Resveratrol Research Articles

Resveratrol Anti-inflammatory Effect against Palmitate-induced Cytotoxicity in Raw 264.7 Macrophages.

Resveratrol (RES) is a phytochemical bioactive compound with suggested therapeutic benefits. The current work aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of RES against palmitate (PA) induced lipotoxicity in raw 264.7 macrophages cell line. The cells viability was assessed by lactate dehydrogenase assay. Then the effects of RES and PA on nitric oxide (NO), triglyceride (TG) content, and cytokines release were studied. The effect of RES and PA on the treated cells bioenergetics and redox status was evaluated via different assays Results: The results showed that at doses of 10 and 20μM, RES dramatically increased the vitality of PA-exposed macrophages with dramatic significant decrease in the release the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α, MHGB-1, IL-1β, and IL-6 and their coding genes expression with marked improvement in the cells phagocytic capacity. In addition, RES dramatically lowered the levels of NO and TG in PA-stimulated macrophages. In addition, PA markedly decreased mitochondrial complexes I and III activities with decreased mitochondrial membrane potential and lowered ATP production with induction of oxidative stress. RES was shown to mitigate the effect of PA on macrophages bioenergetics and the oxidative damage and counteracted PA effect on genes linked to oxidative damage, such as Nrf2, Ho-1, NF-κB p65, SOD1, and SOD2. RES could reduce PA-induced lipotoxicity in macrophages via enhancing their viability and counteracting the excess release of cytokines through alleviating PAinduced bioenergetic disruption and oxidative damage with a suggested positive impact of RES on obesity related illnesses caused by triggered cellular inflammation.

Hybrid Nanocomposite Mini-Tablet to Be Applied into the Post-Extraction Socket: Matching the Potentialities of Resveratrol-Loaded Lipid Nanoparticles and Hydroxyapatite to Promote Alveolar Wound Healing

Background/Objectives: Following tooth extraction, resveratrol (RSV) can support healing by reducing inflammation and microbial risks, though its poor solubility limits its effectiveness. This study aims to develop a solid nanocomposite by embedding RSV in lipid nanoparticles (mLNP) within a hydrophilic matrix, to the scope of improving local delivery and enhancing healing. Hydroxyapatite (HXA), often used as a bone substitute, was added to prevent post-extraction alveolus volume reduction. Methods: The mLNP-RSV dispersion was mixed with seven different polymers in various mLNP/polymer ratios. Following freeze-drying, the powders were redispersed, and the resulting dispersions were tested by DLS experiments. Then, the best two nanocomposites underwent extensive characterization by SEM, XRD, FTIR, Raman spectroscopy, and thermal analysis as well as in vitro partitioning studies aimed at verifying their ability to yield the mLNP-RSV from the hydrophilic matrix to a lipophilic tissue. The characterizations led to identify the best nanocomposite, which was further combined with HXA to obtain hybrid nanocomposites, further evaluated as pharmaceutical powders or in form of mini-tablets. Results: PEG-based nanocomposites emerged as optimal and, following HXA insertion, the resulting powders revealed adequate bulk properties, making them useful as a pharmaceutical intermediate to produce ≈59 mm3 mini-tablets, compliant with the post-extraction socket. Moreover, they were proven ex vivo to be able to promote RSV and GA accumulation into the buccal tissue over time. Conclusions: The here-proposed mini-tablet offers an innovative therapeutic approach for alveolar wound healing promotion as they led to a standardized dose administration, while being handy and stable in terms of physical solid identity as long as it takes to suture the wound.

Facile Formulation of a Resveratrol-Mediated Multibond Network Hydrogel with Efficient Sustainable Antibacterial, Reactive Oxygen Species Scavenging, Pro-Angiogenesis, and Immunomodulation Activities for Accelerating Infected Wound Healing.

