Intake Of Trans Fatty Acids Research Articles

The Effects of Enrolling in a Nutrition Class on Dietary Intake for Whittier College Students

BackgroundDietary modification is an important component to any public health strategy aimed at combatting obesity. Nutrition education is used for dietary modification as subjects obtain more knowledge about food and its nutritional content. Several nutrition education programs have led to healthier food choices. The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of enrolling in an introductory nutrition course at Whittier College on food choices.MethodsProspective three‐month study with 23 students from Whittier College (males = 8, females = 15) who were enrolled in an introductory nutrition course. A validated food frequency questionnaire from the University of Arizona was administered at baseline and at the three month follow‐up to assess any significant changes in dietary intake. The results from the frequency questionnaires were sent to the University of Arizona Diet, Behavior, and Quality of Life Assessment Lab to analyze macronutrient and micronutrient intake. Paired t‐tests were used to calculate mean differences (meand) and non‐parametric alternatives were used to calculate median differences (medd) between baseline and 3 month follow‐up on dietary intake and physical activity.ResultsThere was a significant reduction in caloric intake (meand=−22.31%, p=0.04), alcohol intake (meand=−3.4%, p=0.01), total fatty acid intake (meand=−24.69%, 0.03), saturated fatty intake (meand=−22.44%, p=0.03), and Trans fatty acid intake (meand=−23.5%, p=0.06). Total body weight and BMI were not significantly altered (medd @ 0, p=0.2471; medd @ 0, p=0.1311), respectively.ConclusionWhittier College students enrolled in a nutrition course showed significant decreases in their total fatty acid intake, but notably, their saturated fatty acid and Trans fatty acid intake were reduced. These reported changes may relate to the improvement of healthier food choices as a result of the students’ enrollment in a nutrition course that improved their self‐care

Are Chinese edible oils safe? A survey of trans fatty acid contents in Chinese edible oils.

Nine different edible oil types from 7 cities in China were analyzed. Trans fatty acid (TFA) contents in edible oils were determined, TFA distribution characteristics were analyzed, and a risk assessment was performed. Total TFA contents varied from 0.075±0.011 to 2.243±0.770 g/100 g of oil, with a mean content of 0.66 g/100 g of oil. TFA contents differed among different oil types and among different cities. Generally speaking, oil samples from northern areas of China contained more TFA, and lard usually had higher levels of TFA than other oils. An exposure assessment showed that the estimated daily intake of TFA from Chinese edible oils was low, and a risk assessment indicated that there was a low risk for TFA consumption in Chinese edible oils.

Consumption of trans fatty acid and omega 6 to omega 3 ratio in Lebanese adults

Purpose – This study aims to quantify the dietary intake of different fat classes in Lebanese adults, compare the intakes between adult age groups and gender and compare the intakes to the World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations. Despite the health benefits of the Mediterranean diet, the diet of Lebanese adults may be altered away from the typical dietary lipid profile, possibly by the increased consumption of trans fatty acids (TFAs) and the ratio of omega 6 (n-6) to omega 3 (n-3) fatty acids. Design/methodology/approach – This is a cross-sectional survey conducted on 657 Lebanese adults (19-70 years) who completed the USA National Institute of Health diet history questionnaire. Findings – Mean daily energy intake was estimated at 2,900 ± 1,466 kcal in men and 1,977 ± 902 kcal in women. Mean TFA consumption was significantly higher in men than in women (7.2 ± 1.9 and 6.8 ± 2.0 per cent of total fat, p < 0.001) and was at least double the WHO recommendations of 1 per cent of total energy, particularly among younger adults. The n-6 to n-3 fatty acid intake ratio, fluctuated around 9:1 in both genders and in all age groups and is higher than the maximum 5-to-1 ratio recommended by WHO. The mean intake of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid was significantly lower than the latest recommendations (147 ± 182 mg/day for men and 100 ± 155 mg/day for women). Originality/value – Limited data exists on the quantity and quality of fat consumed among Lebanese adults. In conclusion, this descriptive study estimated the quantity of different fat classes consumed and compared the intakes of critical fatty acids to the WHO recommendations. Future studies need to address the implications of the high intakes of TFA and n-6 to n-3 ratio on health outcomes, including cardiometabolic diseases in our population.

