Intake Of Trans Fatty Acids Research Articles

The association of dietary macronutrients composition with the incidence of type 2 diabetes, using iso-energetic substitution models: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study

AimsThere is still controversy on optimal percentage of macronutrient intakes especially carbohydrate on prevention of type 2 diabetes (T2D). The aim of the current study was to evaluate the iso-energetic substitution of dietary macronutrients in relation to incidence of T2D. MethodsThis prospective study was conducted on 6547 subjects who were followed for 3.0 ± 1.6 years. Dietary intakes were evaluated using a valid and reliable semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Biochemical variables and anthropometrics were evaluated at baseline and follow-up examinations. Multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to estimate the hazards ratio (HR) of T2D. ResultsA one unit higher proportion of carbohydrate from whole grain at the expense of carbohydrate from non-whole grain (HR = 0.82, 95% CI = 0.71–0.95), protein (HR = 0.75, 95% CI = 0.60–0.94), total fat (HR = 0.79, 95% CI = 0.67–0.93), saturated fatty acid (HR = 0.79, 95% CI = 0.65–0.96), poly-unsaturated fatty acid (HR = 0.81, 95% CI = 0.68–0.96) and mono-unsaturated fatty acid (HR = 0.75, 95% CI = 0.60–0.94) was associated with decreased risk of T2D. The substitution of protein and fats was not associated with diabetes. Risk of T2D increased from quartiles 1–4 for trans-fatty acid (HR: 1.00, 1.27, 0.95, 1.97, Ptrend = 0.01). ConclusionsA higher proportion of carbohydrate from whole grain in replacement of refined grain, and other macronutrients was associated with decreased risk of T2D. Also our study suggests a positive association between trans-fatty acid intake and risk of T2D.

Differential Effects of Ruminant and Industrial 18-Carbon trans-Monounsaturated Fatty Acids (trans Vaccenic and Elaidic) on the Inflammatory Responses of an Endothelial Cell Line.

Endothelial dysfunction and inflammation are recognised factors in the development of atherosclerosis. Evidence suggests that intake of industrial trans fatty acids (TFAs) promotes endothelial dysfunction, while ruminant TFAs may have the opposite effect. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of elaidic acid (EA (18:1n-9t); an industrially produced TFA) and trans vaccenic acid (TVA (18:1n-7t); a natural TFA found in ruminant milk and meat) on inflammatory responses of endothelial cells (ECs). ECs (EA.hy926 cells) were cultured under standard conditions and exposed to TFAs (1 to 50 μM) for 48 h. Then, the cells were cultured for a further 6 or 24 h with tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α, 1 ng/mL) as an inflammatory stimulant. ECs remained viable after treatments. TFAs were incorporated into ECs in a dose-dependent manner. Preincubation with EA (50 µM) increased production of MCP-1, RANTES, and IL-8 in response to TNF-α, while preincubation with TVA (1 µM) decreased production of ICAM-1 and RANTES in response to TNF-α. Preincubation with EA (50 µM) upregulated toll-like receptor 4 and cyclooxygenase 2 gene expression in response to TNF-α. In contrast, preincubation with TVA (1 µM) downregulated TNF-α induced nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1 gene expression. Preincubation of ECs with EA (50 µM) increased THP-1 monocyte adhesion. In contrast, preincubation of ECs with TVA (1 µM) reduced THP-1 monocyte adhesion, while preincubation of ECs with TVA (50 µM) decreased the level of surface expression of ICAM-1 seen following TNF-α stimulation. The results suggest that TVA has some anti-inflammatory properties, while EA enhances the response to an inflammatory stimulus. These findings suggest differential effects induced by the TFAs tested, fitting with the idea that industrial TFAs and ruminant TFAs can have different and perhaps opposing biological actions in an inflammatory context.

Analysis of Fat Content with Special Emphasis on Trans Isomers in Frequently Consumed Food Products in Egypt: The First Steps in the Trans Fatty Acid Elimination Roadmap.

