Transaction Response Time Research Articles

Healthcare System Using Blockchain

The global Electronic Health Record (EHR) market is growing dramatically and is expected to reach $39.7 billion by 2022. To safeguard the security and privacy of EHR, access control is an essential mechanism for managing EHR data. This paper proposes a hybrid architecture to facilitate access control of EHR data by using both blockchain and edge nodes. Within the architecture, a blockchain-based controller manages identity and access control policies and serves as a tamper-proof log of access events. In addition, off-chain edge nodes store the EHR data and apply policies specified in Abbreviated Language For Authorization (ALFA) to enforce attribute-based access control on EHR data in collaboration with the blockchain-based access control logs. We evaluate the proposed hybrid architecture by utilizing the Hyperledger Composer Fabric blockchain to measure the performance of executing smart contracts and ACL policies in terms of transaction processing time and response time against unauthorized data retrieval. Keywords:Attribute-based Access Control, Access Control List, Blockchain, Edge Computing, Hyperledger, Smart Contract

BEHeDaS: A Blockchain Electronic Health Data System for Secure Medical Records Exchange

Blockchain platforms propagate into every facet, including managing medical services with professional and patient-centered applications. With its sensitive nature, record privacy has become imminent with medical services for patient diagnosis and treatments. The nature of medical records has continued to necessitate their availability, reachability, accessibility, security, mobility, and confidentiality. Challenges to these include authorized transfer of patient records on referral, security across platforms, content diversity, platform interoperability, etc. These, are today – demystified with blockchain-based apps, which proffers platform/application services to achieve data features associated with the nature of the records. We use a permissioned-blockchain for healthcare record management. Our choice of permission mode with a hyper-fabric ledger that uses a world-state on a peer-to-peer chain – is that its smart contracts do not require a complex algorithm to yield controlled transparency for users. Its actors include patients, practitioners, and health-related officers as users to create, retrieve, and store patient medical records and aid interoperability. With a population of 500, the system yields a transaction (query and https) response time of 0.56 seconds and 0.42 seconds, respectively. To cater to platform scalability and accessibility, the system yielded 0.78 seconds and 063 seconds, respectively, for 2500 users.

Development path of college labor education based on big data platform in the context of health psychology

Abstract Labor education is an important content of quality education, and the promotion of higher education cannot be separated from the implementation and practice of labor education. The labor education platform and labor education resource base in colleges and universities are established using the big data platform, which combines Hadoop technology and the HBase database. In order to help students obtain labor education teaching resources more efficiently on the labor education platform, reinforcement learning is combined with a deep neural network to optimize the scheduling of teaching resources, and α -the dispersion recommendation algorithm is used to realize personalized recommendations of teaching resources. With regard to the effectiveness of the labor education platform, load testing and application effects were carried out, and the influencing factors of labor behavior and craftsmanship cultivation of college labor education students were analyzed in depth. The labor education platform’s transaction response time increases by 22.5 seconds when the number of users reaches 5000, according to the results. The personal motivation for craftsmanship in the process of labor education will be affected by the campus culture, and its correlation coefficient is 0.565, and the student’s satisfaction with the platform of labor education reaches 0.825. The innovation and development of labor education in colleges and universities need to fully rely on the big data platform to promote the optimization and sharing of labor education resources and to promote the development of labor education resources. The cultivation of student labor creation and craftsmanship can be ensured through the optimization and sharing of educational resources.

Caerus: Low-Latency Distributed Transactions for Geo-Replicated Systems

Distributed deterministic database systems achieve high transaction throughput for geographically replicated data. Supporting transactions with ACID guarantees requires deterministic databases to order transactions globally to dictate execution order. In a geographically distributed environment, ordering transactions globally can take multiple wide-area network (WAN) round trips of messaging, which adds significant latency to transaction response times, leading to poor user experiences. To improve the response time of transactions in deterministic databases, we propose an ordering protocol that can include a transaction in the global order in a single WAN round trip to the primary regions of the data items within the transaction's read and write set. The protocol reduces the cost of determining the global order for all transactions by leveraging deterministic merging of partial sequences of transactions per geographic region. We implement the protocol in Caerus, our geo-replicated deterministic database system that serializably commits and replicates transactions after a delay of only a single WAN round trip of messaging. Using popular workload benchmarks over geographically replicated data in Azure, we show that Caerus outperforms state-of-the-art comparison systems to deliver low-latency transaction execution.

