Transaction Verification Research Articles

Evaluating Trust in Blockchain Technology for Waqf Adoption: Insights from Importance-Performance Map Analysis

Blockchain technology offers transformative benefits for waqf by enhancing transparency, security, and efficiency. Its decentralized ledger system allows for independent transaction verification, reduces central authority risks, and improves accountability. However, while the potential benefits are significant, the success of blockchain-based waqf initiatives hinges on the level of trust that stakeholders place in this technology. Therefore, the study aims to examine the effect of trust in blockchain technology on the intention to adopt waqf blockchain with insight from importance-performance map analysis to better understand the relations between trust and intention. The study adopted a survey research design and data was collected through questionnaires distributed throughout Malaysia. The collected data were then analyzed using Smart-PLS software. The results of the analysis indicate a strong positive relationship between trust in blockchain technology and the intention to adopt waqf blockchain. However, the importance-performance map analysis shows a critical disparity exists between user expectations and actual performance, especially regarding the transaction process, which scored the lowest in performance. This implies a need to focus on improving the transaction process to align with user expectations.

Impact of Accounting Information Systems of Cash Executions on Internal Controls of Company

The study investigates how the accounting information system of cash expenditure affects the internal controls of the company. Cash expenditure, which is vital to business operations, is managed by accounting information systems (AIS). It is expected that effective use of AIS will improve the accuracy of transaction recording, reduce errors, and prevent fraud. The study uses a quantitative method by sending questionnaires to various that have implemented cash expenditure. The results show that there is a significant correlation between how well AIS manages cash expenditure and how well the company's internal controls. Good AIS implementation ensures that all transactions are properly recorded, authorizations are carried out according to procedures, and authorities can only access financial information. In addition, an integrated AIS offers audit trails that facilitate the tracking and verification of transactions by both internal and external auditors. These findings suggest that the use of effective cash expenditure can strengthen internal control mechanisms, improve financial integrity, and give confidence to stakeholders of the company's interests.

SMPTC3: Secure Multi-Party Protocol Based Trusted Cross-Chain Contracts

We propose an innovative approach called SMPTC3, designed specifically to enhance security and privacy in cross-chain transaction verification. This approach addresses multi-chain, multi-participant information exchange and large-scale cross-chain transfers, resisting various types of malicious attacks. We leverage the verifiability of cross-chain transactions based on smart contracts and innovatively transform transaction information into confidential sets, organizing them into quadratic secret polynomials. By utilizing secret sharing and random distribution techniques, we construct a secure multiparty computation method, tailored for cross-chain transactions. To enhance the efficiency of cross-chain transactions, we introduce cross-chain batch processing technology, grouping inter-chain transactions into cross-chain transaction sets. Unlike traditional distributed notary technologies, SMPTC3 designates honest participants as a cross-chain notary group, reducing the time required for redundant signature confirmations and significantly lowering the possibility of malicious notaries. Theoretical analysis and empirical experiments demonstrate that SMPTC3 is highly efficient in addressing cross-chain transaction security issues.

A blockchain transaction mechanism in the delay tolerant network

Current blockchain systems have high requirements on network connection and data transmission rate, for example, nodes have to receive the latest blocks in time to update the blockchain, nodes have to immediately broadcast the generated block to other nodes for consensus, which restricts the blockchain to run only on real-time connection networks, but the existence of delay tolerant networks poses a great challenge to the deployment of blockchain systems. To address this challenge, a novel blockchain transaction mechanism is proposed. First, the block structure is modified by adding a flag, and on this basis, the definition of the extrachain is proposed. Secondly, based on the blockchain transaction process, transaction verification and consensus algorithms on the extrachain are presented. Thirdly, both the extrachain selection algorithm and appending algorithm are proposed, so that the extrachain can be appended to the blockchain fairly and safely. Finally, an extrachain transmission scheme is presented to broadcast the blocks generated in the delayed network to the normal network. Theoretical analysis and simulation experiments further illustrate the efficiency of the proposed mechanism.

