Levels Of Trans Fatty Acids Research Articles

Plasma trans-fatty acids levels and mortality: a cohort study based on 1999\u20132000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)

BackgroundTrans-fatty acids (TFAs) occur in small amounts in nature but became widely produced by the food industry. The hazardous effects of different TFA subtypes to human health are controversial. We aimed to evaluate the association of plasma TFAs levels (elaidic acid, vaccenic acid, palmitelaidic acid, and linoelaidic acid) with mortality.MethodsUtilizing 1999–2000 Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) and linked mortality data, we performed a cohort study with 1456 participants and used Cox proportional hazards models and penalized smoothing spline plots to elucidate the relationships between TFAs and all-cause, cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and cancer mortality.ResultsDuring 16,034 person-years of follow-up, a total of 221 deaths occurred. In the multivariate model, including mutual adjustment for the 4 TFA subtypes, elaidic acid associated with higher all-cause mortality (hazard ratio (HR) = 2.00, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.18 to 3.40, fourth quartiles versus second quartiles) and CVD mortality (HR = 1.64, 95% CI = 1.07 to 2.50, per 10 units increase). Higher palmitelaidic acid levels were associated with increased cancer mortality (HR = 2.91, 95% CI = 1.09 to 7.81, fourth quartiles versus second quartiles). A J-shaped pattern was observed in the regression curve of elaidic acid and all-cause mortality, as well palmitelaidic acid and cancer mortality.ConclusionsPlasma elaidic acid levels are associated with higher risk of all-cause and CVD mortality, and palmitelaidic acid levels are associated with higher cancer mortality in later life. Further studies are needed to investigate current inconsistent results in this field and the possible underlying mechanisms.

Influence of trans fatty acids on glucose metabolism in soleus muscle of rats fed diets enriched in or deprived of linoleic acid

Industrial trans fatty acid (TFA) intake leads to impaired glucose metabolism. However, the overall effects reported are inconsistent and vary with the dietary FA composition and TFA isomer type and levels. We investigated TFA effects on glucose uptake, incorporation and oxidation, and glycogen synthesis in incubated soleus muscle under basal conditions or after treatment with insulin and/or palmitate. Male Wistar rats were fed either linoleic acid (LA)-enriched (+LA) or LA-deprived (-LA) diet, supplemented (+LA + TFA or -LA + TFA) or not with TFA, for 60 days. Soleus muscle glucose metabolism was assessed in the absence or presence of insulin and/or palmitic acid. Under basal conditions, TFA enhanced glucose uptake and oxidation regardless of the LA status. Both TFA-supplemented groups had lower insulin response to glucose metabolism. Under insulin-stimulated conditions, TFA prevented the palmitate inhibition of muscle glucose uptake and metabolism in the +LA + TFA group. Dietary TFA enhanced glucose utilization in incubated soleus muscle under basal conditions and prevented the palmitate-induced inhibition in insulin-stimulated conditions. However, TFA reduced the insulin response to glucose uptake and metabolism. The effects mentioned above were influenced by the FA profile modifications induced by the dietary LA levels, suggesting that lipid metabolization and incorporation into plasma membrane are important determining factors of glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity.

Abstract P220: Plasma Trans-fatty Acids and Metabolic Syndrome Among US Adults: Findings From NHANES 1999-2000 and 2009-2010