Lattices-Inspired CP-ABE from LWE Scheme for Data Access and Sharing Based on Blockchain

To address the quantum attacks on number theory-based ciphertext policy attribute-based encryption (CP-ABE), and to avoid private key leakage problems by relying on a trustworthy central authority, we propose a lattice-inspired CP-ABE scheme for data access and sharing based on blockchain in this paper. Firstly, a CP-ABE-based algorithm using learning with errors (LWE) assumption is constructed, which is selective security under linear independence restriction in the random oracle model. Secondly, the blockchain nodes can act as a distributed key management server to offer control over master keys used to generate private keys for different data users that reflect their attributes through launching transactions on the blockchain system. Finally, we develop smart contracts for proving the correctness of proxy re-encryption (PRE) and provide auditability for the whole data-sharing process. Compared with the traditional CP-ABE algorithm, the post-quantum CP-ABE algorithm can significantly improve the computation speed according to the result of the functional and experimental analysis. Moreover, the proposed blockchain-based CP-ABE scheme provides not only multi-cryptography collaboration to enhance the security of data access and sharing but also reduces average transaction response time and throughput.

Security Enhancement in Smart Logistics with Blockchain Technology: A Home Delivery Use Case

Home delivery (B2C) experienced rapid growth during the COVID-19 pandemic, especially food delivery. Nonrepudiation is a problem in security and affects delivery. Blockchain technology is a new technology that addresses this issue. This paper proposes preventing nonrepudiation in home delivery through blockchain technology. We also design a data structure and smart contract for distributed application. In addition, we evaluate the performance of the proposed framework in terms of transaction fees and response times. We experimented on the blockchain emulator, stored data in RDBMS, and implemented a client with a mobile application. The data in the smart contract were directly impacted by the gas used and the response time. Primarily, the function processes the large data size and involves high transaction fees and long response times. The gas used accounts for 9061 times of data length, while the response time accounts for 2.84 times of data length. Finally, we propose a security policy for the proposed framework.

Construction of Hospital Human Resource Information Management System under the Background of Artificial Intelligence.

Under the background of artificial intelligence (AI), a human resource information management system was designed to facilitate hospital human resource management and improve hospital management efficiency. Based on AI, SOA was constructed and Java2 platform enterprise edition (J2EE) was combined with Java to design and research hospital human resource information management system. In addition, the function and performance required by the system were tested. The results showed that the designed system showed high safety in requirement analysis and performance. The function focused mainly on the systematic analysis of personnel management, recruitment management, organization and personnel management, and patient medical information. The constructed system could work normally and achieve the efficiency of hospital human resource management. The evaluation response time of system home page access was less than 1 second when 300 users were concurrent, and the utilization rate of service CPU was lower than 50% without abnormal memory fluctuation. The concurrent response time of all 20 managers online was less than 5 seconds, and the utilization rate of the service was lower than 70%. When the information of 100 employees in the system was queried concurrently, the average CPU utilization of the database server exceeded 90%. After performance optimization, the test result showed that the transaction response time was reduced to 0.23 seconds, which met the target requirement. In conclusion, the proposed intelligent human resource management system could reduce hospital management cost and the high sharing of human resource information provided a reference for the decision-making system of hospital leaders.

Novel Approach for Access Control for Electronic Health Records with Hybrid Blockchain – Edge Architecture

The global electronic health record (EHR) industry is predicted to develop at a rapid pace, reaching $39.7 billion by 2022. Access control is a critical tool for managing EHR data to ensure its security and privacy. This study offers a hybrid architecture that uses both blockchain and edge nodes to facilitate access control of EHR data. A blockchain-based controller controls identity and access control regulations and acts as a tamper-proof log of access events inside the architecture. In addition, in combination with the blockchain-based access control logs, off-chain edge nodes store EHR data and apply policies provided in the Abbreviated Language For Authorization (ALFA) to impose attribute-based access control on EHR data. We test the proposed hybrid architecture by measuring the performance of executing smart contracts and ACL policies in terms of transaction processing time and response time against unauthorized data retrieval using the Hyperledger Composer Fabric blockchain.