Leveraging Cryptographic Hash Functions for Credit Card Fraud Detection

Credit card fraud remains a significant challenge in the financial industry, posing substantial financial losses to both consumers and businesses. Traditional fraud detection methods often rely on rule-based approaches and statistical models, which may struggle to keep pace with evolving fraud tactics and sophisticated cyber threats. In this paper, we propose a novel approach to credit card fraud detection leveraging cryptographic hash functions. Cryptographic hash functions offer robust security guarantees, including collision resistance and preimage resistance, making them well-suited for ensuring the integrity and authenticity of transaction data. Our proposed system employs cryptographic hash functions, such as SHA-256, to generate unique hash values for credit card transactions. These hash values serve as digital fingerprints of the transaction data, enabling secure verification and auditing of transactions on the blockchain. We conducted experiments using a dataset of 100,000 credit card transactions, evaluating the performance of our system in terms of accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach in accurately identifying fraudulent transactions while minimizing false positives. Furthermore, we discuss the implications of our findings and explore future research directions, including the integration of advanced cryptographic techniques and blockchain technology to enhance the security and privacy of credit card transactions. Overall, our study underscores the importance of cryptographic hash functions in building robust and secure fraud detection systems capable of combating emerging fraud threats in the digital era.

Leveraging dual‐blockchain collaboration for logistics supply chain supervision

AbstractLogistics supply chain (LSC), a chain structure that integrates and coordinates all logistics transactions, has become an essential component of the modern logistics industry. By using blockchain, trusted logistics services enable participants to effectively record and track transactions during the logistics process. Current blockchain‐based LSC features distributed structure and data privacy requirements, hindering the supervision of logistics transactions. Leveraging emerging dual‐blockchain architecture to separate logistics transactions from supervision is a promising direction. However, the dual‐blockchain collaboration restricts supervision due to its cross‐chain privacy and efficiency. To address these issues, a logistics supply chain supervision scheme based on dual‐blockchain collaboration (DBC) is proposed. First, an independent supervision blockchain is constructed to balance the contradiction between distributed structure and supervision requirements. Second, two mechanisms are designed to enhance the privacy and performance of collaborative supervision. The hybrid access control mechanism enables fine‐grained supervision for different participants, and the aggregated transaction verification method supports efficient collaboration for logistics transactions. Security analysis and performance evaluation demonstrate the feasibility of DBC in enhancing the security and supervision of logistics data on the dual‐blockchain architecture. Experimental results show that the cross‐chain supervision overhead of DBC is reduced to of the baseline schemes.

Secure cross‐chain transactions for medical data sharing in blockchain‐based Internet of Medical Things

SummaryBlockchain technology has greatly promoted the development of the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) from a centralized form to a distributed form. However, with many independent blockchain‐based IoMT (BIoMT) systems being established by different institutions, these heterogeneous blockchain systems have created a new “data islands” problem. This paper proposes a multi‐chain fusion (MCF) multi‐party governance model based on relay chain technology. The MCF model helps establish cross‐chain interaction and communication among the multiple heterogeneous blockchain systems in different medical institutions through the cross‐chain gateway. Meanwhile, by utilizing the inter‐blockchain transfer protocol (IBTP), the MCF model takes responsibility for legitimacy verification and reliable routing of cross‐chain transactions, thus addressing the “data islands problem” inherent in traditional blockchain‐based medical systems. Then, an elliptic curve signature scheme is adopted to protect user privacy in cross‐chain transactions, which helps establish transaction verification for the MCF model in BIoMT systems. Finally, several experiments are carried out to prove the feasibility of the cross‐chain scheme and the security of the elliptic curve signature scheme, and the performance index of the cross‐chain system is evaluated. The performance results show that the MCF model can provide secure and efficient cross‐chain services for sharing medical data among heterogeneous BIoMT systems, thus addressing the “data islands problem” inherent in traditional blockchain‐based medical systems.

Supply Chain Management in Agriculture Using Blockchain Technology

Block chains, now firmly established, are a digital system that combines data management, incentive systems, cryptography, and networking to enable the execution, recording, and verification of transactions between parties. Even while the original goal of block chain technology was to facilitate new forms of digital currency that would enable easier and more secure payment methods, they have enormous promise as a new foundation for all kinds of transactions. Agribusiness stands to gain a lot from this technology by leveraging it as a platform to conduct "smart contracts" for transactions, especially for high-value goods. Before we go any further, it is important to distinguish between distributed ledgers and block chain technologies and private digital currencies. Given the distributed and global character of digital currencies such as Bitcoin, it is improbable that central banks will be able to adequately oversee the underlying protocols. Monetary authorities are primarily concerned with understanding the "on-ramps" and "off-ramps" that comprise the links to the traditional payments system, rather than being able to monitor and manage the money itself. In contrast to the digital currency component of the block chain, the distributed ledger aspect holds great potential for application in trade and agriculture funding, especially in scenarios where multiple partners are involved and a dependable central authority is lacking