Trans fatty acid intake is related to emotional affect in the Adventist Health Study-2

Trans fatty acids in Western diets increase health risks, and have been associated with the risk of depression. We hypothesized that intakes of trans fatty acids (primarily from margarines and baked goods) were inversely associated with positive affect and positively associated with negative affect in a longitudinal study. Church attendees residing in North America completed a food frequency questionnaire in 2002-6 as part of the Adventist Health Study-2. A subset in which we excluded participants with established cardiovascular disease (n=8,771) completed the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) in 2006-7. The associations between dietary intakes of fatty acids to positive and negative affect were tested with linear regression analysis controlling for age, gender, ethnicity, education, body mass index, exercise, sleep, sleep squared, Mediterranean diet, total energy intake and alcohol. Intakes of trans fatty acids were inversely associated with positive affect (β=-0.06, B=-0.27 [95% CI -0.37, -0.17], p<.001) and positively associated with negative affect (β=0.05, B=0.21 [95% CI 0.11, 0.31], p<.001). In comparison, we found no association between n-3 polyunsatured fatty acids (PUFA) intakes with affect. The n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio was inversely associated with positive affect (β=-0.03, B=-0.34 [95% CI -0.58, -0.10], p=0.006). The findings suggest that a lower dietary trans fatty acid intake has beneficial effects on emotional affect while the n-6: n-3 ratio is detrimental to positive affect.

The association of dairy intake of children and adolescents with different food and nutrient intakes in the Netherlands.

BackgroundDairy products are nutrient-rich foods that may contribute to adequate nutrient intakes. However, dairy intake might also be associated with other food sources that influence nutrient intakes. Therefore, we studied the association of dairy, milk and cheese intake with intake of foods and nutrients from (non)dairy sources.MethodsDietary intake was assessed from 2007 to 2010 through two non-consecutive 24-h dietary recalls in 1007 children (7–13 years) and 706 adolescents (14–18 years). Participants were divided into non-consumers of a particular dairy product and tertiles according to their dairy intake (lowest, medium and highest intake). P for trend was calculated by linear regression over the median intakes of non-consumers and the tertiles for dairy, milk and cheese.ResultsIn children, higher dairy consumption was associated with higher intakes of fruits (54.8 g ± 22.3; p < 0.0001), vegetables (25.0 g ± 14.6; p = 0.001) and cereals (18.5 g ± 20.7; p = 0.01) and with lower consumption of non-alcoholic beverages (−281 g ± 101; p = 0.01): soft drinks (−159 g ± 28.2; p < 0.0001) and fruit juices (−40.5 ± 14.8; p = 0.01). Results were comparable for milk consumption. In adolescents, similar results were found for milk and dairy consumption, except for the associations with higher fruits and vegetable intake.In children and adolescents, higher cheese consumption was associated with higher vegetable and non-alcoholic beverages consumption; and lower meat consumption (−7.8 g ± 4.8; p = 0.05) in children. Higher cheese consumption was also associated with higher intakes of saturated fat (8.5 g ± 0.9), trans-fatty acids (0.48 g ± 0.06), sodium (614 mg ± 59.3) and several vitamins and minerals .ConclusionsHigher milk and dairy consumption were associated with lower non-alcoholic beverages consumption, and higher cereal, fruit and vegetable consumption in children, which was also reflected in the nutrient intakes. These findings confirm that the consumption of milk and dairy products might be a marker for healthier eating habits.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12887-015-0524-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Fatty Acid (FA) Compositions and Trans Content of Frequently Consumed Edible Oils and Fats from Iran’ Market

In this study, trans FA (TFA) contents and also intakes of TFAs of frequently consumed edible oils and fats marketed in Iran were estimated. 6 brands in 4 groups of edible oils and fats (partially vegetable hydrogenated oils, non-hydrogenated vegetable oils, frying oils and margarines) were considered. The highest amount of TFA was found in partially vegetable hydrogenated oils (7.38%) and margarines (11.63%). Moreover, Ministry of Health and Medical Education of Iran has drastically decreased the TFA intake from 12.3 g/day in 2007 to 1.42 g/day in 2013 by planning. Keywords: Edible oils and fats, trans fatty acids, TFA, saturated fatty acids, frying oils, dietary intake.