Trans Fatty Acid (TFA) intake is a risk factor for coronary heart diseases and cancer. Egypt, considered among the highest TFA consumers in the world, lacks proper dietary analysis of TFAs. This cross-sectional study aimed to analyze TFAs in traditional and frequently consumed food products. A market survey was conducted to identify products and brands that are mostly consumed in major governorates in Egypt. Laboratory analysis allowed for the profiling of TFAs, and saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Products having more than 2 g of TFA/100 g of fat were considered to have an elevated TFA content. Commonly consumed food items (n = 208) in the Egyptian market were identified. On average, 34% of the products exceeded the TFA limit. Sambosk meat, a traditional meat item, had the highest TFA content of 5.2%, followed by foods fried with used oils. Oriental sweets had a TFA content three times higher than that of doughnuts. The fast-food group had the largest proportion of TFA-rich products, followed by the canned and frozen item groups and confectionaries. This study revealed that around one third of products in the Egyptian market have a high TFA content. This calls for urgent legislative action to regulate composition.

Fatty acid composition of Iranian sweetened confectionery creams, with an emphasis on trans fatty acids

Increased trans fatty acids (TFA) intake is significantly associated with the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Elimination of TFA from food supply is the World Health Organization goal by 2023. This study aimed to determine the fatty acid composition of sweetened confectionery creams, sold in the Iranian market. A gas chromatographic method was used to quantify fatty acids content of 102 samples, which were grouped as commercial brands (n 34) and cream filled pastries (n 68). Fourteen samples of commercial brands and thirteen samples of cream filled pastries had greater TFA content than Iran’s national limit of 2% of total fatty acids for this product. Evaluation of TFA isomers revealed that C18:1 trans isomers had higher amounts than C18:2 and C18:3 trans isomers in all samples. Besides, the mean values of saturated fatty acids (SFA) exceeded the national limit of 60% of total fatty acids. It confirmed that efforts to reduce TFA content have led to an increase in SFA. This could be related to substitution of partially hydrogenated fats with palm and palm kernel oil in formulation. The present study emphasizes that further improvements are needed to reduce the TFA and SFA content of sweetened confectionery creams and replace unsaturated fatty acids as nutritional substitutes.

Trans Fatty Acids in Human Milk in Latvia: Association with Dietary Habits during the Lactation Period.

The human milk fatty acid, including trans fatty acid, composition is predominantly affected by the maternal diet. The aim of this research was to determine the trans fatty acid level in human milk among lactating women in Latvia, and to evaluate how maternal dietary habits affect the trans fatty acid composition of human milk. In total, 70 lactating women participated in this cross-sectional study. A 72-hour food diary and food frequency questionnaire were used to evaluate maternal dietary habits. Different trans fatty acids in human milk samples were determined using gas chromatography (Agilent 6890N, Agilent Technologies Incorporated, the United States). Overall, the dietary intake of trans fatty acids among the participants was 0.54 ± 0.79 g per day. The total trans fatty acid level in the human milk samples was 2.30% ± 0.60%. The composition of trans fatty acids found in human milk was associated with maternal dietary habits. Higher elaidic acid, vaccenic acid and total trans fatty acid levels in human milk were found among participants with a higher milk and dairy product intake. Meat and meat product intake were associated with a higher vaccenic acid and total trans fatty acid levels in human milk. A moderate association was also established between maternal trans fatty acid intake and the total trans fatty acid level in human milk. The obtained correlations indicate that maternal dietary habits during lactation can impact the composition of trans fatty acids found in human milk.