Trajectory privacy protection method with smart contract-based query exchange in the Social Internet of Vehicles

Query exchange in the Social Internet of Vehicles (SIoV) can protect users’ trajectory information. However, this method lacks an appropriate incentive mechanism, which leads to cooperative users refusing to participate in query exchange. In order to provide cooperative users with incentives to participate in query exchange, this paper proposes a smart contract-based query exchange (SC-QE) trajectory privacy protection method. By creating a many-to-many smart contract, the method encourages the cooperative users to bid to the requesting users. Subsequently, in order to select a Best Similarity Deviation User (BSDU) for the requesting user to perform query exchange, the users in the smart contract are modeled as a weighted bipartite graph, and the matching between the requesting users and BSDUs is realized by means of a weighted bipartite graph best matching algorithm. Following successful verification of the query exchange transaction in the smart contract, the base station distributes rewards to the BSDU and uploads the query exchange transaction to the consortium blockchain. Experimental results show that compared with the deviation-based query exchange (DQE) method, the proposed method reduces the user processing time by 12% while increasing the continuous anonymous success rate by 29%. Therefore, the proposed method can reduce the service query time and improve the level of trajectory privacy protection.

Block chain-based Database Systems by using WSM Method

Block chain technology has surfaced as a transformative influence, revolutionizing the verification and recording of transactions across industries. In to traditional data base systems, presenting a novel approach to database management. The objective is to enhance the trust, transparency, and security of data storage and transactions. Research in this field aims to strengthen data protection, reduce the risk of unauthorized access, and prevent data tampering. By providing a transparent and auditable record of transactions, block chain enhances trust among parties. This is particularly important in industries such as finance, where the integrity of transactions is paramount. The Weighted Sum Model (WSM) stands as a straightforward and widely utilized method of multi-criteria decision-making. It operates by multiplying assigned value of each attribute by the weight of importance designated by the decision maker. Subsequently, it entails aggregating these products across all criteria to compute evaluation scores for each alternative parameters considered in this study include Bitcoin, Ethereum, Biance Smart Chain, Hyperledger Fabric, and Corda, evaluated based on criteria such as Transaction Throughput (tps), Security Level (1-10), Energy Efficiency (kWh/tx), and Initial Setup Cost (USD). the term "Weighted Sum Model (WSM)" is correctly spelled, but the term "multi-Criteria" should be "multi-criteria" for proper phrasing. It involves assigning a value to each attribute, determined by the decision maker, which is then multiplied by a specified importance weight Bitcoin, Ethereum, Binance Smart Chain, Hyperledger Fabric and Corda. Transaction Throughput (tps), Security Level (1-10) Energy, Efficiency (kWh/tx) and Initial Setup Cost (USD). the ranking for blockchain-based database systems. Binance Smart Chain) got the top rank, whereas faculty strength Bitcoin) has a low ranking.

HCNCT: A Cross-chain Interaction Scheme for the Blockchain-based Metaverse

As a new type of digital living space that blends virtual and reality, Metaverse combines many emerging technologies. It provides an immersive experience based on VR technology and stores and protects users’ digital content and digital assets through blockchain technology. However, different virtual environments are often highly heterogeneous in terms of underlying architecture and software implementation technology, which leads to many challenges in scalability and interoperability for blockchains serving the Metaverse. Cross-chain technology is an essential technology to realize the scalability and interoperability of blockchain. However, the current cross-chain technologies all have their own merits and demerits, and there is no cross-chain solution that can be fully applied to any scenario. To this end, in the blockchain-based Metaverse, this article proposes a cross-chain transaction scheme based on improved hash timelock, HCNCT. By combining the notary mechanism, this scheme uses a group of notaries to supervise and participate in cross-chain transactions, effectively solving the problem that malicious users create a large number of time-out transactions to block the transaction channel, which exists in the traditional hash timelock method. Besides, this article uses the verifiable secret sharing method in the notary group, which can effectively prevent the centralization problem of the notary mechanism. Moreover, this article discusses the process of key processing, cross-chain transaction and transaction verification of the scheme, and designs the user credibility evaluation mechanism, which can effectively reduce the occurrence of malicious default of users. Compared with existing solutions, our solution has the advantage of effectively addressing time-out transaction attacks and centralization issues while guaranteeing security. The experiments also verify the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.