ROS-Ethereum: A Convenient Tool to Bridge ROS and Blockchain (Ethereum)

Robot Operating System (ROS) has received widespread utilization with the development of robotics, self-driving, etc., recently. Meanwhile, the other technology blockchain is frequently applied to various fields with its trustworthy characteristics and immutability in data storage. However, ROS has no ability to interact with the blockchain, which hinders research in related fields. Therefore, we wonder if we can develop a convenient tool to bridge ROS and blockchain. Inspired by this, we propose ROS-Ethereum. It bridges ROS and Ethereum, a widely used blockchain platform. ROS-Ethereum is based on the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) communication mechanism and the SM algorithm family along with Ethereum technology. Simply put, ROS-Ethereum allows users to invoke the contract when interacting with the blockchain, which makes this process easier and safer. We conduct experiments in real robots to verify the effectiveness of ROS-Ethereum and evaluate it from the following metrics: (1) the encryption efficiency and stability of the algorithm and (2) ROS-Ethereum transaction response time and packet loss rate.

Teaching Platform for Private Undergraduate Colleges and Universities Teaching Qualification Evaluation Model Based on DEL-AHP

<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">With the expansion of undergraduate enrollment in domestic colleges and universities and the rapid development of teaching evaluation projects, the evaluation system of teaching quality in China's colleges and universities has begun to form a guarantee system suitable to China's national conditions. It has become an urgent problem to ensure the smooth development of teachers' evaluation and the steady development of teaching quality. This paper applies the DEL-AHP method to the teaching platform of the teaching qualification evaluation model in private undergraduate colleges and universities, and designs and establishes the teaching platform by using hierarchical single sorting and consistency testing. And select a private undergraduate university teaching platform in this city for comparative study, define the platform originally used by the University as platform A, on the basis of the original platform of the university, use DEL-AHP method to improve platform A, form a new platform, define it as platform B, compare the average transaction response time and CPU utilization of the two platforms. The results show that the CPU utilization of platform B is significantly higher than that of platform A. On average, the average utilization of platform B is 58.332 higher than that of platform A. The minimum and maximum peaks of Platform A are 0 and 15.445, respectively, and the corresponding minimum and maximum peaks of Platform B are 3.125 and 89.119, respectively. Therefore, the teaching platform of the teaching qualification evaluation model of private undergraduate colleges and Universities Based on DEL-AHP can withstand a large load of data processing, and its average transaction response time is also less.</span>

Research on digital urban architecture design based on cloud computing data center

Abstract With the acceleration of China’s urbanization process, the scale of cities continues to expand, and urban management issues are becoming increasingly prominent. This research takes the application of digital urban management integration as an example, designs the digital urban management subsystem, combines the design of the system framework, data layer, and integrated public platform layer, and analyzes the data function process of the digital urban management subsystem. Digital cities, as proven by practice, can effectively solve many problems of urban management. The continuous breakthrough of cloud computing has laid a solid foundation for the development of digital cities. The purpose of this article is to study the construction of digital cities based on cloud computing data centers. This article outlines the basic concepts of digital cities, studies related technologies of cloud computing, and introduces related technologies of data transfer in digital cities. Based on the background of digital city construction, a digital city system framework based on cloud computing data center is proposed. Based on the system framework, a digital urban management integrated application system is designed. The test proves that the integrated system can meet the performance requirements of daily business processing. In this paper, the average transaction response time is less than 5 s and the application server utilization is less than 80% as evaluation indicators. By testing the performance of the system, the average response time is 0.436 s and the average CPU utilization is 58.25%

Fairness-Based Packing of Industrial IoT Data in Permissioned Blockchains

In recent years, blockchain has been broadly applied to industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) due to its features of decentralization, transparency, and immutability. In existing permissioned blockchain based IIoT solutions, transactions submitted by IIoT devices are arbitrarily packed into blocks without considering their waiting times. Hence, there will be a high deviation of the transaction response times, which is known as the lack of fairness. Unfair permissioned blockchain decreases the quality of experience from the perspective of the IIoT devices. Moreover, some transactions can get timeouts if not responded for a long time. In this article, we propose Fair-Pack, the first fairness-based transaction packing algorithm for permissioned blockchain empowered IIoT systems. First, we gain the insight that fairness is positively related to the sum of waiting times of the selected transactions through theoretical analysis. Based on this insight, we transform the fairness problem into the subset sum problem, which is to find a valid subset from a given set with subset sum as large as possible. However, it is time consuming to solve the problem using a brute-force approach because there is an exponential number of subsets for a given set. To this end, we propose a heuristic and a min-heap-based optimal algorithm for different parameter settings. Finally, we analyze the time complexity of Fair-Pack and conduct extensive experiments. The results reveal that Fair-Pack is time-efficient and outperforms the existing algorithms significantly in terms of both fairness and average transaction response time.