Trans fatty acids in the Portuguese food market

Consistent evidence exist on the harmful health effects of industrial trans fatty acids (TFA). In order to have accurate data on TFA intake and implement adequate measures to reduce their intake, each country should have updated estimates of TFA content in the diet. The objective of the present study was to provide data on the TFA content in food commercialized in the Portuguese market. The results on the TFA content of 268 samples acquired between October and December 2013 are reported. Samples were categorized as margarines and shortenings (n = 16), spreadable chocolate fats (n = 6), fried potatoes and chips (n = 25), industrial bakery (n = 4), breakfast cereals (n = 3), pastry products (n = 120), seasonings (n = 5), instant soups (n = 5), instant desserts (n = 6), chocolate snacks (n = 4), microwave popcorn (n = 4), cookies, biscuits and wafers (n = 53), and fast-food (n = 13), with butter (n = 4) included for comparison purposes. TFA were quantified by gas chromatography. Total TFA content in the fat ranged from 0.06% to 30.2% (average 1.9%), with the highest average values in the “biscuits, wafers and cookies” group (3.4% TFA), followed by the pastry group (2.0%). Fifty samples (19%) had TFA superior to 2% in the fat. These findings highlight there is still much need for improvement in terms of the TFA content in Portuguese foods, particularly in traditional pastry.

Fatty acid intake and metabolic syndrome among overweight and obese women.

To examine relations between fatty acids intake and metabolic syndrome (MetS) status among overweight and obese women (n = 223). This was a cross-sectional study. The physical and laboratory tests included anthropometry, body composition evaluation and measurements of blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, insulinemia and lipid profiles. A three-day food diary was used to evaluate fatty acids consumption. Statistical analysis included χ2 test and odds ratio measurements. The women had 35.2 (6.9) years old and 15.2% presented MetS. Women with MetS presented higher serum levels of very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose and insulin in addition to higher diastolic blood pressure in comparison to women without MetS. Overweight women with MetS consumed higher amounts of monounsaturated fatty acids - 24.3 g (24.7 - 36.4) versus overweight women without MetS - 23.9 g (23.8 - 26.8), polyunsaturated fatty acids - 16.7 g (14.6 - 21.1) versus overweight women without MetS - 13.6 g (13.8 - 15.8) and linoleic fatty acids - 15.9 g (6.5) versus overweight women without MetS - 13.1 g (5.1). Among obese women with MetS, higher intake of linoleic fatty acids was also noted - 17.6 g (6.1) versus obese women without MetS - 14.3 g (6.6) in addition to higher consumption of trans fatty acids - 4.7 g (4.8 - 6.3) versus obese women without MetS - 3.9 g (2.9 - 4.6). Increased quartiles of monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, linoleic and trans fatty acid intake were significantly associated with a greater occurrence of MetS. Lipid intake may be related to MetS, although other factors also need to be considered, such as lifestyle, genetics and metabolism.

Trans Fatty Acid Levels in Foods and Intakes among Population Aged 3 Years and above in Beijing and Guangzhou Cities, China

ObjectiveTo understand the dietary intake levels of trans fatty acids (TFA) in a Chinese population and establish a basis for health risk assessment of trans fatty acids. MethodsThe TFA contents data of 2613 food items and food consumption data of 10,533 people aged 3 years and above in two large cities in China were matched and a simple assessment method was used to estimate the distribution of dietary TFA intake. ResultsThe mean content of TFA was highest in margarine (1.68±0.83 g/100g), followed by chocolate and candy (0.89±2.68 g/100g), edible vegetable oils (0.86±0.82 g/100g), milk (0.83±1.56 g/100g), and bakery foods (0.41±0.91 g/100g). TFA intake accounted for 0.34%, 0.30%, 0.32%, and 0.29% of the total energy intake in the 3-6, 7-12, 13-17, and ≥18 year age groups, respectively. Of the populations studied, 0.42% demonstrated TFA intakes (as percentage of energy intake) greater than 1%. The main sources of dietary TFA intake were edible vegetable oils, milk, mutton, and beef, and baked foods, which accounted for 49.8%, 16.56%, 12.21%, and 8.87%, respectively. ConclusionThe current intake of TFA among people in two cities did not appear to be of major health concern regarding the threshold of TFA intake as the percentage of total energy recommended by the World Health Organization. Because most TFA were derived from industrially processed foods, the government should reinforce nutrition labeling and regulate food producers to further reduce TFA in food and to provide scientific instruction for consumers to make sound choices.