Performance evaluation of a quantum-resistant Blockchain: a comparative study with Secp256k1 and Schnorr

Popular Secp256k1 and Schnorr algorithms offer strong security in current Blockchains. However, they are vulnerable to quantum attacks. To solve this problem, several quantum-resistant algorithms have been proposed. However, the performance evaluations and tangible analyses of these algorithms on current Blockchains have not been studied yet. In this context, a performance analysis of quantum-resistant algorithms on a Blockchain can provide valuable insight into the efficiency of quantum-resistant algorithms in real-world scenarios. To address this need, we prototyped and analyzed a quantum-resistant Blockchain using the Falcon algorithm. Falcon is selected because it provides smaller signature and key size compared to Crystals-Dilithium and Sphincs+. We then measured in real-time the key size, transaction signature size, and transaction verification time. The paper also discusses the potential scalability limitations of the proposed quantum-resistant Blockchain and suggests an approach to select quantum-resistant algorithms based on different Blockchain use cases. Our approach and benchmark results have implications for the future development and adoption of quantum-resistant Blockchains.

Blockchain-Based System and Methods for Sensitive Data Transactions

A blockchain-based processing framework for sensitive data is proposed. The smart network comprises a blockchain module, an electronic contract (E-contract) layer node, and a Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) layer module. The underlying blockchain module provides technical support, such as virtual machines, consensus algorithms, transaction verification mechanisms, and accounting mechanisms. The E-contract layer module provides a distributed application service and uses the blockchain technology (BT) to support it. In addition, it runs the code of the sensitive data transaction system and the code created by the algorithm for encoding generation at the E-contract layer. The SaaS layer module offers a cloud-platform service that allows each party to easily engage in business collaboration via web portals or clients. The proposed smart system is used by each party get involved in the production of sensitive data. The final sensitive data are produced by the final data generator, and other modules involved in the process of data production are unaware of the final data. This approach prevents the leakage of sensitive data into the circulation.

LEGAL IMPLICATIONS OF BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY FOR TAX COMPLIANCE AND FINANCIAL REGULATION

Blockchain technology has emerged as a disruptive force in the realms of tax compliance and financial regulation, presenting both opportunities and challenges for governments, businesses, and regulators worldwide. This abstract explores the multifaceted legal implications stemming from the integration of blockchain technology into tax systems and financial frameworks. The decentralization and transparency inherent in blockchain networks offer promising avenues for enhancing tax compliance. Smart contracts, powered by blockchain, can automate tax calculations and payments, reducing errors and facilitating real-time monitoring of transactions. Additionally, the immutable nature of blockchain ledgers provides auditors with an unprecedented level of transparency and traceability, potentially reducing tax evasion and fraud. However, the adoption of blockchain technology also poses significant regulatory challenges. The anonymity afforded by certain blockchain implementations raises concerns regarding the identification and verification of taxpayers and transactions, potentially hindering enforcement efforts. Moreover, the cross-border nature of blockchain transactions complicates traditional tax jurisdictional boundaries, necessitating international cooperation and harmonization of tax policies. In the realm of financial regulation, blockchain technology introduces novel considerations for regulators seeking to ensure market integrity and investor protection. The proliferation of blockchain-based financial products, such as cryptocurrencies and tokenized assets, challenges existing regulatory frameworks designed for traditional financial instruments. Regulators must grapple with issues of investor disclosure, market manipulation, and systemic risk in this rapidly evolving landscape. Furthermore, the decentralized nature of blockchain networks challenges the efficacy of traditional regulatory mechanisms, such as centralized oversight and enforcement. Regulators face the daunting task of striking a balance between fostering innovation and safeguarding against potential risks, such as money laundering and terrorist financing, inherent in decentralized financial systems. The integration of blockchain technology into tax compliance and financial regulation presents a complex array of legal implications. While offering potential benefits in terms of efficiency and transparency, blockchain also necessitates adaptation and evolution of regulatory frameworks to address emerging challenges and risks in a rapidly evolving digital landscape. Effective collaboration between governments, businesses, and regulators is essential to harness the transformative potential of blockchain technology while mitigating its associated legal and regulatory challenges.
 Keywords: Blockchain, Regulators, Legal, Tax, Technology, Financial, Review.