Background: Previous studies examined the association between trans-fatty acids (TFAs) and individual components of metabolic syndrome, not simultaneously. In addition, no study has examined if the relationship might become undetectable after significant reduction in TFA intakes. Objective: To examine and compare the association between plasma TFA levels and metabolic syndrome before and after the U.S. Food and Drug Administration enacted food labeling regulations for TFAs in 2006. Methods: We used data on 1442 and 2233 adults aged 20 years or older from NHANES 1999-2000 and 2009-2010, respectively. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to assess the association between plasma TFAs concentration and metabolic syndrome and each of its five individual components. Results: The median plasma TFAs level was reduced from 79.8 μmol/L in 1999-2000 to 36.9 μmol/L in 2009-2010. The adjusted prevalence ratios comparing the highest quartile vs. those in the lowest quartiles of plasma TFAs concentration in 1999-2000 were 3.45 (95% confidence interval, 2.42-4.92) for metabolic syndrome, 1.71 (1.37-2.13) for large waistline, 8.45(6.62-10.77) for high triglycerides level, 1.96 (1.48-2.59) for low HDL cholesterol level, 1.14 (0.85-1.52) for high blood pressure, and 1.49 (1.19-1.85) for high fasting blood sugar, respectively. The corresponding adjusted prevalence ratios in 2009-2010 were 2.92 (2.41-3.54), 1.62 (1.40-1.88), 15.10 (9.39-24.30), 3.09 (2.19-4.37), 1.27 (1.11-1.47), and 1.24 (1.06-1.46), respectively. The observed associations were consistent across age groups, sexes, race-ethnicities, education, dietary intake, physical activity, body mass index, and statin use categories. Conclusions and Relevance: Plasma TFAs concentration was positively associated with risk of metabolic syndrome and its individual components except for blood pressure in 1999-2000. Our findings support initiatives to remove TFAs from industrially-produced foods.

Circulating concentrations and relative percent composition of trans fatty acids in healthy Canadian young adults between 2004 and 2010: a cross-sectional study.

Trans fatty acids (TFAs) produced from industrial partial hydrogenation of vegetable oils have been the subject of much research regarding their negative effect on the development of chronic diseases, and recommendations to label foods with partially hydrogenated vegetable oils and limit their levels were introduced in Canada in 2003 and 2007, respectively. Our aim was to determine temporal changes in circulating plasma TFAs in a population of young healthy Canadian adults after the introduction of the guidelines. In this study, circulating plasma concentrations and relative percent composition of individual TFAs over time (2004-2010) were determined in a cross-sectional cohort of young healthy Canadian adults as part of the Toronto Nutrigenomics study. A total of 1294 participants were included in the cohort. Relative to 2004, total TFA levels were significantly lower in 2005-2009 (p < 0.05), but not in 2010. Although levels of 16:1t9 and 18:1t11 declined after 2004, levels of 18:1t9 and 18:1t10 were significantly lower in 2005-2009 (p < 0.05), but not in 2010. Trans fatty acids were lower in 2009 relative to 2004, but not different in 2010, suggesting that young Canadians may remain vulnerable to partially hydrogenated vegetable oil exposure and that there is a need for further monitoring of specific food categories and vulnerable populations.

Survey of content of trans-fatty acids in meat

Trans-fatty acids are a type of unsaturated fatty acid in which the double bonds have a trans structure, as opposed to the cis structure often found in nature. Natural types of trans-fatty acids are produced in the first stomach (rumen) of ruminant animals and are known to accumulate in the milk and meat of these animals. A large-scale epidemiological survey in Europe and the U.S.A. has suggested that excessive intake of trans-fatty acids increases the risk of coronary heart disease. We have performed a comprehensive study of the amount of trans-fatty acids present in meat circulating throughout Japan to assess the current amounts of trans -fatty acids. The results reveal that the amount of trans-fatty acids in the type of beef (lean and fat) regularly consumed in Japan ranges from 0.33 to 1.87 g per 100 g. In addition, in beef fat, the amount of trans-fatty acids ranges from 1.43 to 9.83 g per 100 g. Among offal, rumen showed 1.70 g/100 g, the highest level. The results of this study indicate that, even between the same cuts, trans-fatty acid levels vary depending on the type of feed and duration of the grain-feeding period. In addition, in a study of pork and chicken, the amount of trans-fatty acids did not exceed 0.3 g/100 g in any part of the animal.

Trans fatty acids levels of puff pastry products marketed in the central region of Portugal

Trans fatty acids levels of puff pastry products marketed in the central region of Portugal

Implementation of a method for controlling trans fatty acids in meals (MCTM) in restaurants