Effect of Presymptomatic Body Mass Index and Consumption of Fat and Alcohol on Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.

Because dietary intake may influence pathophysiologic mechanisms in sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), the association between premorbid dietary intake and the risk of sporadic ALS will provide insight into which mechanisms are possibly involved in ALS pathophogenesis. To systematically determine the association between premorbid dietary intake and the risk of sporadic ALS. A population-based case-control study was conducted in a general community setting in the Netherlands from January 1, 2006, to September 30, 2011. Analysis was conducted April 1, 2013, to November 15, 2014. All patients with a new diagnosis of possible, probable (laboratory supported), or definite ALS according to the revised El Escorial criteria were included and multiple sources were used to ensure complete case ascertainment. Of 986 eligible patients, 674 gave informed consent and returned a complete questionnaire; 2093 controls randomly selected from the general practitioners' registers and frequency matched to the patients for sex and age were included. We studied the premorbid intake of nutrients in association with the risk of ALS by using a 199-item food frequency questionnaire adjusted for confounding factors and corrected for multiple comparisons while minimizing recall bias. Presymptomatic total daily energy intake in patients, reported as mean (SD), was significantly higher compared with controls (2258 [730] vs 2119 [619] kcal/day; P < .01), and presymptomatic body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared) was significantly lower in patients (25.7 [4.0] vs 26.0 [3.7]; P = .02). With values reported as odds ratio (95% CI), higher premorbid intake of total fat (1.14; 1.07-1.23; P < .001), saturated fat (1.43; 1.25-1.64; P < .001), trans-fatty acids (1.03; 1.01-1.05; P < .001), and cholesterol (1.08; 1.05-1.12; P < .001) was associated with an increased risk of ALS; higher intake of alcohol (0.91; 0.84-0.99; P = .03) was associated with a decreased risk of ALS. These associations were independent of total energy intake, age, sex, body mass index, educational level, smoking, and lifetime physical activity. No significant associations between dietary intake and survival were found. The combination of independent positive associations of a low premorbid body mass index and a high fat intake together with prior evidence from ALS mouse models transgenic for SOD1 and earlier reports on premorbid body mass index support a role for increased resting energy expenditure before clinical onset of ALS.

Serum Trans Fatty Acids Are Not Associated with Weight Gain or Linear Growth in School-Age Children1–3

Animal and human adult studies indicate that long-term intake of trans fatty acids (TFAs) may be associated with weight gain. High intake of fast foods and snacks, which are rich in TFAs, is linked to overweight status among school-age children. However, the specific effects of TFAs in this population are unknown. We examined whether serum TFAs, used as biomarkers of intake, are associated with faster weight gain and linear growth during school years. We quantified TFAs by GLC in serum samples of 668 children aged 5-12 y at the time of recruitment into an ongoing cohort study performed in Bogota (Colombia) since 2006. Serum proportions of trans palmitoleic acid (16:1t), trans oleic acid (18:1t), trans linoleic acid (18:2t), and total TFAs were used as biomarkers of intake. Anthropometric characteristics were measured periodically for a median of 30 mo. Body mass index-for-age z scores (BAZs) and height-for-age z scores (HAZs) were calculated with the use of the WHO reference. We estimated mean changes in BAZs and HAZs over follow-up according to quartiles of each TFA at baseline by using mixed-effects regression models with restricted cubic splines. Proportions of trans palmitoleic acid, trans oleic acid, trans linoleic acid, and total TFAs (mean ± SD, % of total serum FAs), were 0.22 ± 0.06, 0.91 ± 0.37, 0.96 ± 0.27, and 2.10 ± 0.59, respectively. Serum TFAs were not associated with changes in BAZs and HAZs after adjusting for sex, baseline age, and socioeconomic status. In a subgroup analysis by sex, serum trans palmitoleic acid was positively associated with the estimated change in HAZs from ages 6 to 14 y in boys (with use of the first quartile as the reference, differences in HAZs for trans palmitoleic acid quartiles were 0.73, 0.53, and 0.70, P-trend = 0.03). Proportions of serum TFAs, used as biomarkers of TFA intake, were not associated with weight gain in children aged 6-14 y in low- and middle-income populations in Bogota. The proportion of trans palmitoleic acid was positively associated with linear growth in boys. Longer follow-up and studies in diverse cohorts with wider ranges of TFA intake are warranted.