Decentralized authorization in constrained IoT environments exploiting interledger mechanisms

We present models that utilize smart contracts and interledger mechanisms to provide decentralized authorization for constrained IoT devices. The models involve different tradeoffs in terms of cost, delay, complexity, and privacy, while exploiting key advantages of smart contracts and multiple blockchains that communicate with interledger mechanisms. These include immutably recording hashes of authorization information and policies in smart contracts, resilience through the execution of smart contract code on all blockchain nodes, and cryptographically linking transactions and IoT events recorded on different blockchains using hash-lock and time-lock mechanisms. In the case of two ledgers, an authorization and a payment ledger, the authorization ledger can be a private Ethereum network or a permissioned ledger such as Hyperledger Fabric. For decentralized authorization where a subset of m-out-of-n authorization servers are required, we present two policies for selecting the m servers. The first policy can utilize statistics of the authorization servers such as transaction cost and response time. The second policy selects the first m servers that respond. The proposed models are evaluated on the public Ethereum testnets Rinkeby and Ropsten, and for different implementations on the Hyperledger Fabric permissioned ledger, in terms of execution cost (gas), delay, and reduction of data that needs to be sent to the constrained IoT devices.

Nash Equilibrium and Social Optimization of Transactions in Blockchain System Based on Discrete-Time Queue

Blockchain technology has been used in many fields such as data management, cloud computing and Internet of Things with the features of decentralization, transparency and immutability. In order to study the performance of a blockchain system with a light-load traffic, we establish a discrete-time non-exhaustive vacation queue with batch service and gated service. In this model, we regard transaction initiation, mining processing and block verification as arrival, vacation and service period, respectively. By using an embedded Markov chain method and a regeneration cycle approach, we derive the average response time of transactions. Experiment results with analysis and simulation show that the average response time of transactions is impacted by the arrival rate of transactions. Finally, we study the Nash equilibrium behavior and the socially optimal behavior of transactions, and present a pricing policy for transactions to maximize the social profit.

ATM Transaction Status Anomaly Detection Based on Unsupervised Learning

This paper uses information technology to monitor the data obtained by ATM equipment in real-time (three indicators of traffic volume, transaction success rate and transaction response time) and constructs an anomaly detection scheme for unsupervised learning (K-means clustering and SOM neural network). After that, the data in a day was simulated to consider the above schemes. Both schemes can make decisions quickly and have sound anomaly detection effects.

ATM Transaction Status Feature Analysis and Anomaly Detection

In this paper, based on ATM transaction status analysis and anomaly detection problem, by analyzing the transaction statistics of a bank ATM application system, the characteristic parameters of ATM transaction status are extracted and analyzed, then a set of targets are designed. An abnormal monitoring scheme that can promptly and accurately alarm the four abnormal situations in which the trading volume is steep, the transaction failure rate is increased, the transaction processing is slow, and the transaction response time is too long. Firstly, the transaction data is divided to distinguish between working days, non-working days, trading volume troughs, and normal trading periods, to avoid data interference between different time periods and to take into account the data discontinuity. The characteristics of the anomaly data were identified by K-Means Clustering Analysis. Then the data is analyzed by B-P Neural Network method, the change rule of ATM transaction status with time is obtained. According to this rule, the ATM transaction status is judged, and the abnormal situation is alarmed in time. Finally, this paper increases the amount and type of data collected, then increases the influencing factors such as ATM popularity, holidays, transaction types into the model, uses the existing transaction data before and after the Spring Festival to verify, in order to obtain a more realistic monitoring and early warning program. The transaction status anomaly monitoring scheme designed in this paper not only can correctly judge but also timely alarm the financial aid equipment failure scenarios, so that the security of the financial self-service equipment trading system is guaranteed.