Simple method for fabrication of high internal phase emulsions solely using novel pea protein isolate nanoparticles: Stability of ionic strength and temperature

The oil-in-water high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs) could be stabilized by pea protein isolate nanoparticles (PPINs) induced by potassium metabisulfite (K2S2O5). Confocal laser scanning microscope proved that PPINs were attached on the oil–water interface, indicating characteristic of Pickering HIPEs. The HIPEs stabilized by PPINs of higher concentration had smaller droplet size, better storage and centrifugal stability than that of PPINs of low concentration because there were enough particles to constitute the thick interface film. The storage modulus was higher than loss modulus indicating that HIPEs exhibited gel-like structure. At different temperatures and ionic strengths, HIPEs exhibited flocculation but still maintained a stable gel-like structure. The strain curve of HIPEs showed Type III nonlinear behavior due to the flocculation of emulsion droplets. HIPEs stabilized by PPINs might be a potential alternative to partially hydrogenated oils to reduce intake of trans fatty acids.

Engineering Fatty Acid Photodecarboxylase to Enable Highly Selective Decarboxylation of trans Fatty Acids.

Due to the high risk of heart disease caused by the intake of trans fatty acids, a method to eliminate trans fatty acids from foods has become a critical issue. Herein, we engineered fatty acid photo-decarboxylase from Chlorella variabilis (CvFAP) to selectively catalyze the decarboxylation of trans fatty acids to yield readily-removed hydrocarbons and carbon dioxide, while cis fatty acids remained unchanged. An efficient protein engineering based on FRISM strategy was implemented to intensify the electronic interaction between the residues and the double bond of the substrate that stabilized the binding of elaidic acid in the channel. For the model compounds, oleic acid and elaidic acid, the best mutant, V453E, showed a one-thousand-fold improvement in the trans-over-cis (ToC) selectivity compared with wild type (WT). As the first report of the direct biocatalytic decarboxylation resolution of trans/cis fatty acids, this work offers a safe, facile, and eco-friendly process to eliminate trans fatty acids from edible oils.

Engineering Fatty Acid Photodecarboxylase to Enable Highly Selective Decarboxylation oftransFatty Acids

AbstractDue to the high risk of heart disease caused by the intake oftransfatty acids, a method to eliminatetransfatty acids from foods has become a critical issue. Herein, we engineered fatty acid photo‐decarboxylase fromChlorella variabilis(CvFAP) to selectively catalyze the decarboxylation oftransfatty acids to yield readily‐removed hydrocarbons and carbon dioxide, whilecisfatty acids remained unchanged. An efficient protein engineering based on FRISM strategy was implemented to intensify the electronic interaction between the residues and the double bond of the substrate that stabilized the binding of elaidic acid in the channel. For the model compounds, oleic acid and elaidic acid, the best mutant, V453E, showed a one‐thousand‐fold improvement in thetrans‐over‐cis(ToC) selectivity compared with wild type (WT). As the first report of the direct biocatalytic decarboxylation resolution oftrans/cisfatty acids, this work offers a safe, facile, and eco‐friendly process to eliminatetransfatty acids from edible oils.

Picky Eating in School-Aged Children: Sociodemographic Determinants and the Associations with Dietary Intake.

Children exhibiting picky eating behavior often demonstrate strong food preferences and rejection of particular foods or food texture, which may lead to limited dietary variety and possibly inadequate or unhealthy diet. Yet, the relationship between picky eating and nutrient intake in school-aged children has not been established previously. This study aimed to investigate the sociodemographic determinants of picky eating and the associations between picky eating and dietary intake in children. Data of 424 healthy Saudi children aged 6–12 years were collected from their mothers. A child’s picky eating habits were captured using a validated questionnaire. Sociodemographic characteristics of the children were assessed. Dietary data, including 24 h dietary recalls and frequency of fruit, vegetable, and milk consumption, were collected by dietetic professionals using phone-administered interviews. Compared to those of normal-weight mothers, children of mothers with obesity had higher odds of being in the highest tertile of picky eating (OR = 1.93; 95% CI 1.02, 3.63). Children exhibiting higher levels of picky eating consumed less fruits (B = −0.03; 95% CI −0.06, −0.01), vegetables (B = −0.05; 95% CI −0.07, −0.02), and protein (B = −0.21; 95% CI −0.33, −0.09), and had higher consumption of trans fatty acid intake (B = 1.10; 95% CI 0.06, 2.15). Children with higher levels of picky eating presented unhealthy dietary behaviors. Future studies are needed to examine the long-term effect of picky eating on cardiovascular health. Dietary behaviors of mothers with obesity must be taken into consideration when designing intervention programs aiming to improve eating behaviors of children.