Intake of saturated and trans unsaturated fatty acids and risk of all cause mortality, cardiovascular disease, and type 2 diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies

Objective To systematically review associations between intake of saturated fat and trans unsaturated fat and all cause mortality, cardiovascular disease (CVD) and associated mortality, coronary heart disease (CHD) and associated...

Quantifying the Socio-Economic Benefits of Reducing Industrial Dietary Trans Fats: Modelling Study.

BackgroundCoronary Heart Disease (CHD) remains a leading cause of UK mortality, generating a large and unequal burden of disease. Dietary trans fatty acids (TFA) represent a powerful CHD risk factor, yet to be addressed in the UK (approximately 1% daily energy) as successfully as in other nations. Potential outcomes of such measures, including effects upon health inequalities, have not been well quantified. We modelled the potential effects of specific reductions in TFA intake on CHD mortality, CHD related admissions, and effects upon socioeconomic inequalities.Methods & ResultsWe extended the previously validated IMPACTsec model, to estimate the potential effects of reductions (0.5% & 1% reductions in daily energy) in TFA intake in England and Wales, stratified by age, sex and socioeconomic circumstances. We estimated reductions in expected CHD deaths in 2030 attributable to these two specific reductions. Output measures were deaths prevented or postponed, life years gained and hospital admissions. A 1% reduction in TFA intake energy intake would generate approximately 3,900 (95% confidence interval (CI) 3,300–4,500) fewer deaths, 10,000 (8,800–10,300) (7% total) fewer hospital admissions and 37,000 (30,100–44,700) life years gained. This would also reduce health inequalities, preventing five times as many deaths and gaining six times as many life years in the most deprived quintile compared with the most affluent. A more modest reduction (0.5%) would still yield substantial health gains.ConclusionsReducing intake of industrial TFA could substantially decrease CHD mortality and hospital admissions, and gain tens of thousands of life years. Crucially, this policy could also reduce health inequalities. UK strategies should therefore aim to minimise industrial TFA intake.

Polyphenols-rich fruit in maternal diet modulates inflammatory markers and the gut microbiota and improves colonic expression of ZO-1 in offspring

The increase in maternal trans fatty acid (TFAs) consumption during pregnancy and/or lactation leads to a pro-inflammatory state in the offspring. In contrast, polyphenol-rich fruit are promising modulators of inflammation. The aim of the present study was to verify whether supplementation of the maternal diet with jussara pulp changes the pro-inflammatory state in offspring exposed to TFAs during the intrauterine and lactation periods. Wistar rats were assigned to one of four groups and fed a control diet (C), the C diet with 0.5% jussara supplementation (CJ), a diet enriched with hydrogenated vegetable fats rich in TFAs (T) or the T diet supplemented with 0.5% jussara (TJ). The diets were maintained during pregnancy and lactation. Our data demonstrated that maternal intake of TFAs resulted in increased IL-6 protein expression in the retroperitoneal white adipose tissue (RET), MyD88 in the liver and a reduction in Bifidobacterium spp. in the colon of 21-day-old offspring. However, jussara supplementation (TJ group) restored the fecal content of Bifidobacterium spp., increased colonic ZO-1 mRNA expression and reduced NFκB pathway activation by decreasing MyD88, NFkB p65 phosphorylated (p-NFkB p65) subunit and TNFα receptor I (TNFR1) in the liver. These effects reduced IL-6 and TNF-α expression in the liver and IL-6 and TNFα mRNA expression in the RET. Additionally, jussara supplementation of the maternal diet increased the IL-10 profile in the RET and the IL-10/TNF-α ratio in the offspring's liver relative to the T group. The 0.5% jussara supplementation prevented the adverse effects of TFAs reducing low-grade inflammation via down-regulation of the NFkB signaling pathway. These effects are possibly associated with the better intestinal barrier integrity in the colon of 21-day-old offspring mediated by the gut microbiota. Thus, maternal diet supplementation could contribute to reduce chronic disease development in later life.