The management of chronic infected wounds remains a significant clinical challenge, largely due to the deficiency of optimal wound dressings with adequate mechanical strength, appropriate adhesiveness, and efficient sustainable antibacterial, reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging, pro-angiogenesis, and immunomodulation properties. To address such a dilemma, we employed a simple and facile strategy to utilize resveratrol (RSV) as a functional component to mediate hydrogel gelation in this study. The structure of this obtained hydrogel was supported by a multibond network, which not only endowed the resultant product with superior mechanical strength and moderate adhesiveness but also effectively prolonged the bioavailability of RSV. This strategy successfully integrated the entire system with sustainable antibacterial, ROS scavenging, pro-angiogenesis, and immunomodulation properties. Subsequent in vivo evidence has verified that this material was capable to accelerate the healing of chronic infected wounds. The underlying mechanism can be explained that this hydrogel is capable of propelling macrophage polarization from the M1 to M2 phenotype through modulating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway to activate the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling as well as maintaining the mitochondrial membrane potential level in the normal state under excessive inflammatory and oxidative stimulus. In summary, this multifunctional hydrogel wound dressing provides a feasible way to promote the bioavailability of RSV, which is conducive for preparing a promising candidate for chronic infected wound healing. What is more important, it is also beneficial to reveal the correlative mechanisms to establish advanced therapeutic platform for targeting other complex infection microenvironment.

Resveratrol mitigates heat stress-induced testicular injury in rats: enhancing male fertility via antioxidant, antiapoptotic, pro-proliferative, and anti-inflammatory mechanisms.

This study investigates the protective effects of resveratrol (RSV) against heat stress (HS)-induced testicular injury in rats. Climate change has exacerbated heat stress, particularly affecting male fertility by impairing testicular function and sexual behavior. A total of 32 rats were allocated into four experimental groups: control, RSV control, HS control, and RSV + HS. The HS groups were subjected to a 43°C water bath for 20 min to induce testicular hyperthermia, while the RSV + HS group received 20 mg/kg of RSV starting just before HS and continuing for eight weeks. Our findings reveal that HS significantly impairs male sexual behavior, evidenced by reduced mount and intromission numbers, and increased latencies. It also negatively affects the reproductive system, decreasing the weights of testes (Cohen's d = 1.8), epididymis, and accessory sex glands, and deteriorating sperm profile parameters such as motility (Cohen's d = 2.1), viability, and morphology. Furthermore, HS notably decreases reproductive performance in female rats, reducing litter size, live births, and conception rates. Biochemically, HS decreases activities of key antioxidant enzymes in the testes-glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase-while increasing lipid peroxidation, nitrite levels, and proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and TNF-α). It also reduces serum levels of reproductive hormones like testosterone (Cohen's d = 2.0) and 17β-estradiol.These results were affirmed with the histopathological evaluation and the immunohistochemistry staining (Ki-67, PCNA, Bax 5, and caspase-3 protein expression). Remarkably, RSV treatment mitigated these adverse effects, restoring both physiological and biochemical parameters toward normal levels (e.g., testicular weight Cohen's d = 1.6, sperm motility Cohen's d = 1.9, and testosterone levels Cohen's d = 1.7). This suggests that RSV's antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic, and androgenic properties could effectively counteract the degenerative impacts of testicular hyperthermia. This highlights the potential of RSV as a therapeutic agent against climate change-induced fertility issues in males.

Resveratrol alleviates blast lung injury by modulating the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) via the PI3K/AKT pathway.

Blast lung injury (BLI) is a major cause of death in blast injuries, largely due to pulmonary edema. Effective clearance of alveolar fluid is critical for resolving pulmonary edema, with the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) playing a key role in this process. Resveratrol (RES), a natural compound with known antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, has shown promise in treating respiratory diseases. However, its potential protective effects against BLI, particularly through ENaC modulation, remain unclear. In this study, complementary in vivo and in vitro models were used to investigate mechanisms underlying pulmonary edema following a gas explosion. We discovered that RES significantly alleviated BLI by decreasing pulmonary edema, pulmonary index, W/D ratio, oxidative stress, inflammatory cell infiltration, and TNF-α and IL-1β expression levels in rat lung tissue. RES upregulated the expression of ENaC and PI3K/AKT both in rats and in A549 cells. The knockout of the PI3K-p85 gene suppressed RES-induced upregulation of p-AKT and ENaC, reversing protein expression in A549 cells. Altogether, RES shows potential to attenuate blast-induced lung injury by upregulating ENaC, partly through the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. This study highlights RES as a potential therapeutic agent for BLI and offers new insights into its mechanisms of action.