Dietary Risks for Liver Mortality in NAFLD: Global Burden of Disease Data.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common but complex chronic liver disease, driven by environmental and genetic factors. We assessed metabolic and dietary risk factor associations with NAFLD liver mortality using the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 data. NAFLD liver deaths were calculated (per 100,000) as age‐standardized rates (ASRs) from 195 countries and territories (21 GBD regions; 7 GBD superregions). Dietary risks included low intake of fruits, vegetables, legumes, whole grains, nuts/seeds, milk, fiber, calcium, seafood omega‐3 fatty acids, and polyunsaturated fatty acids, and high intake of red meat, processed meat, sugar‐sweetened beverages, trans fatty acids, and sodium. Metabolic risks included high low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, systolic blood pressure (BP), fasting glucose (FG), body mass index (BMI), as well as low bone mineral density and impaired kidney function (IKF). Socio‐demographic index (SDI)–adjusted partial Spearman correlation coefficients and multivariable generalized linear regression models/bidirectional stepwise selection (significance level for entry, 0.2; for stay, 0.05) determined the associations. The ASR for NAFLD liver deaths was 2.3 per 100,000 (2017) and correlated with dietary risk factors (0.131, −0.010‐0.267) and metabolic risk factors (SDI‐adjusted = 0.225, 95% CI 0.086‐0.354). High intake of sugar‐sweetened beverages and red meat (0.358, 0.229‐0.475; 0.162, 0.022‐0.296), and low intake of nuts/seed and milk (0.154, 0.014‐0.289; 0.145, 0.004‐0.280) was significant for NAFLD liver deaths. Other risk factors for liver death included IKF (0.402, 0.276‐0.514), increased BMI (0.353, 0.223‐0.407), FG (0.248, 0.111‐0.376), and BP (0.163, 0.022‐0.297). High intake of trans fatty acids (2.84% increase [1.65%‐4.03%]) was the largest associated risk of NAFLD liver deaths. In addition to metabolic risks, dietary risks independently drive the global burden of NAFLD‐related liver mortality. Conclusion: These data provide additional support for policies to improve dietary environment for NAFLD burden reduction.

Assessment of dietary intakes of total fat and fatty acids for residents in China in 2015–2018

The contents of 62 fatty acids, including saturated fatty acids (SFA) and trans fatty acids (TFA) in 192 composites from the 6th (2015–2018) Chinese Total Diet Study (TDS) were determined using gas chromatography (GC) with flame ionization detector (FID). The contents of total fat, SFA, and TFA varied greatly among various food categories with meats recording the highest level. The TFA intake for adult males was 0.19 ± 0.10 percentage of total energy intake (% E) within an range of 0.08−0.42% E, which was lower than the maximum (1% E) recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO), while the intakes of total fat and SFA were 29.51 ± 6.01 % E and 7.01 ± 1.95 % E respectively. Comparing to the 5th Chinese TDS, the intakes of SFA and TFA, which were statistically significant, had been reduced by 8.1 % and 30.18 %, indicating the dietary variations for Chinese.

Trans Fatty Acid Intake Induces Intestinal Inflammation and Impaired Glucose Tolerance.