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to compare the trans fatty acids (TFA) content in foods before and after the implementing of the method for controlling trans fatty acids in meals (MCTM) in a Brazilian restaurant. Design/methodology/approach Analysis by gas chromatography was performed on 49 processed foods used as ingredients for culinary preparations (42 and seven samples before and after the implementation of the method, respectively) and 57 prepared foods (31 and 26 samples before and after the implementation of the method, respectively). In addition, the meal preparation process was monitored before the implementation of the MCTM method in order to identify the changes resulting from its application. Findings As a result of the application of the method the processed foods whose labels reported the presence of ingredients potentially containing industrial trans fat acids (iTFA) were not purchased and used in food preparations; standard recipes prepared with processed foods free of iTFA were implemented; and also the restaurant’s staff were trained to control the frying process for preparing fried foods. The average content of TFA per 100 g of prepared food was 0.21 g less (p=0.038) after the implementation of the method. Practical implications The MCTM method showed to be a viable and effective tool for reducing TFA levels in the studied restaurant. Originality/value The developed method is original since no similar tool for controlling of TFA in food services has been found in the scientific literature. The fatty acid profile determination in the meals prepared after the MCTM implementation showed a reduction in TFA, indicating that the method was also viable and efficient.

Further Decline of Trans Fatty Acids Levels Among US Adults Between 1999–2000 and 2009–2010

To investigate differences in levels of plasma trans fatty acids (TFAs) and a broad set of other markers for cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in the US adult population between 1999-2000 and 2009-2010. Using a nationally representative sample of US adults aged 20 years and older from the 1999-2000 and 2009-2010 waves of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, regression models were estimated to compare levels of TFAs and other markers for CVD risk over time. Significant declines in levels of plasma TFAs and improvements in a variety of other markers for CVD risk were observed in the US adult population. Between the 2 time points, 1999-2000 and 2009-2010, there were substantial decreases in TFA levels and improvements in several other important cardiovascular health indicators in US adults.

Raising Awareness About Breast Milk Composition Among Women in Latvia

Background: Breast milk is the ideal food source that contains all components an infant needs. Infants are at risk of receiving possible pollutants and high levels of trans fatty acids through breast milk that may affect their cardiovascular health and cognitive development. Statistics indicate that the proportion of children who are breastfed up to one year of age shows an annual increase in Latvia. Objectives: 1. To review studies conducted among the Latvian population regarding breast milk composition. 2. To evaluate the necessary future studies emphasizing the importance of the trans fatty acid content in a mother’s diet and correspondingly in breast milk and taking into consideration the new changes in Latvian legislation setting the maximum trans fat content in foodstuffs. Conclusions: There is very little research done about the human milk composition in Latvia that could be referable to a general population. It is known that the exposure of breast milk to persistent organic pollutants in Latvia corresponds to the lowest levels detected in the European countries and is not a cause of health disorders. Taking into consideration the adverse effect trans fatty acids have on human’s health regardless of the age, consumption should be as low as possible. Latvia has become the latest European Union country to set the maximum amount of trans fats in foodstuffs, yet there is no information about trans fatty acids content in human milk among women in Latvia. This problem needs to be addressed and set in motion. Therefore, it would be a novel idea to study if the TFA content also declines in milk among Latvian women after the introduction of the new legislation.

Trans Fatty Acids in Colostrum, Mature Milk and Diet of Lactating Adolescents.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the trans fatty acids (TFA) content and distribution in colostrum, mature milk, and diet of adolescent mothers, after TFA declaration in food labels became mandatory in Brazil. Participants were healthy adolescents (n 54, 15-19years, 1-90days postpartum) practicing exclusive breastfeeding. Milk samples were collected 3days after delivery (colostrum) and in the third month postpartum (mature milk) by hand expression. The fatty acid composition of the milk samples was determined by gas chromatography. TFA intake corresponded to 1.23% of total energy value. Total 18:2 TFA accounted for less than 0.5% of the energy intake. The amount of total 18:1 TFA (mean±SEM) was 1.9%±0.14 in colostrum and 1.5%±0.2 in mature milk. The total content of n-3 PUFA was inversely correlated with the total content of 18:1 TFA in colostrum. Both in colostrum and in mature milk, vaccenic acid (11t-18:1) was found to be the most abundant 18:1 trans isomer, followed by elaidic acid (9t-18:1), whereas rumenic acid (9c,11t-18:2 CLA) was the predominant 18:2 trans isomer. In conclusion, the levels of TFA of industrial sources found in the mother's diet and breast milk (colostrum and mature milk) showed a decrease in relation to those observed in studies conducted prior to the TFA labeling resolution in Brazil. However, the current low intake levels of n-3 LCPUFA and DHA content in the milk of lactating adolescents may be insufficient for supporting adequate neurological development of the infants.

