ-Prefilter mixed recombination mechanism, we determined an approximation expression of the mean SINR of the frame after recombination. This study allowed us to observe the impact of the temporal correlation of the propagation channel on the performance of the proposed mechanism. A TU6 (Typical Urban 6 paths) channel model will be used in this work. This model is adapted to the urban environment, in accordance with our study on the IoT and the smart city. The effect of the parameters introduced in the theoretical part such as recombination ratio, number of repetitions and duration between each repetition will be evaluated particularly regarding SINR and BER. Based on simulation, the performance of the proposed IQ-Prefilter mechanism is better than those of the IQ and Prefilter recombination for equivalent SNRs. Moreover, the performance of the IQ-Prefilter mechanism is better for low IQ-Prefilter ratios, that is to say when recombination by Prefilter is preferred to recombination by IQ. All the theoretical results and those obtained by simulation make it possible to better evaluate the performance of the suggested mechanisms in the IoT framework.

Capacity Analysis and Data Detection of OvTDM-MIMO System

It is well known that the channel capacity of traditional MIMO systems is positively correlated with the number of antennas, so MIMO systems usually use more antennas to meet higher system capacity requirements, which is increasingly conflicting with the miniaturization requirements of portable devices. To overcome the above problems, a new OvTDM-MIMO system is proposed, which can effectively improve the capacity of the system. This system introduces the overlapped time division multiplexing (OvTDM) technology into the MIMO system, which can further improve the channel capacity of the MIMO system by using a smaller number of antennas. This paper introduces the transceiver model of the OvTDM-MIMO system in detail and derives the channel capacity of the system based on mutual information theory. Compared with a conventional MIMO system, the OvTDM-MIMO system has the ability to improve channel capacity. Then, this paper proposes an OvTDM-MIMO symbol detection scheme based on an improved low-complexity Orthogonal Approximate Message Passing (OAMP) algorithm to solve the symbol detection problem caused by symbol correlation. The main design idea of this scheme is to use symbol correlation as the detection constraint and realizes joint symbol detection by combining adjacent symbols, avoiding the problem of excessive matrix size caused by Kronecker product operation. The simulation results show that the proposed detection algorithm can achieve similar performance to traditional MIMO system detection algorithms with low computational complexity.

전투기 레이다 개발을 위한 Software-in-Loop Simulation 시스템 구현

Herein, we implement a software-in-loop simulation (SILS) system for fighter radar systems. The implemented SILS system simulates fighter radar environments and hardware by mathematical modeling, generates radar-simulated digital signals, and stores/analyzes simulation results. It includes a personal computer (PC)-based virtual radar processing unit, which can be used to develop radar control and process algorithms and codes and can also examine the functions and performance of the software and code of actual radar processing equipment by connecting actual equipment. Because antenna and transceiver models are included, the performance of the initial hardware designs at the system level can be examined in the simulation environment, thereby increasing the hardware design and development speed. We demonstrate the validity and usefulness of the SILS system, implemented using the radar environment and hardware mathematical models obtained from the development of fighter radars for numerous years, through SILS-based test results.

Analysis of single and multiple on-chip antenna for intra-chip wireless communication with four antenna transceiver model

Analysis of single and multiple on-chip antenna for intra-chip wireless communication with four antenna transceiver model

Optimum DCT type-I based transceiver model and effective channel estimation for uplink NB-IoT system

Single-tone and multi-tone transmissions in the narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) uplink system can be accomplished by employing different orthogonal basis. In this paper, we develop an uplink NB-IoT baseband system model and derive the corresponding analytical signal model based on the discrete cosine transform type-I (DCT-I) domain. Basically, the circular convolution and channel matrix diagonalization issues for designing DCT-based systems are addressed without exploiting any redundancy (a prefix and a suffix sequences, and zero-padding (ZP)) into each transmitted data symbol blocks. In our proposed DCT-I based transceiver, we employ a standard cyclic prefix (CP) and apply discrete Fourier transform (DFT) and inverse DFT (IDFT) operations directly to make the channel matrix circulant and diagonal, resulting in the use of one-tap frequency-domain channel equalizer without incorporating extra front-end prefilter at the receiver. Furthermore, we propose novel least squares (LS) and linear minimum mean square error (LMMSE) channel estimators by considering the energy concentration and spectral compaction properties of DCT-I for the uplink NB-IoT system. The expressions for the DCT-I domain LS and LMMSE estimators are derived for channel frequency response estimation and mean square error computation. Finally, the viability of the proposed CP-DCT-I-NB-IoT uplink system, as well as the channel estimators, are tested compared with the standardized CP-DFT-NB-IoT and ZP-DCT type-2 even based single-carrier frequency-division multiple access (SC-FDMA) systems through rigorous computer simulations.