Background and AimsMany nutritional and epidemiological studies have shown that high consumption of trans fatty acids can cause several adverse effects on human health, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and cancer. In the present study, we investigated the effect of trans fatty acids on innate immunity in the gut by observing mice fed with a diet high in trans fatty acids, which have been reported to cause dysbiosis.MethodsWe used C57BL6/J mice and fed them with normal diet (ND) or high-fat, high-sucrose diet (HFHSD) or high-trans fatty acid, high-sucrose diet (HTHSD) for 12 weeks. 16S rRNA gene sequencing was performed on the mice stool samples, in addition to flow cytometry, real-time PCR, and lipidomics analysis of the mice serum and liver samples. RAW264.7 cells were used for the in vitro studies.ResultsMice fed with HTHSD displayed significantly higher blood glucose levels and advanced fatty liver and intestinal inflammation, as compared to mice fed with HFHSD. Furthermore, compared to mice fed with HFHSD, mice fed with HTHSD displayed a significant elevation in the expression of CD36 in the small intestine, along with a reduction in the expression of IL-22. Furthermore, there was a significant increase in the populations of ILC1s and T-bet-positive ILC3s in the lamina propria in mice fed with HTHSD. Finally, the relative abundance of the family Desulfovibrionaceae, which belongs to the phylum Proteobacteria, was significantly higher in mice fed with HFHSD or HTHSD, than in mice fed with ND; between the HFHSD and HTHSD groups, the abundance was slightly higher in the HTHSD group.ConclusionsThis study revealed that compared to saturated fatty acid intake, trans fatty acid intake significantly exacerbated metabolic diseases such as diabetes and fatty liver.

Paternal trans-fatty acid and vitamin E diet affects rat offspring's semen quality and PPARs expression.

Trans-fatty acids (TFAs) consumption has created concerns regarding male/female reproductive system. However, the effects of TFA in paternal diet on offspring's reproduction have not been addressed. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of rat paternal TFAs and vitamin E consumption on offspring's sperm quality and expression pattern of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) in testis tissues. Forty adult male rats were randomly divided into four groups: Control diet (C); Control diet plus TFA (CTH); diet supplemented with vitamin E (E) and a diet containing vitamin E and TFA (ETH). Mother rats had normal diet during gestation period. Three offspring from each group were chosen randomly and their testicular samples were collected, and sperm parameters were measured by CASA. Our results indicate that feeding fathers with TFA can negatively affect offspring's sperm concentration and motility, while consumption of vitamin E can improve these parameters (p<.05). The paternal diet containing TFA down-regulated the expression of PPARβ and PPARγ genes, whereas vitamin E-containing diet up-regulated the transcription of PPAR genes. In conclusion, TFA intake in paternal diet may have negative effects on reproductive system of the offspring while vitamin E may not diminish these effects.

Trans Fatty Acid Intake Modulates the Expression of Uncoupling Proteins 2 and 3 (UCP2 &amp; UCP3) mRNA in Children

Increased consumption of Trans Fats is associated with increased risk of Coronary Heart Disease. Uncoupling proteins (UCPs) are mitochondrial proteins that disperse the inter-membrane electrochemical potential as heat. We aimed to detect the relation of high Trans-fat intake in diet on the expression of UCP2&amp;3 m-RNA in children. A specific questionnaire to parents of sixty-eight children (4-15 years) was conducted. Accordingly, the subjects were sub-grouped into; High Trans-fat consuming group (37 subjects) and a Medium Trans-fat consuming one (31 subjects). Samples collected from Peripheral blood to analyze UCP2&amp;3 mRNA expression by Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR). Levels of UCP2 expression was reduced in children consuming High Trans-fat (2.5 ±0.7) in comparison with Medium Trans-fat consuming ones (1.5± 0.2) with (p&lt;0.001). However, not much significance was showed in UCP3 expression with values (2.1±0.5) in the High consuming group and (1.9±0.2) in Medium consuming group with (p=0.08). In Delta relationship the diet-induced changes in UCP2 (r=0.66, P=0.002) and UCP3 (r=0.61, P=0.06) mRNA expression was negatively correlated with percentage of Trans-fat in diet. The correlation of UCP2&amp;3 mRNA expression and high Trans-fat intake suggests a mechanism by which high Trans-fat diet plays a role in childhood obesity.