Determination of fatty acid profile of branded and unbranded processed foods commonly available in the Indian market with special reference to trans fatty acids

Adverse health effects from the consumption of trans fatty acids (TFA) have led to efforts to decrease the consumption of foods containing these lipids. There is a need for up to date information on TFA levels in foods to support decision-making by regulators on labelling and health claims. In this context, the present study provides detailed information about the fatty acid profile with special reference to TFA of selected branded and unbranded Indian processed foods. Products were analysed for fatty acid composition by using GC. Results showed that the amount of TFA, SFA, MUFA and PUFA varied considerably among the analyzed samples. Among the products analyzed, vanaspati showed highest fat content, chocos showed highest SFA content (82%), boondi showed highest UFA content (74%) and cake showed highest TFA. The major trans forms in all samples were elaidic acid and linolelaidic acid (C18:2, trans-6). Vaccenic acid was detected only in health drinks (0.33%). Six out of 15 product labels were misrepresenting the TFA content. Stringent regulations are required for reducing TFA content of commonly consumed foods in India.

Direct stacking of sequence-specific nuclease-induced mutations to produce high oleic and low linolenic soybean oil.

BackgroundThe ability to modulate levels of individual fatty acids within soybean oil has potential to increase shelf-life and frying stability and to improve nutritional characteristics. Commodity soybean oil contains high levels of polyunsaturated linoleic and linolenic acid, which contribute to oxidative instability – a problem that has been addressed through partial hydrogenation. However, partial hydrogenation increases levels of trans-fatty acids, which have been associated with cardiovascular disease. Previously, we generated soybean lines with knockout mutations within fatty acid desaturase 2-1A (FAD2-1A) and FAD2-1B genes, resulting in oil with increased levels of monounsaturated oleic acid (18:1) and decreased levels of linoleic (18:2) and linolenic acid (18:3). Here, we stack mutations within FAD2-1A and FAD2-1B with mutations in fatty acid desaturase 3A (FAD3A) to further decrease levels of linolenic acid. Mutations were introduced into FAD3A by directly delivering TALENs into fad2-1a fad2-1b soybean plants.ResultsOil from fad2-1a fad2-1b fad3a plants had significantly lower levels of linolenic acid (2.5 %), as compared to fad2-1a fad2-1b plants (4.7 %). Furthermore, oil had significantly lower levels of linoleic acid (2.7 % compared to 5.1 %) and significantly higher levels of oleic acid (82.2 % compared to 77.5 %). Transgene-free fad2-1a fad2-1b fad3a soybean lines were identified.ConclusionsThe methods presented here provide an efficient means for using sequence-specific nucleases to stack quality traits in soybean. The resulting product comprised oleic acid levels above 80 % and linoleic and linolenic acid levels below 3 %.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12870-016-0906-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Effect of e-beam irradiation and microwave heating on the fatty acid composition and volatile compound profile of grass carp surimi

In this study, we evaluated the effects of e-beam irradiation（1–7kGy） and irradiation coupled to microwave heating (e-I-MC, 70°C internal temperature) on the fatty acid composition and volatile compound profile of grass carp surimi. Compared to control samples, e-beam irradiation generated three novel volatile compounds (heptane, 2,6-dimethyl-nonane, and dimethyl disulfide) and increased the relative proportions of alcohols, aldehydes, and ketones. Meanwhile, e-I-MC significantly increased aldehyde levels and generated five heterocyclic compounds along with these three novel compounds. No significant difference in volatile compounds were detected in e-I-MC samples with increasing irradiation dose (p>0.05), comparing to the control group. E-beam irradiation at 5 and 7 kGy increased the levels of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and decreased the levels of unsaturated fatty acids (p≤0.05), but did not affect the content of trans fatty acid levels (p>0.05). Irradiation, which had no significant effects on (Eicosapentaenoic acid) EPA, decreased (Docose Hexaenoie Acid) DHA levels. In the e-I-MC group, SFA levels increased and PUFA levels decreased. Additionally, MUFA levels were unaffected and trans fatty acid levels increased slightly following e-I-MC.