Protective effects of resveratrol and naringenin against nonylphenol-induced oxidative stress in rats

Nonylphenol (NP) is a ubiquitous environmental endocrine disrupting chemical and oxidative stress inducer in biological systems. Resveratrol (RES) and Naringenin (NG) are phytochemicals possessing antioxidant properties and estrogenic activity. This study was conducted to investigate the toxicity of NP and the mitigating effects of RES and NG on NP toxicity in rats. Thirty male rats were classified into 5 groups as follows: 1- Normal control (NC), 2- Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) group, 3- NP group, 4- NP + RES and 5- NP + NG. Results revealed that NP treatment significantly decreased the activities of superoxide dismutase, Catalase, Glutathione peroxidase and Glutathione content in blood, liver and kidney compared to NC and DMSO groups. Conversely, activity of Glutathione-s-transferase was significantly elevated in blood and decreased in liver and kidney. Moreover, significant escalation was observed in the levels of Malondialdehyde. Also, NP treatment led to a significant decrease in serum total testosterone and testis weight, accompanied with concurrent elevation in estradiol level compared to NC and DMSO groups. All the recorded effects induced by NP treatment were effectively countered by co-treatment with RES or NG. In addition, molecular docking studies were carried out to reveal the interactions between NP, RES, NG and estrogen receptor beta which provide a possible mechanism for their potential estrogenic activity. Overall, our study gives a deeper understanding of the toxic effect of NP on antioxidant capacity and endocrine functions as well as the potential therapeutic utility of RES and NG in alleviating these adverse effects.

Mitochondria-targeted delivery of zinc-coordinated resveratrol nanoparticles rescues the osteogenic potential of periodontal ligament stem cells compromised by inflammation for periodontal wound healing

The inflammatory response elicited by oxidative stress in periodontitis dramatically impairs the osteogenic differentiation potential of periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs). Mitochondria sense oxidative stress and regulate the viability and function of PDLSCs and are considered potential targets for regenerative medicine. Resveratrol (RSV) alleviates mitochondrial dysfunction, yet its unsatisfactory bioavailability greatly limits its effectiveness in mitochondrial therapy. Conventional RSV loading methods involving noncovalent interactions or covalent conjugation are either insufficiently stable or require tedious preparation processes. In this study, an RSV nanocarrier system that targets mitochondria was designed by crosslinking guanidine-grafted glycol chitosan (GGC) with RSV and forming zinc ion-based metal coordination bonds (GGC-Zn2+-RSV). Further analyses verified the low cytotoxicity of the synthesized nanoparticles and the indispensable role of guanidine in realizing lysosomal escape and mitochondrial delivery, which could result in more favorable osteogenic efficacy in the inflammatory environment by preserving mitochondrial function. Moreover, in vivo investigations revealed the pronounced effectiveness of GGC-Zn2+-RSV in periodontal wound healing, possibly because GGC-Zn2+-RSV predominantly promotes antioxidation and the recruitment of endogenous stem cells. This study provides a promising and feasible stem cell-based strategy for wound repair in periodontitis and provides insight into the development of novel RSV drug carriers.

The Effect of Cholesterol-Loaded Cyclodextrin and Resveratrol Compounds on Post-Thawing Quality of Ram Semen.