Towards the net zero carbon future: A review of blockchain‐enabled peer‐to‐peer carbon trading

AbstractThe increasing trend of energy generation and management systems towards decentralized structures such as using renewable energy resources makes it necessary to use digital and smart platforms for exchanging information and even conducting financial transactions in a decentralized manner, known as the peer‐to‐peer model. The decentralized transaction verification of cryptocurrencies makes it possible to use these encrypted currencies and decentralized blockchain networks in energy management systems and carry out financial transactions related to carbon trading. Carbon and other greenhouse gas (GHG) emission trading systems reduce the competitiveness of fossil fuel projects in the market and accelerate investment in low‐carbon energy sources such as wind and photovoltaic power generation units. This market mechanism allows large entities such as countries and companies that emit GHGs into the atmosphere to buy and sell these gases. This paper reviews the blockchain solutions developed for carbon markets. Studies related to the design of smart contracts in the platform of blockchain are investigated. Special cryptocurrencies that are used in the field of green energy transactions and carbon trading are introduced. In addition, the application of artificial intelligence and game theory in energy trading is stated. The study of different blockchain frameworks for carbon trading shows that the use of decentralized platforms in carbon trading can have a significant impact on the trend towards low‐carbon measures and achieving the goals of the Kyoto Treaty, increasing the value of green cryptocurrencies and the volume of transactions. These technologies offer a promising avenue for creating a more decentralized, efficient, and environmentally conscious energy ecosystem.

ISTVP: Independent single transaction verification protocol for light node using fraud proofs without collaborator

AbstractMost blockchain users run light nodes on mobile devices. Due to limited storage and computation, light nodes cannot perform transaction validation. This shortage makes opportunities for malicious nodes to produce blocks containing invalid transactions, which results in the loss of funds for light nodes. Fraud proofs play a significant role in ensuring transaction security for light nodes. However, existing fraud proof schemes require honest collaborators and the processing of entire blocks. To address these limitations, Independent Single Transaction Verification Protocol for Light node Using Fraud Proofs without Collaborator called ISTVP is proposed that enables light nodes to independently verify transactions and generate fraud proofs without relying on collaborators or processing the entire block. To support ISTVP, SVST is introduced, an efficient block structure for single‐transaction verification. SVST not only efficiently indexes historical transaction outputs to improve verification efficiency, but also significantly reduces the storage requirements for verifying transactions to . Furthermore, the authors analyze the security of ISTVP and demonstrate that it satisfies both persistence and liveness, while maintaining the level of security of full node.

Supply Chain Management in Agriculture using Blockchain

Block chains are now firmly established as a digital technology that combines cryptographic, data management, networking, and incentive mechanisms to support the verification, execution, and recording of transactions between parties. While block chain technologies were originally intended to support new forms of digital currency for easier and secure payments, they now hold promise as a new foundation for all forms of transactions. Agribusiness stands to become a key beneficiary of this technology as a platform to execute ‘smart contracts’ for transactions, particularly for high-value produce. First it is important to distinguish between private digital currencies and the distributed ledger and block chain technologies that underlie them. The distributed and cross- border nature of digital currencies like Bit coin means that regulation of the core protocols of these systems by central banks is unlikely to be effective. Monetary authorities are focused more on understanding ‘on-ramps’ and ‘off-ramps’ that constitute the links to the traditional payments system rather than being able to monitor and regulate the currency itself. In contrast to the digital currency feature of block chain, the distributed ledger feature has the potential for widespread use in agribusiness and trade financing, especially where workflows involve many different parties with no trusted central entity

Blockchain based transparent and reliable framework for wheat crop supply chain.