Silver ion solid‐phase extraction cartridges employing glass housings overcome the limitations observed in the GC analysis of animal lipids with low trans fatty acid content

Custom made silver ion solid‐phase extraction (Ag+‐SPE) cartridges with glass housing were evaluated to see whether they could be used to analyze the trans fatty acids (TFA) in animal products when present at low concentration. Previous attempts were not successful to identify and characterize the TFA using commercial Ag+‐SPE cartridges, because of the coelution of artifacts from these cartridges. The glass cartridges proved successful to identify the low levels of TFA present in horse and wild boar meat. It is recommended that the supplier make available Ag+‐SPE cartridges in glass housing to avoid the problem of interferences.Practical applications: It was previously shown that commercially available silver ion solid‐phase extraction (Ag+‐SPE) cartridges could not be used to analyze biological samples with low levels of TFAs, because of interfering contaminants that eluted from the polypropylene housing. Custom made glass cartridges were generously provided by the supplier, and they proved successful to fractionate the geometric isomers of horse and wild boar lipids both of which are known to contain low levels of TFAs. Subsequent gas chromatographic analysis made it possible to identify the trans and cis isomers without interference of contaminants. The unsaturated fatty acid fractions from these glass cartridges were also free of contaminants.Ag+‐SPE cartridges in glass housing are recommended to resolve and identify the trans isomers when present at low concentrations in biological samples.

Fats in ready-to-eat foods sold at Korean major amusement parks

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to analyze the fat, saturated fatty acid and trans fatty acid contents in ready-to-eat foods distributed at amusement parks to develop an appropriate food safety management system for children.Design/methodology/approachIn all, 322 ready-to-eat food samples categorized into 17 types were collected from nine Korean amusement parks and their fat, saturated fatty acid and trans fatty acid contents were assessed.FindingsFat, saturated fatty acid and trans fatty acid contents were relatively high in flour-based products. On the basis of the Korea Food and Drug Administration classification, the samples in 12 categories were classified as high-fat foods. The samples in nine categories were classified as high-saturated fatty acid foods. Most samples also contained non-negligible levels of trans fatty acids. The fat, saturated fatty acid and trans fatty acid contents of samples even in the same category varied markedly.Social implicationsThis research will inform the necessity of an appropriate safety management system for ready-to-eat foods distributed at amusement.Originality/valueAlthough the fat contents of foods distributed around school area were often observed, the potential risk of those in ready-to-eat foods distributed at amusement parks have rarely been assessed. As patterns of food intakes vary world-widely, a periodic monitoring data like this study may be useful for international organizations and researchers.

Evaluation of Isolated Impact of Trans Fatty Acids on Short Dough Product

AbstractIn this study, the effects of trans fatty acids (TFAs) on rheological properties of dough (elastic moduli (G’), loss moduli (G”), complex modulus (G*)) and textural properties of dough and cookie (hardness) were studied. Two different groups of fat samples having different TFA composition but similar solid fat content (SFC) were prepared. Samples of the first group (group 1) had TFA between 0.0 and 56.23 %, while the samples of the second group (group 2) contained trans isomers ranging from 0.0 to 44.40 %. Texture measurements of different doughs and cookies prepared with different fat samples were performed. Texture measurements indicated that hardness values of doughs increased from 3950 ± 420 to 5498 ± 506 g in group 1 and 4700 ± 501 to 6787 ± 369 g in group 2 with increased amounts of TFAs. A particularly high, almost three‐fold increase in complex modulus values was observed in the dough samples containing the highest TFA levels compared with samples containing 0.0 % TFA. Although not significantly different, mean hardness and relative sound intensity values of cookies displayed an initial decreasing trend and then both parameters had maximum values when the TFA content was at maximum in both groups.