A Proposed Combinatorial System Design for Ubiquitous Transaction Processing Systems

As computing paradigm shift from a computing paradigm involving one-computer-many people to that involving one-person-one computer and eventually to the one involving one-person-many computers, the need for effective transaction management model for this advancement has also increased. This is because, new transaction management challenges are introduced. These challenges include increased mobile user bank, hybrid of mobile devices and transaction processing architecture related issues. This paper presents a Combinatorial System Design of Transaction Processing Elements for Ubiquitous Computing with the aim of justifying the choice of deploying Mobile-3PC Protocol on Three-tier transaction processing system architecture as the appropriate combinatorial system design for ubiquitous transaction processing systems. To achieve this aim, existing transaction processing systems are critically analysed and Compared against standards that influence transaction processing throughput and response time positively. A systematic analytical approach is used in analyzing the organizational structure of two-tier and three-tier system architectures. Subsequently, 2 Phase Commit and 3 Phase Commit communication protocols are analyzed and deployed on the three-tier system architecture to ascertain which one of the combinational transaction processing system design support ubiquitous computing effectively. The study shows that the Mobile-3 Phase Commit Protocol on Three-Tier system architecture displayed proactive management skill to curb process failures. This signifies higher transaction throughput. The inherent load balancing capability of the three-tier system architecture also shows support for improved response time. It is therefore recommended that the Mobile-3PC Protocol-on-Three-Tier system architecture be adopted as the combinatorial system design for ubiquitous transaction processing systems.

Power Efficiency Study Using SPECjEnterprise2010

In this paper, we present a case study of the power consumption and performance tradeoffs in Java application servers. We run SPECjEnterprise2010 on two platforms with different CPUs, namely, AMD Phenom II and Intel Atom. We investigate the performance and power consumption behaviors against the increasing system size and the relative performance between two CPUs. We also study the effectiveness of the dynamic frequency scaling (DFS) on Phenom and HyperThreading (HT) on Atom. Phenom achieves 8.5 times higher transaction throughput with 18.6 times more dynamic power consumption: Thus, the relative power consumption of Phenom against Atom is 218%. DFS parameter tuning reduces the dynamic power consumption of the Phenom-based server by up to 31%. However, it also has a side effect of higher transaction response time when the load level is fluctuated. HT improves the performance of the Atom server by up to 47% (standard workload) or 70% (individual transaction). HT does not reduce the power consumption of standard workload, but it works for individual transactions by up to 30% reduction of normalized power.

Scalability and Performance of Selected Websites of Universities: An Analytical Study of Punjab (India)

Today, education has emerged as a major area of commercial activities. The access to various University websites through Internet has opened up new opportunities for the beneficiaries. The creation of these websites fully serves the purpose of educational institutions in advancing and achieving their goals. The varied information made available on these websites and the minimum transaction response time to address the queries of end-users can go a long way to influence their decision in selecting a particular course and an institution. The issue assumes greater significance especially in a developing country like India where a website development and deployment activity is primarily facing the shortage of formalized website design techniques and testing procedures. The performance of most of the University websites is reasonably well, but when accessed by only a few concurrent users. Thus, the aim of this study is to analyze and compare the scalability and performance of selected University websites of Punjab (India) by means of load testing. Simulation of realistic users’ behavior is achieved through LoadRunner, a software tool for performance testing. Of all the University websites under study, on the basis of their scalability and performance, it has been found that the websites of Deemed and Central universities are the most and least efficient respectively. The findings of this study can be of great significance for the higher educational institutions in improving the performance quality of their websites resulting into their better ranking and satisfaction of the stakeholders. The paper also outlines the scope for further research in the area under study.

Local and distributed SIP overload control solution improving sustainability of SIP networks

SummaryCarriers have adopted session initiation protocol (SIP) in their next generation networks. Providing carrier‐grade service requires high availability in times of component failures, avalanche restart, flash crowds and denial of service attacks, which cause overload on SIP servers. Throughput of SIP servers is largely degraded during overload. We propose an SIP overload control (SIP‐OC) solution for local and remote situations, working in hop‐by‐hop and end‐to‐end modes. Our local SIP‐OC method uses a cross‐layer approach with negligible performance impact, while the implicit nature of our remote SIP‐OC allows detection of sophisticated overload conditions such as those caused by non‐SIP entities. Our remote SIP‐OC uses transaction response time as the basis for implicit overload detection. Coupling our local and remote SIP‐OC schemes, we show that the range of ‘sustainable’ overload that can be imposed on the system improves significantly. Moreover, incorporating a 2‐means filtering mechanism into our SIP‐OC scheme makes it perform well under packet‐loss. We also show that our proposed solution is robust to network latency and SIP server capacity fluctuations. All of our results are obtained from experiments over SIP testbeds including an experimental IP multimedia subsystem. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.