Ram sperm are more vulnerable to freezing than those of most other farm animals. During sperm freezing, the cell membrane loses some of its cholesterol, which regulates signalling mechanisms and prevents premature capacitation. Resveratrol (RES) increases the fluidity of the cell membrane, which becomes peroxidized during freezing and reduces free radicals. In this study, the effectiveness of RES, cholesterol-loaded cyclodextrin (CLC) and their combinations in ram sperm cryopreservation were investigated. The collected semen was divided into two equal volumes: One was diluted with tris-citric acid-glucose medium (TCG) containing CLC, whereas the other was diluted with a CLC-free TCG solution. After examining motility, both groups were further divided into two equal volumes, forming the following working groups: control (no RES, no CLC); RES (20µg/mL); CLC (2mg CLC/120×106 sperm); and RES+CLC (RES 20µg/mL+2mg CLC/120×106 sperm). These groups were diluted with media containing their respective additives. Post-thawing, the samples were analysed for motility, acrosome and membrane integrity, membrane functionality, mitochondrial activity, capacitation status, oxidative stress and DNA integrity. CLC preserved sperm total motility, acrosome and plasma membrane integrity and decreased the rate of early capacitation (p<0.05). RES had no significant effect on sperm quality before freezing and post-thawing (p>0.05). However, RES+CLC increased mitochondrial activity post-thawing (p<0.05). In conclusion, CLC minimized sperm membrane damage caused by cryopreservation in ram sperm. RES alone was ineffective, and the combination of RES and CLC did not yield a positive synergistic effect on ram spermatological parameters.

In vitro study of resveratrol as an antioxidant for boar semen preservation: A systematic review

Background and Aim: In the global pig farming industry, artificial insemination (AI) is widely used to propagate high-quality genetics using processed semen that can be stored for extended periods. However, boar sperm are particularly susceptible to oxidative damage during storage and cryopreservation because of their high polyunsaturated fatty acid content. This study aimed to systematically review the impact of resveratrol (RVT), a potent antioxidant, on the preservation of boar semen. Materials and Methods: A comprehensive meta-analysis was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Relevant articles were retrieved from databases such as Scopus, ScienceDirect, and PubMed using specific keywords. After a thorough screening, 10 studies were selected for inclusion. Data extracted from these studies included parameters such as sperm motility, viability, DNA integrity, and lipid peroxidation levels. Results: Resveratrol supplementation in boar semen extenders significantly improved sperm quality under various storage conditions, including waterbath and cooled and frozen semen. RVT’s antioxidative properties effectively reduced reactive oxygen species and prevented oxidative stress-related damage to sperm cells. Conclusion: The addition of resveratrol to semen extenders enhances the preservation of boar sperm by mitigating oxidative damage, potentially increasing the success rate of AI in the swine industry. This study highlights the need for further research to optimize RVT dosage and application methods for different semen preservation techniques. Keywords: antioxidant, artificial insemination, boar semen preservation, livestock and gene bank, resveratrol.

A Detailed Overview of the Role of Resveratrol in Feminine Care: Multiple Health Care Benefits

Resveratrol (RSV) is a polyphenol generated from plants. It is an organic substance that can be found in grapes, some berries, as well as other fruits and nuts. Numerous health benefits, such as anti-proliferative, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, anti-ischemic, anti-aging, steroidogenic effects, and antioxidant effects, have been demonstrated for it. Clinical trials show that it is technically safe to take resveratrol in doses up to 5 g per day. Resveratrol has an effect on the most common problems related to pregnancy and has an impact on embryogenesis and the reproductive health of women since it is a phytoestrogen. This paper could serve as a foundation for more in-depth clinical research on various perspectives of resveratrol.

Construction of chitosan hydrochloride-carboxymethyl chitosan nanoparticles using anti-solvent method for the co-delivery of puerarin and resveratrol.

The applications of resveratrol (RES) and puerarin (PUE) with notable physiological functions are greatly limited in functional food and pharmaceutical industries due to their poor water solubility and chemical instability. Accordingly, co-loading of RES and PUE into chitosan-based nanoparticles (NPs) is performed here by an anti-solvent method to improve their bioavailability. The fabricated NPs at 8:1 mass ratio of carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC) to chitosan hydrochloride (CHC) with the particle size of 375.1nm and zeta potential of +36.5mV showed encouraging encapsulation efficiency and loading capacity at 85.2% (RES), 89.5% (PUE), and 15.5%. The microstructure of core-shell CMC-CHC was confirmed through dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy. Molecular docking and storage stability indicating the more beneficial encapsulation of chitosan derivatives to PUE in comparison to RES. Cellular antioxidant activity experiments showed that the bioactivities of PUE/RES after loading with 20 and 40mg·mL-1 were improved by 13.2% and 18.5%, respectively, with respect to free ones. Therefore, RES/PUE-loaded CHC-CMC NPs were successfully prepared in this study, thus significantly improving the RES and PUE bioavailability and promoting their applications in functional food and pharmaceutical industries.