Asymmetrical clipping optical filter bank multi-carrier modulation scheme

Filter bank multi-carrier (FBMC) is considered a promising alternative to the Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) scheme. It improves spectral efficiency by eliminating the need for cyclic prefix while attenuating interference due to the robustness of the out-of-band emission. In this work, we present a framework, and the performance evaluation of FBMC is a multi-carrier modulation scheme for the direct detection of optical communications. As the proposed model has higher spectral efficiency than the classical ACO-OFDM, as removing the guard interval enhances the spectral efficiency. Furthermore, the perfect rectangular pulse shaping and eliminating the out of band emission of the filter bank enhances the ACO-FBMC the BER performance of the ACO-OFDM. We propose a transceiver model for Asymmetrical Clipped Optical FBMC (ACO-FBMC) based on Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) operations, analyze inter-frame interference, and offer an iterative receptive method to eliminate it. Finally, we compared the bit error rate (BER) performance of the ACO-FBMC using different overlapping factors with the ACO-OFDM.

A criterion based adaptive RSIC scheme in underwater communication

Multi-access interference (MAI) is the main source limiting the capacity and quality of the multiple-input multiple-output orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) system which fulfills the demand of high-speed transmission rate and high quality of service for future underwater acoustic (UWA) communication. Therefore, multi-user detection (MUD) is needed at the receiver of the MIMO-OFDM system to suppress the effect of MAI. In this research, MUD is achieved by using a criterion based adaptive recursive successive interference cancellation (RSIC) scheme at the receiver of a MIMO-OFDM system whose transceiver model in underwater communication is implemented by using the Bellhop simulation system. The proposed scheme estimates and eliminates the MAI through user signal detection and subtraction from received signals at the receiver of the MIMO-OFDM system in underwater environment. The bit error rate (BER) performance of the proposed scheme is analyzed by using weight filtering and weight selection criteria. By Matlab simulation, it is shown that the BER performance of the proposed scheme outperforms the conventional matched filter(MF) detector, the adaptive successive interference cancellation(SIC) scheme, and the adaptive RSIC scheme in the UWA network.

Multiuser Detection for MIMO-OFDM system in Underwater Communication Using a Hybrid Bionic Binary Spotted Hyena Optimizer

Multi Access Interference (MAI) is the main source limiting the capacity and quality of the Multiple-Input Multiple-Output Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) system which fulfills the demand of high-speed transmission rate and high quality of service for future underwater acoustic (UWA) communication. Multi User Detection (MUD) is needed to overcome the performance degradation caused by MAI. In this research, both local and global optimal solutions are obtained in Bionic Binary Spotted Hyena Optimizer (BBSHO) algorithm using the Position Coordinate Vectors (PCVs) of the social behavior of spotted hyenas to achieve MUD. Further, Extremal Optimization (EO) is introduced in BBSHO algorithm to improve the local search ability within the search space. Hence, a hybrid BBSHO algorithm is proposed for achieving MUD at the receiver of the MIMO-OFDM system whose transceiver model in underwater is implemented using BELLHOP simulation system. By MATLAB simulation, it is shown that the Bit Error Rate (BER) performance of the proposed hybrid algorithm outperforms with best optimal solution within the search space towards MUD for Interference to Noise Ratio (INR) at 10 dB, 20 dB, and 40 dB over conventional detectors and metaheuristic approaches such as Binary Spotted Hyena Optimizer (BSHO), Binary Particle Swarm Optimization (BPSO) in the UWA network.

A Novel Transceiver Model for Polar Transform Optical (PTO --) OFDM for V isible L ight C ommunication (VLC) Based on Peak to Average Power Ratio Reduction u sing Precoding