The wheat crop that fulfills 35% of human food demand is facing several problems due to a lack of transparency, security, reliability, and traceability in the existing agriculture supply chain. Many systems have been developed for the agriculture supply chain to overcome such issues, however, monopolistic centralized control is the biggest hurdle to realizing the use of such systems. It has eventually gained consumers' trust in branded products and rejected other products due to the lack of traceable supply chain information. This study proposes a blockchain-based framework for supply chain traceability which provides trustable, transparent, secure, and reliable services for the wheat crop. A crypto token called wheat coin (WC) has been introduced to keep track of transactions among the stakeholders of the wheat supply chain. Moreover, an initial coin offering (ICO) of WC, crypto wallets, and an economic model are proposed. Furthermore, a smart contract-based transaction system has been devised for the transparency of wheat crop transactions and conversion of WC to fiat and vice versa. We have developed the interplanetary file system (IPFS) to improve data availability, security, and transparency which stores encrypted private data of farmers, businesses, and merchants. Lastly, the results of the experiments show that the proposed framework shows better performance as compared to previous crop supply chain solutions in terms of latency to add-blocks, per-minute transactions, average gas charge for the transaction, and transaction verification time. Performance analysis with Bitcoin and Ethereum shows the superior performance of the proposed system.

ЦИФРОВА ТРАНСФОРМАЦІЯ ПОДАТКОВИХ СИСТЕМ ЗА ДОПОМОГОЮ ТЕХНОЛОГІЇ БЛОКЧЕЙНУ

The article examines the prospects for the introduction of modern information technologies in the tax system, the correct application of the advantages of which allows to detect and prevent fraud at the early stages, or minimise the consequences of their impact in case of occurrence. The purpose of the study is to analyse the possibilities of introducing blockchain technology into tax systems to increase transparency, efficiency and security of tax administration. The article discusses how digital technologies, in particular blockchain, can contribute to tax optimisation and improvement of existing tax systems. The research methods include analysis of literature and existing approaches to the implementation of blockchain technologies, theoretical modelling of possible scenarios of blockchain use for tax administration. As a decentralised database, blockchain is not owned or controlled by any entity, making it ideal for accounting, public law, finance, logistics, and other areas, including tax administration. The main aspects of this process include: protection of data in the blockchain with cryptographic algorithms, which guarantees the confidentiality and integrity of information, decentralisation of information flows distributed among all network participants, which makes data manipulation virtually impossible without changing the entire block chain. The research substantiates that the stability of the cryptographic hash and the consensus mechanism are the key elements for ensuring the security, reliability and decentralisation of the blockchain, as they allow all network participants to reach an agreement on the current state of the blockchain and prevent possible attacks and manipulations. The use of blockchain in tax systems enables the creation of transparent and immutable systems for tax administration, ensuring a high level of security and trust. This facilitates the automation of tax collection, transaction verification, tax reporting, and the implementation of smart contracts for the automatic accrual and collection of tax liabilities. Furthermore, blockchain can help improve the interaction between tax authorities and taxpayers, reducing administrative costs and minimising the risk of corruption.

ЦИФРОВА ТРАНСФОРМАЦІЯ ПОДАТКОВИХ СИСТЕМ ЗА ДОПОМОГОЮ ТЕХНОЛОГІЇ БЛОКЧЕЙНУ

The article examines the prospects for the introduction of modern information technologies in the tax system, the correct application of the advantages of which allows to detect and prevent fraud at the early stages, or minimise the consequences of their impact in case of occurrence. The purpose of the study is to analyse the possibilities of introducing blockchain technology into tax systems to increase transparency, efficiency and security of tax administration. The article discusses how digital technologies, in particular blockchain, can contribute to tax optimisation and improvement of existing tax systems. The research methods include analysis of literature and existing approaches to the implementation of blockchain technologies, theoretical modelling of possible scenarios of blockchain use for tax administration. As a decentralised database, blockchain is not owned or controlled by any entity, making it ideal for accounting, public law, finance, logistics, and other areas, including tax administration. The main aspects of this process include: protection of data in the blockchain with cryptographic algorithms, which guarantees the confidentiality and integrity of information, decentralisation of information flows distributed among all network participants, which makes data manipulation virtually impossible without changing the entire block chain. The research substantiates that the stability of the cryptographic hash and the consensus mechanism are the key elements for ensuring the security, reliability and decentralisation of the blockchain, as they allow all network participants to reach an agreement on the current state of the blockchain and prevent possible attacks and manipulations. The use of blockchain in tax systems enables the creation of transparent and immutable systems for tax administration, ensuring a high level of security and trust. This facilitates the automation of tax collection, transaction verification, tax reporting, and the implementation of smart contracts for the automatic accrual and collection of tax liabilities. Furthermore, blockchain can help improve the interaction between tax authorities and taxpayers, reducing administrative costs and minimising the risk of corruption.