Biscoitos de polvilho do comércio do estado de São Paulo, Brasil: composição da gordura com destaque para os ácidos graxos trans

To reduce levels of trans fatty acids (TFA) in bakery products has been a goal of the productive Brazilian sector. In order to assess the fat composition of cassava biscuits, fourteen samples in 2009 and eleven samples in 2013 from the market of Sao Paulo state were analyzed. Fat was determined by gravimetric method (with previous hydrolysis) and fatty acids by gas chromatography. In both periods, the average contents of total fat (17 and 18%) and TFA (3%) were high. At least one of the components was more than 20% of the declared on the label in 86% (2009) and 55% (2013) of the samples. Of the 25 samples analyzed, 20 contained hydrogenated fats and high levels of TFA; 3 samples (containing palm and lauric oils) had low levels of TFA, however high in saturated fatty acids (SFA). Two samples containing vegetable oil showed insignificant amounts of TFA and considerable amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids, beneficial to health, but susceptible to oxidation. The results indicate the need for the continued monitoring of this product, and for the development of technological alternatives to adapt it to the reduction recommendations of the components related to the risk of cardiovascular disease, especially TFA.

Trans-fatty acid levels in erythrocytes in Europe.

High, but not low levels of trans-fatty acids (TFA) in erythrocytes are associated with increased mortality. Current erythrocyte TFA levels in Europe are not known. TFA levels in samples submitted by physicians for erythrocyte omega-3 fatty acid analyses are reported, as analysed with a method (HS-Omega-3 Index®) previously used in pertinent prospective epidemiologic studies. From Germany, 6754 samples were included from 2008 through 2015, and 496 samples from 10 other European countries. In Germany, mean levels of C16:1n-7t, a marker for dairy and meat intake, decreased, as did mean levels of industrially produced (IP)-TFA, as did the percentage of individuals with IP-TFA>1.04%. Mean levels of IP-TFA in Austria and Switzerland were low before and after measures were taken to reduce them. Average levels of C16:1n-7t were low, and at levels associated with increased risk of death in previous studies. A limitation of our study is that samples were not obtained in a specific or representative manner. Levels of IP-TFA appear to be decreasing, as are those of ruminant-derived C16:1n-7t, a marker for dairy and meat intake. Few individuals had high levels of IP-TFA above a safe range, while many had low levels of C16:1n-7t. Our data argue against further action against TFA in the countries studied. More systematic biomarker-based studies are needed.

Effect of a maternal cafeteria diet on the fatty acid composition of milk and offspring red blood cells

Previous studies have demonstrated that exposure to a maternal cafeteria diet during the lactation period alone produces detrimental effects to offspring metabolic health comparable to exposure during the entire perinatal period. The present study used a rodent model to assess the effect of a maternal cafeteria diet on the fat content and fatty acid composition of the dams’ milk, and to determine the degree to which this was related to the fatty acid status of offspring on postnatal day 1 (PND1), weaning and 3 weeks post-weaning onto a standard rodent diet. As expected, omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LCPUFA) content of both the milk and pup red blood cells (RBCs) was lower in the cafeteria (CAF) group on PND1. At 2 weeks post-partum, milk produced by CAF dams had a higher total fat, saturated fat and n-6 PUFA content, however these differences were modest in comparison with the differences in maternal intake between groups. Offspring suckled by CAF dams had a lower n-3 LCPUFA and n-6 PUFA status at weaning and higher trans fatty acid levels at both weaning and 6 weeks of age. These findings indicate that the fat content and fatty acid composition of the dam’s milk is altered by exposure to a cafeteria diet. While it appears that the dam has a significant capacity to buffer the transfer of most dietary lipids into the milk, the trans fatty acids in particular appear to be readily transferred, resulting in persistent increases in trans fatty acid status of the offspring after weaning. The potential physiological implications of this warrants further examination.

Are Chinese edible oils safe? A survey of trans fatty acid contents in Chinese edible oils.

Nine different edible oil types from 7 cities in China were analyzed. Trans fatty acid (TFA) contents in edible oils were determined, TFA distribution characteristics were analyzed, and a risk assessment was performed. Total TFA contents varied from 0.075±0.011 to 2.243±0.770 g/100 g of oil, with a mean content of 0.66 g/100 g of oil. TFA contents differed among different oil types and among different cities. Generally speaking, oil samples from northern areas of China contained more TFA, and lard usually had higher levels of TFA than other oils. An exposure assessment showed that the estimated daily intake of TFA from Chinese edible oils was low, and a risk assessment indicated that there was a low risk for TFA consumption in Chinese edible oils.