Indoor visible light communication (VLC) has the potential of providing high data rates for short-range wireless communication with a relative spatial elevated security in contrast to a radiofrequency wireless one. To support that high data stream, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is used; however, due to the limited operational bandwidth of the commercial white light-emitting diode (LED), signal processing techniques are used to increase the efficiency of the OFDM and to adapt OFDM to VLC systems. As a major concern, the intensity modulation direct detection necessary for VLC requires positive real signal, this is dealt with by imposing Hermitian pre-possessing or Cartesian to polar conversion post-processing to the OFDM. The use of the Cartesian to polar converter allows the transmission of complex OFDM symbols through the intensity modulation channel. A polar transform optical (PTO-) OFDM presented here as an improvement and simplification of previous polar optical OFDM schemes gives an efficient transceiver architecture. Nevertheless, both OFDM transmission techniques for Visible optical links, similar to radiofrequency (RF), suffer greatly from irregular excessive Peak-to-Average power ratio (PAPR). Higher PAPR reduces the power efficiency of the On-Off Keying (OOK) based on pulse amplitude modulation (PAM). Furthermore, it also is recommendable to reduce the PAPR for conformity with eye safety. A precoding technique is proposed to reduce the PAPR of intensity-modulated for direct detectability of the OFDM signal destined for the wireless optical link using Cartesian-to-Polar conversion. Based on the enhanced processing at the front ends and using MATLAB simulation, it is proven that the presented model can improve the link parameters including the bit error rate (BER) and signal to noise ratio (SNR) and bandwidth efficient compared to Hermitian modified ones.

Self-interference cancelation in the presence of non-linear power amplifier and receiver IQ imbalance

In the in-band full-duplex(FD) systems, the self-interference (SI) power can be more than 100 dB higher than the power of the received data signal. In order to enable the FD transmission, several SI cancelation stages are needed in a FD transceiver. By combining the cancelation at the radio frequency (RF) with a specially designed antenna and cancelation circuitry and SI cancelation at the digital baseband, the required level of SI cancelation can be achieved even with a non-linear power amplifier. In this paper, a FD transceiver architecture is modeled with simulation tools that allow to use realistic antenna and analog transceiver models and at the same time enable algorithm studies. The analog SI cancelation at the RF is controlled by the baseband digital processing unit, and the tuning of the RF canceler is performed with an automatic gain control enhanced iterative algorithm. The combined cancelation performance of the antenna and RF canceler varies between 62 and 82 dB depending on the studied cases. The digital baseband SI cancelation is based on the Hammerstein model in order to take the power amplifier non-linearity into account. The coefficients of the Hammerstein model are estimated with a self-orthogonalizing adaptive algorithm. When realistic phase noise and IQ imbalance values are taken into account, the SI after all the cancelation stages can decrease the signal-to-interference-and-noise-ratio (SINR) by few decibels (dB). In order to further enhance the SI cancelation, the Hammerstein based SI canceler is extended to cancel also the effect of the receiver IQ imbalance. With the extended baseband canceler, the cancelation performance is mainly limited by the phase noise

Weather-limited in-band full-duplex transceiver model for free-space optical communication

Free-space optical (FSO) communication has gained popularity for wireless applications over legacy radio frequency for advantages such as unlicensed operation, spatial reuse, and security. Even though FSO communication can achieve high bit rates, range limitation due to strong attenuation and weather dependency has always restricted its practical applications to controlled settings such as building-to-building communication. Futuristic mobile and secure ad hoc FSO network applications such as smart cars and air-subsea links need more efficient and autonomous link acquisition capabilities, which can be enabled by in-band full-duplex (IBFD) operation. We proposed an IBFD-FSO transceiver prototype consisting of off-the-shelf components to demonstrate the concept of IBFD operation by the isolation technique. We also developed a laser-based IBFD-FSO link model by incorporating an atmospheric attenuation model and self-interference cancellation model. We found that, for clear weather, the maximum achievable link range using commercially available components can be up to 120 m. We also determined weather-dependent performance of the FSO link in terms of visibility and transmit power.

Experimental Model for Data Transmission in the Underwater Environment

Abstract Communications applications in the underwater environment have recently developed a considerable development due to the demand for underwater research with Robot Underwater Vehicle (ROV). The most important aspects addressed by researchers are related to the speed and distance of data transmissions. In most cases, this data signal may be electromagnetic, optical or acoustic. The first two cases have limitations on the distance of the communication channel due to signal attenuation. That is why the acoustic field can be considered the favorite in this choice. In this case, the limitations of use are given by the acoustic field propagation, which depends on the temperature, salinity and pressure of the underwater environment and the result is the variation of the propagation speed. The influence of frequency on attenuation and reverberation are important factors limiting the use of the acoustic field. Based on these considerations, the paper presents an experimental transceiver model of data transmission using Frequency Shift Keying (FSK), modulation with phase discontinuity for transmitting and receiving commands at the speed of 2kbits / s

Raspberry PI based advanced communication for disaster management

When a natural disaster occurs one of the major crisis is communication. This is mainly because when a calamity occurs all the cellular networks, towers and other contemporary means of network goes down making it impossible to communicate with others. Thus in this paper we propose an alternative solution for communication during disaster which can be achieved using a Long range radio transceiver module, which can operate without the help of any towers or base stations. The proposed transceiver model is a standalone device which can transmit and receive voice signals which operates on ISM band of frequency range 902 to 928 MHz, providing a hinderance free good communication, and as an additional feature is made to receive FM station signals using FM radio module, to keep us updated with the news, rescue and relief activities.