Consumption Safety of Pastries, Confectioneries, and Potato Products as Related to Fat Content

Study aim: To determine the content of the main groups of fatty acids in pastries, confectionery, and potato products, paying special attention to trans fatty acids and the products of fat oxidation and hydrolysis, as factors affecting the safety of consumption.Methods: A total of 157 products were collected in Poland in 2009–2010. In fats extracted from samples, products of oxidation and hydrolysis were assayed using peroxide (PV), anisidine (AnV), and acid (AV) values. The fatty acid (FA) composition, especially the trans FAs (TFAs) content, was determined by gas chromatography. When assessing the TFA intake, Household Budget Surveys were considered.Results: Highest content of fat was found for wafers with filling and crisps (32.3% and 29.3%, respectively). In 4 out of 9 groups of pastry and confectionery products studied, the quality of fat was decreased due to an excessive oxidation, as evidenced by a substantial content of secondary products of fat oxidation. The extracted fat was rich in SFA (on average, 50 g SFA/100 g FA) except fries and mixes. A great diversity of TFA content in fat of the products was found (0.1–24.8 g TFA/100 g FA). Wafers were characterized by the highest average content of TFA in the group of pastries (1.94 g TFA/100 g of product). Products of natural origin supplied 0.496 g of TFA per day, and those of industrial origin supplied about 1.5 g.Conclusions: The average TFA consumption, about 2 g/day, does not seem to affect health. However, an excessive consumption of pastry and confectionery products may present a risk, due not only to TFA but also to a high consumption of toxic secondary oxidation lipid products. Moreover, because 75% of TFAs in the diet were isomers of industrial origin, their further limitation and monitoring of their level in food seems highly recommendable.

Eliminating artificial trans fatty acids in Argentina: estimated effects on the burden of coronary heart disease and costs.

ObjectiveTo estimate the impact of Argentine policies to reduce trans fatty acids (TFA) on coronary heart disease (CHD), disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and associated health-care costs.MethodsWe estimated the baseline intake of TFA before 2004 to be 1.5% of total energy intake. We built a policy model including baseline intake of TFA, the oils and fats used to replace artificial TFAs, the clinical effect of reducing artificial TFAs and the costs and DALYs saved due to averted CHD events. To calculate the percentage of reduction of CHD, we calculated CHD risks on a population-based sample before and after implementation. The effect of the policies was modelled in three ways, based on projected changes: (i) in plasma lipid profiles; (ii) in lipid and inflammatory biomarkers; and (iii) the results of prospective cohort studies. We also estimated the present economic value of DALYs and associated health-care costs of coronary heart disease averted.FindingsWe estimated that projected changes in lipid profile would avert 301 deaths, 1066 acute CHD events, 5237 DALYs and 17 million United States dollars (US$) in health-care costs annually. Based on the adverse effects of TFA intake reported in prospective cohort studies, 1517 deaths, 5373 acute CHD events, 26 394 DALYs and US$ 87 million would be averted annually.ConclusionEven under the most conservative scenario, reduction of TFA intake had a substantial effect on public health. These findings will help inform decision-makers in Argentina and other countries on the potential public health and economic impact of this policy.

Intake of ruminant trans-fatty acids, assessed by diet history interview, and changes in measured body size, shape and composition.

Studies have suggested that total intake of trans-fatty acids (TFA) is positively associated with changes in body weight and waist circumference, whereas intake of TFA from ruminant dairy and meat products (R-TFA) has not been associated with weight gain. However, these previous studies are limited by self-reported measures of body weight and waist circumference or by a cross-sectional design. The objective of the present study was to investigate if R-TFA intake was associated with subsequent changes in anthropometry (body weight, waist and hip circumference) measured by technicians and body composition (body fat percentage). A 6-year follow-up study. Information on dietary intake was collected through diet history interviews, and anthropometric and bioelectrical impedance measurements were obtained by trained technicians at baseline (1987-1988) and at follow-up (1993-1994). Multiple regression with cubic spline modelling was used to analyse the data. Copenhagen County, Denmark. Two hundred and sixty-seven men and women aged 35-65 years from the Danish MONICA (MONItoring of trends and determinants in CArdiovascular diseases) cohort. The median R-TFA intake was 1.3 g/d (5th, 95th percentile: 0.4, 2.7 g/d) or 0.6% of the total energy intake (5th, 95th percentile: 0.2, 1.1%). No significant associations were observed between R-TFA intake and changes in body weight, waist and hip circumference or body fat percentage. R-TFA intake within the range present in the Danish population was not significantly associated with subsequent changes in body size, shape or composition and the 95% confidence intervals indicate that any relevant associations are unlikely to have produced these observations.