Cytotoxic Activity of Curcumin- and Resveratrol-Loaded Core–Shell Systems in Resistant and Sensitive Human Ovarian Cancer Cells

Due to the high mortality rate of ovarian cancer, there is a need to find novel strategies to improve current treatment modalities. Natural compounds offer great potential in this field but also require the careful design of systems for their delivery to cancer cells. Our study explored the anticancer effects of novel resveratrol (RSV)- and curcumin (CUR)-loaded core–shell nanoparticles in human ovarian cancer cells. We evaluated the in vitro cytotoxicity of various nanocarriers (CUR 1-3, RSV I-III) delivered to MDAH-2774 and SKOV-3 cells in comparison to free RVS and CUR after 24 h and 72 h treatment. A two-way ANOVA was applied to compare the results of the MTT assay. Confocal laser scanning microscopy was employed to visualize cellular uptake and mitochondrial localization. Our findings revealed that the cytotoxicity of the core–shell nanoparticles with RSV was not significant, but the systems loaded with CUR effectively decreased the viability of cells. The MDAH-2774 cell line was more sensitive to the treatment than SKOV-3. The enhanced cellular uptake of CUR delivered by core–shell systems and its colocalization with mitochondria were demonstrated. Further research focused on the detailed biological effects of the most effective systems (CUR 2 and CUR 3) should be conducted to provide detailed insights. These findings highlight the promising role of CUR-loaded nanoparticles in ovarian cancer treatment.

Resveratrol protects against Rankl-induced mineralized bone damage in a transgenic medaka fish model of osteoporosis

Natural substances with bone protective potential always greatly attract researchers for the development of safer and more effective drugs for osteopenia and osteoporosis. Resveratrol (RES), a plant polyphenol found in red grapes and berries has been commonly suggested as supplement for bone health. It has shown bone anabolic and anti-resorptive effects in different in vitro cell cultures and in vivo rodent models. Recently, the medaka fish (Oryzias latipes) has emerged as a valuable model organism for bone research. In this study, we present, for the first time, evidence that resveratrol, tested at five doses (25, 50, 100, 150, and 200 μM), mitigated bone loss induced by Rankl in a transgenic medaka model for osteoporosis. Notably, the dose of 150 μM exhibited the highest bone-protective and anti-resorptive effect, reducing bone loss by approximately 20%. However, at the same dose, RES did not significantly affect the signal densities of green fluorescent protein (GFP) and alizarin complexone (ALC), which represent osteoblasts and mineralized matrix, respectively, in col10a1:nlGFP transgenic medaka larvae. In these larvae, osteoblasts were marked by GFP, and bone was stained with ALC. Our findings provide significant evidence from a non-rodent model regarding the therapeutic potential of resveratrol.

Antioxidant Properties of Resveratrol in the Brain Tissues of Rats after Radiotherapy

Background: In recent years, there has been growing interest in the use of herbal products as complementary or alternative therapies for cancer patients. RVT has been extensively studied for its potential role in managing oxidative stress in cancer patients undergoing treatment. Method: In this study, the radioprotective effects of Resveratrol (RVT) (200 mg/kg) were evaluated in the brain tissues of rats after Radiation Therapy (RT). 20 male adult Wistar rats weighing 180–200 g were used. The animals were exposed to single-fraction Irradiation (IR) (15 Gy) using a linear accelerator unit (Siemens Primus) at a dosage rate of 200 cGy/min at a distance of 100 cm from the source to the axis. Results: The results of the study showed that compared to the IR group, administration of RVT decreased the levels of MDA and NOx, and increased the levels of CAT and SOD significantly (p&lt;0.05). Conclusion: Finally, our finding suggests that RVT could have radioprotective effects on the brain by enhancing antioxidant defense mechanisms.