Analysis of hardware induced receiver synchronization error, caused by differences in manufacturer specific transmission hardware algorithms

With wireless sensor networks having become a tool of choice for a wide range of measurement and monitoring purposes, precise time synchronization is consequentially gaining prominence. Various protocols and synchronization methods are used to achieve the “sweet spot” amongst the accuracy, synchronization speed, and energy consumption of the network. In this paper, we have evaluated the device and modulation specific packet transmission uncertainty, eliminating all possible protocol related uncertainty sources. We have determined that the transceiver hardware dependent time, taken to transmit and receive the packet, not only depends on the transceiver model, but also highly dependent on the modulation. Moreover, sometimes transmission time distribution does not behave per the standard distribution model and seems to be additionally dependent on the internal processing logic of the device. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.eie.23.6.13849

RF transceiver and transmission line behavioral modeling in VHDL-AMS for wired RFNoC

Despite the exceptional progress of MPSoC architectures, on chip communication networks remain a lock for the evolution of their performances due to the power consumption and the delay in data carrying. In this context, the wired radio frequency (RF) network on chip (RFNoC) has emerged. In this paper, we developed a library of RF component models in VHDL-AMS for time domain simulation. This library includes mainly the transmission line (TL) and the RF transceiver components such as the low noise amplifier (LNA), the mixer and the local oscillator (LO). The models consider the conventional parameters describing their performances including the non-linearities, the noise and the bandwidth of the LNA and the mixer. Leakages between ports are also considered for the mixer. The LO model considers the traditional parameters, more importantly its phase noise. The originality of the TL model is the modeling of the skin effect on a wide frequency range for time domain simulations. All the models are validated. Global simulations are performed to demonstrate the interest to accurately model the components of the RFNoC. The developed library is used here for wired RFNoC, however it can be used for all other wired and wireless RF communication system.

Analysis and Design Specifications for Full-Duplex Radio Transceivers Under RF Oscillator Phase Noise With Arbitrary Spectral Shape

In this paper, the effects of oscillator phase noise (PN) with arbitrary spectral characteristics on the self-interference (SI) cancelation capability of a full-duplex radio (FDR) transceiver are addressed, and design considerations for optimized phase-locked loop (PLL) design in FDR are given. This paper first presents a full-duplex transceiver model that inherently mitigates most of the phase-noise effects from the SI signal. The remaining effect of the PN is then analyzed, and closed-form expressions for the SI power are derived. In the simulations part, a practical PLL-type oscillator is used, which is based on the arbitrary mask phase-noise model. Analytical derivations are verified with the simulations, and the SI cancelation performance is thoroughly studied with various parameters. Design considerations are finally given for oscillator design in FDR transceivers, with the help of tangible parameters of the PLL-type oscillators.

전송효율 향상을 위한 위성 및 수중 통신의 효율적인 융합 모델 연구

In this paper, we analyzed efficient decoding scheme with FTN(Faster than Nyquist) method that is transmission method faster than Nyquist theory and increase the throughput. Applying the FTN method to satellite and underwater communication, we proposed an efficient transceiver model. To minimize ISI(Inter-Symbol Interference) induced by FTN signal, turbo equalization algorithms that iteratively exchange probabilistic information between Viterbi equalizer based on BCJR algorithm and LDPC decoder are used in satellite communication. In others, for underwater communication, DFE equalizer and LDPC decoder are concatenated to improve performance.

Automatic Test Stimulus Generation for Diagnosis of RF Transceivers Using Model Parameter Estimation

In this brief, an optimized test stimulus generation technique is proposed for model parameter computation-based diagnosis and testing, which can provide a very compact deterministic test signal and results in significant reduction in test time. The proposed test stimulus generation algorithm maximizes the accuracy with which a nonlinear solver can determine RF transceiver model parameters from raw downconverted test response data. The simulation results show that using optimized test signals, a comprehensive range of model parameters can be computed accurately using a single data acquisition. Data from experiments performed on a hardware prototype are shown to validate the proposed methodology.