UNDERSTANDING THE COMPLEXITIES OF THE PREVALENCE AND CONTROL OF TRANS FAT IN THE FOOD SUPPLY IN PAKISTAN

Objective: Pakistan is among the nations that have a high intake of trans fatty acids (TFAs). TFAs are considered one of the major dietary risk factors of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). Efforts are underway in the country to eliminate industrially-produced TFAs from the food supply in keeping with the priority targets of the World Health Organization (WHO) for 2019–2023. We reviewed the TFA content reported in industrially produced foods and discuss the regulatory landscape for TFAs, to facilitate the required policy changes in Pakistan and ultimately eliminate the TFA burden from industrial food products. Design and method: The study components included review of published research and product labels as well as review of prevailing food regulations for TFA-related information. A set of recommendations was also prepared to eliminate TFAs from Pakistan after national consultation workshops conducted in 2019. Results: Vanaspati ghee (partially hydrogenated oil), bakery shortening, hard margarines, and fat spreads were identified as the major sources of TFAs. Food products with partially hydrogenated vegetable oils or bakery margarine in their ingredients also contained high level of TFAs. Repeated use of oil for deep frying of potato and cereal products also caused an increase in TFA content. Federal and provincial food authorities have recently established the limits for TFAs in a few products; however, regulations do not include mandatory food labeling. Conclusions: A comprehensive national strategy for TFA elimination, based on knowledge of TFA prevalence associated regulatory control is suggested in this study. We recommend to: (1) promote actions towards replacement of traditional vanaspati ghee/bakery fats with healthier alternatives; (2) review national and provincial food standards to support development and implementation of legislative actions and their compliance; (3) amend food labeling laws so that clear information will be provided to inform consumers’ healthy food choices.

Dietary intake of trans fatty acids and breast cancer risk in 9 European countries

BackgroundTrans fatty acids (TFAs) have been hypothesised to influence breast cancer risk. However, relatively few prospective studies have examined this relationship, and well-powered analyses according to hormone receptor-defined molecular subtypes, menopausal status, and body size have rarely been conducted.MethodsIn the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC), we investigated the associations between dietary intakes of TFAs (industrial trans fatty acids [ITFAs] and ruminant trans fatty acids [RTFAs]) and breast cancer risk among 318,607 women. Multivariable hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models, adjusted for other breast cancer risk factors.ResultsAfter a median follow-up of 8.1 years, 13,241 breast cancer cases occurred. In the multivariable-adjusted model, higher total ITFA intake was associated with elevated breast cancer risk (HR for highest vs lowest quintile, 1.14, 95% CI 1.06–1.23; P trend = 0.001). A similar positive association was found between intake of elaidic acid, the predominant ITFA, and breast cancer risk (HR for highest vs lowest quintile, 1.14, 95% CI 1.06–1.23; P trend = 0.001). Intake of total RTFAs was also associated with higher breast cancer risk (HR for highest vs lowest quintile, 1.09, 95% CI 1.01–1.17; P trend = 0.015). For individual RTFAs, we found positive associations with breast cancer risk for dietary intakes of two strongly correlated fatty acids (Spearman correlation r = 0.77), conjugated linoleic acid (HR for highest vs lowest quintile, 1.11, 95% CI 1.03–1.20; P trend = 0.001) and palmitelaidic acid (HR for highest vs lowest quintile, 1.08, 95% CI 1.01–1.16; P trend = 0.028). Similar associations were found for total ITFAs and RTFAs with breast cancer risk according to menopausal status, body mass index, and breast cancer subtypes.ConclusionsThese results support the hypothesis that higher dietary intakes of ITFAs, in particular elaidic acid, are associated with elevated breast cancer risk. Due to the high correlation between conjugated linoleic acid and palmitelaidic acid, we were unable to disentangle the positive associations found for these fatty acids with breast cancer risk. Further mechanistic studies are needed to identify biological pathways that may underlie these associations.