Integrative Analysis of Pharmacology and Transcriptomics Predicts Resveratrol Will Ameliorate Microplastics-Induced Lung Damage by Targeting Ccl2 and Esr1.

Microplastics (MPs) are ubiquitous on earth, posing a growing threat to human health. Previous studies have shown that the lung is a primary organ for MPs exposure. Resveratrol (RES) is a common dietary polyphenol that exhibits anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. However, whether RES exerts a protective effect against MPs-induced lung damage is still unknown. The targets of RES were retrieved from five databases. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified through comprehensive bioinformatic analysis. Multiple algorithms were employed to screen for the core targets. Ultimately, molecular docking analysis and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were utilized to confirm the binding affinity between RES and the core targets. In total, 1235 DEGs were identified in the transcriptomes. After removing duplicates, a total of 739 RES targets were obtained from five databases, and 66 of these targets intersected with DEGs. The potential core targets (Esr1, Ccl2) were further identified through topological analysis and machine learning. These findings were subsequently verified by molecular docking and MD simulations. This study demonstrated that RES may mitigate lung injury induced by MPs by targeting Esr1 and Ccl2. Our research offers a novel perspective on the prevention and treatment of MPs-induced lung injury.

Hepatoprotective Effects of Resveratrol on Acetaminophen-Induced Acute Liver Injury and Its Implications for Tofacitinib Disposition in Rats.

Tofacitinib, which is used to treat rheumatoid arthritis (RA), is primarily metabolized by the hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, CYP3A1/2 and CYP2C11. Acetaminophen (APAP), which is frequently used for pain relief in patients with RA, can induce acute liver injury (ALI) when taken in excess, profoundly affecting drug metabolism. Resveratrol (RVT) is a polyphenolic compound with hepatoprotective properties. This study investigated the protective effects of RVT against APAP-induced ALI in rats, and explored its influence on the pharmacokinetics of tofacitinib. In ALI rats, both intravenous and oral administration of tofacitinib resulted in a significant (207% and 181%) increase in the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC), primarily driven by a substantial reduction (66.1%) in non-renal clearance (CLNR) compared to that in control (CON) rats. Notably, RVT administration in ALI rats provided effective liver protection, partially restoring liver function, as evidenced by normalized glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase levels and the pharmacokinetic parameters, AUC and CLNR, closer to those observed in untreated CON rats (117% and 81.9%, respectively). These findings highlight the importance of considering the potential interactions between RVT or polyphenol-rich natural products and medications in patients with ALI in clinical practice.

Evaluation of the Cancer-Preventive Effect of Resveratrol-Loaded Nanoparticles on the Formation and Growth of In Vitro Lung Tumor Spheroids.

Resveratrol (RSV) is a natural polyphenol that offers antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and chemopreventive benefits. This project determined the ability of RSV-loaded nanoparticles (NP) to inhibit the growth of lung tumor spheroids in vitro. RSV was encapsulated in NP comprised of the biodegradable polymer, acetalated dextran. A549 lung cancer cells in two-dimensional and three-dimensional cell culture models were exposed to free RSV and RSV NP to evaluate their effect on cell proliferation and spheroid formation and growth. For prevention studies, spheroids were exposed to free RSV and RSV NP on day 0, and for treatment studies, spheroids were dosed with the same formulations on day 5 after the spheroids had fully formed. The resulting RSV NP were 200 nm in diameter with neutral surface charge and exhibited the ability to control the release of RSV in vitro based on environmental pH. In comparison to free RSV, the RSV NP exerted a greater inhibitory effect on the proliferation and growth of cancer cells and spheroids. RSV NP have the potential to be used as a chemopreventive agent for lung cancer.

Development and Characterization of Novel Combinations and Compositions of Nanostructured Lipid Carrier Formulations Loaded with Trans-Resveratrol for Pulmonary Drug Delivery.