Trans fatty acid intake and emotion regulation.

We examined whether there is a relationship between trans fatty acid intakes and emotion regulation, mediated by positive or negative affect. Archival data on 1699 men and 3293 women were used to measure trans fatty acid intake at baseline, positive, and negative affects and emotion regulation at follow-up. Higher trans fatty acid intake related to subsequent difficulties with emotional awareness (p = 0.045), clarity (p = 0.012), and regulation strategies (p = 0.009). Affect mediated these relationships. Lower trans fatty acid intake associated with increased positive and decreased negative affects which, in turn, associated with improved emotion regulation. Trans fatty acid intakes may be associated with subsequent ability to regulate emotions.

Changes in Mean Intake of Fatty Acids and Intake of Saturated and trans Fats from Potatoes: NHANES 2005–2006, 2007–2008, and 2009–2010

AbstractStudies have shown that higher than usual intakes of trans fatty acids (TFAs) have adverse effects on blood lipids. Because of this, in 2006 the US FDA mandated labeling of TFAs on food packages. The food and restaurant industries, including the potato industry, reformulated their foods to reduce or eliminate partially hydrogenated vegetable oils and TFAs. Before mandatory labeling, grain-based desserts, yeast breads, and French-fried potatoes (FFPs) were the top sources of TFAs in the food supply; by 2007, potato food manufacturers and quick-service restaurants had reduced or eliminated TFAs without increasing saturated fatty acids (SFAs). FFPs are no longer a source of TFAs in the food supply. This study examined energy and fatty acid intake among children aged 6–11 y, adolescents aged 12–18 y, and adults aged ≥19 y across 3 time periods by using data from the NHANES 2005–2006, 2007–2008, and 2009–2010. On average, intakes of total energy, total fat, SFAs, and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) decreased significantly between 2005–2006 and 2009–2010 among children and adolescents; however, the intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) did not change. Among adults, intakes of total fat, SFAs, and MUFAs decreased; however, total energy and PUFA intake did not change. On the day of the 2009–2010 survey, ∼13% of children and 10% of adolescents reported consuming fried FFPs, whereas <7% of adults reported consumption of fried FFPs. Intakes of SFAs and TFAs from fried FFPs decreased significantly between 2005–2006 and 2009–2010 among children, adolescents, and adults. This study confirms that intake of TFAs from FFPs is trivial.

Meta‐Regression Analysis of the Effect of Trans Fatty Acids (TFAs) on LDL‐Cholesterol

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) published a Federal Register notice tentatively determining that partially hydrogenated oils (PHOs, the primary dietary source of industrial TFAs – iTFAs) are no longer generally recognized as safe (GRAS) when used in food. This determination was based on the conclusion that there is no threshold intake for iTFA that would not increase an individual's risk of coronary heart disease, based primarily on research showing iTFAs increase LDL‐cholesterol (LDL‐C) at high levels of intake. A meta‐regression analysis was conducted on the relationship between changes in TFA intake and changes in plasma LDL‐C, building on an evidence map designed to capture all relevant data. The purpose of this analysis was to describe the dose‐response in the range of the human data, particularly the low‐intake region. An advantage of the weighted regression (i.e., meta‐regression) is greater accuracy, since studies with smaller variance are given more weight. A variety of different mathematical expressions were fit to the data to determine which one best fit the data. Variability was very large, particularly at low TFA intake, indicating TFA intake is not the primary determinant of LDL‐C levels at low TFA intake. No significant differences were found in the mathematical fit of models across a wide range of shapes, from very flat initial slope to very steep initial slope. Thus, the mathematical modeling cannot inform our understanding of the shape of the dose‐response curve even in the range of human data, and determine whether a threshold exists. Instead, as is generally the case, one needs to rely on a mode of action evaluation.This work was sponsored by the ILSI North America PHO Task Force.