Dietary Intake of trans Fatty Acids in the Slovenian Population.

Consumption of trans fatty acids (TFAs) has been unequivocally linked to several adverse health effects, with the increased risk of cardiovascular disease being one of the most well understood. To reduce TFA-related morbidity and mortality, several countries have imposed voluntary or mandatory measures to minimize the content of industrial TFAs (iTFAs) in the food supply. In 2018, Slovenia introduced a ban on iTFAs on top of preceding voluntary calls to industry to reduce its use of partially hydrogenated oils (PHOs) as the main source of iTFAs. To investigate the consumption of TFAs, data available from the nationally representative dietary survey SI.Menu were analyzed. The survey consisted of two 24-h non-consecutive day recalls from 1248 study participants from three age groups (10–17, 18–64, 65–74 years old), combined with socio-demographic, socio-economic, and lifestyle parameters. The analyses demonstrated that, on average, TFAs accounted for 0.38–0.50% of total energy intake (TEI). However, 13% of adolescents, 29.4% of adults, and 41.8% of the elderly population still consumed more than 0.50% TEI with TFAs. The main sources of TFAs in the diet were naturally present TFAs from butter, meat dishes, and meat products, regardless of the age group. Results indicate that following the reformulation activities, the major sources of TFAs in the diets of the Slovenian population now represent foods which are natural sources of TFAs.

Developing a Food Composition Table for Estimating the Intake of Trans Fatty Acids

Developing a Food Composition Table for Estimating the Intake of Trans Fatty Acids

MEASUREMENT OF TRANS FATTY ACIDS IN READY TO EAT CHICKEN MEAT

High intake of TFA leads to more health problems as heart disease, breast cancer and diabetes. So we worked in this study for measurement of trans fatty acids (TFA) of ninety ready to eat chicken meat samples from restaurants of Luxor city, and effect of different material of fried on TFA to help people and tourists for determined awareness of TFA in these restaurants and material of fried. In this study found mean of TFA and elaidic acid in chicken burger samples (1.813 mg100 gm, ± 0.151 mg100 gm, and 1.450 mg100 gm, respectively). In fried chicken samples (0.159 mg100 gm, ± 0.024 mg100 gm, and 0.127 mg100 gm, respectively), and in chicken shawirma samples (4.016 mg 100 gm, ± 0.583 mg100 gm, and 3.212 mg100 gm, respectively). In this study also an experiment to what happens of TFA in ready to eat chicken meat when used of vegetable oil, butter, or margarine was carried out. It was found TFA of chicken burger, fried chicken and chicken shawirma with use of oil (0.343 mg100 gm, 0.065 mg100 gm, and 1.622 mg100 gm, respectively). TFA of chicken burger, fried chicken and chicken shawirma use of butter (1.836 mg100 gm, 12.855, and 0.446 mg100 gm, respectively). TFA of chicken burger, fried chicken, Chicken shawirma which use of margarine (3.278 mg100 gm, 4.139 mg100 gm, and 3.22 mg100 gm, respectively). In conclusion: throughout the samples analysis in our study, chicken shawirma samples from restaurants showed the highest content of trans fatty acids and elaidic acid. The TFA formation was found to be varied with the food ingredient and with the material used for frying.

Exposure Assessment of Trans-Fatty Acids through Consumption of Sour Cream in Yerevan

The aim of the study is to assess the content of trans-fatty acids (TFA) present in the sour cream produced in the RA and conduct a dietary exposure assessment. Data on sour cream consumption has been gathered through food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). TFA contents in sour cream samples were determined using the method of gas chromatography. Daily intake of TFA through sour cream consumption has been estimated. TFA daily intake (E %) accounted for 0.03 %, 0.185 % and 0.457 % of total energy intake (kcal) for sour cream consumption Cluster 1, 2 and 3, respectively. It was discovered that TFA daily intake through sour cream consumption does not exceed the recommended threshold value (≤ 1 E %).