This study aimed to fabricate, optimize, and characterize nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) loaded with trans-resveratrol (TRES) as an anti-cancer drug for pulmonary drug delivery using medical nebulizers. Novel TRES-NLC formulations (F1-F24) were prepared via hot, high-pressure homogenization. One solid lipid (Dynasan 116) was combined with four liquid lipids (Capryol 90, Lauroglycol 90, Miglyol 810, and Tributyrin) in three different ratios (10:90, 50:50, and 90:10 w/w), with a surfactant (Tween 80) in two different concentrations (0.5 and 1.5%), and a co-surfactant, soya phosphatidylcholine (SPC S-75; 50 mg). Amongst the analyzed 24 TR-NLC formulations, F8, F14, and F22 were selected based on their physicochemical stability when freshly prepared and following storage (4 weeks 25 °C), as well as in terms of particle size (<145 nm), polydispersity index (PDI; <0.21) and entrapment efficiency (>96%). Furthermore, F14 showed greater stability at 4 and 25 °C for six months and exhibited enhanced aerosolization performance, demonstrating the greater deposition of TRES in the later stages of the next-generation impactor (NGI) when using an air-jet nebulizer than when using an ultrasonic nebulizer. The F14 formulation exhibited greater stability and release in acetate buffer (pH 5.4), with a cumulative release of 95%. Overall, formulation F14 in combination with an air-jet nebulizer was identified as a superior combination, demonstrating higher emitted dose (ED; 80%), fine particle dose (FPD; 1150 µg), fine particle fraction (FPF; 24%), and respirable fraction (RF; 94%). These findings are promising in the optimization and development of NLC formulations, highlighting their versatility and targeting the pulmonary system via nebulization.

Resveratrol and β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyric acid supplementation promotes ileal development and digestive function by altering microbial community abundance and metabolites in Tibetan sheep.

The effects of resveratrol (RES) and β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyric acid (HMB) on phenotype, immunity, digestive enzyme activity and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) contents in ileum of Tibetan sheep were investigated. A total of 120 two-month-old Tibetan sheep (15.5 ± 0.14 kg) were randomly allocated to 4 treatments: control group (basal diet), RES group (basal diet +1.5 g RES/d), HMB group (basal diet +1.25 g HMB/d), RES-HMB group (basal diet +1.5 g RES/d + 1.25 g HMB/d). Results indicated that dietary RES and (or) HMB supplementation significantly improved the phenotype (mucosal thickness and villus width), SCFAs concentrations, and digestive enzymes (lipase, cellulase, and α-amylase) (p < 0.05). The relative abundance of Brevibacillus, Clostridium sensu stricto 3, and Eubacterium hallii group were increased, while the abundance of Ruminococcus and Mogibacterium were decreased (p < 0.05) in the RES-HMB group. The metabolic profiling indicated an increase in the differential metabolites (DMs) including L-arginine, butanoic acid, D-mannose, and retinol were increased in the RES-HMB group (p < 0.05). In summary, our results suggested that RES and (or) HMB supplementation improved SCFAs concentration by up-regulating the microbial community abundance (Brevibacillus, Clostridium sensu stricto 3, and Eubacterium hallii group) and metabolism (L-arginine, butanoic acid, D-mannose, and retinol), thus contributing to ileal morphology and digestive enzyme activity. These findings may provides a novel reference for the nutritional regulation to improve the production of Tibetan sheep.

Quinoa Proteins Isolate, a Candidate for Functional Ingredients Design.

The objective of the present contribution was to design and characterize resveratrol (RSV) and tocopherol (TOC) loaded quinoa protein (QP) nanocomplexes, their antioxidant and antiradical functionality were also evaluated. QP intrinsic fluorescence spectra showed a quenching effect exerted by RSV and TOC, demonstrating protein-bioactive compounds interactions. Stern-Volmer and Scatchard models application confirmed the static quenching effect and allowed to obtain parameters that described the QP-RSV or QP-TOC complexation process. Isothermal titration calorimetry allowed obtaining thermodynamic parameters to describe the interaction between RSV or TOC with QP. Protein aggregates up to 40nm in diameter were induced by bioactive compounds as detected by atomic force microscopy. QP-RSV and QP-TOC nanocomplexes showed additive effect in their antioxidant capacity. These nanocomplexes could constitute a real platform for the design of functional ingredients.