Trance Disorder Research Articles

Ruqyah Therapy Based on Local Wisdom to Overcome Dissociative Trans Disorders in Patients at Home Ruqyah and Al-Qur'an Therapy

Healthy humans are not only healthy physically but also psychologically. Healthy humans are those who are free from physical and psychological disorders. Dissociative trance disorder is a psychological disorder, which cannot be taken lightly and needs to be addressed further. One way to overcome it is with ruqyah therapy based on local wisdom. This research was conducted on patients at the Ruqyah and Al-Qur'an Therapy House. This study aims to determine transdissociative disorders in patients at the Ruqyah House and Al-Qur'an Therapy and ruqyah therapy based on local wisdom in treating transdissociative disorders in patients at the Ruqyah House and Al-Qur'an Therapy. This research uses a qualitative method with a type of field research using a qualitative approach. After going through the results of research, transdissociative disorders in patients at the Ruqyah House and Al-Qur'an Therapy were caused by mental pressure factors that made them stressed, jinn disorders which were motivated by wrong defense mechanisms, and criminal acts of jinn. Symptoms include conscious and unconscious, such as frequent headaches, confusion, tremors, frequent strange dreams. The types include jinn inhabiting the patient's body and genie occupying parts of the patient's body. Ruqyah therapy based on local wisdom at the Ruqyah House and Al-Qur'an Therapy make dissociative trance disorder patients calmer. In practice, Rumah Ruqyah and Al-Qur'an Therapy integrates Islamic psychotherapy and variations of local wisdom by using bidara leaves and black cumin which are placed in a glass of water and ruqyah therapy prayers are read.

Local Wisdom in Kebangru'an Rites in Pringgabaya East Lombok

This paper discusses the local wisdom in the Kebangru'an rite, a traditional procession of the people of Pringgabaya District, East Lombok Regency in overcoming trance disorders. The method used is qualitative ethnography where the researcher is involved and interacts directly in in the community whom is the object of research, to find out the historical value, form of presentation, local wisdom and challenges in the entire series of Kebangru'an Rites. Data collection was conducted by means of observation and in-depth interviews. Observations were made by observing various actions that were patterned and reflected the thinking system of the Kebangru'an Rite activists which included speech, expressions, statements, perspectives on life, and their life history. The results show that as a sacred ritual, the Kebangru'an Rite is identical to the ancient belief of animism. The form of the Kebangru'an Rite is dominated by elements of art: dance and musical accompaniment. A possessed person will dance endlessly to the music of Kebangru'an. Ritus Kebangru'an has its own wisdom for the supporting community: (1) as a medium of transcendental communication between the community and ancestral spirits, (2) as an expression of tradition that contains messages about the description of the cycle of life to death. The wisdom values contained in the Kebangru'an Rite are: (1) as a healing therapy for people in trance, (2) as a source of information from ancestral spirits, (3) as a medium of alternative medicine for the community, (4) foster a sense of concern for others, (5) foster an attitude of mutual cooperation, (6) foster an attitude of discipline and order, and (7) improve religious attitudes. Meanwhile, threats to the sustainability of the Kebangru'an Rite arise from three groups: (1) Ultra modernists who consider that traditional ritual offerings to be something old-fashioned, (2) Puritan religious groups who view the Kebangru'an Rite as a form of shirk and contrary to Islamic teachings. (3) Pragmatic attitudes, namely those who think practically, quickly and instantaneously.

Addressing Dissociative Trance Disorder Patients in India: An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis of Adolescent Girls' Help-Seeking and Encounters with Inaccurate Medical Information

Addressing Dissociative Trance Disorder Patients in India: An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis of Adolescent Girls' Help-Seeking and Encounters with Inaccurate Medical Information

Diagnosis of Jinn Possession amongst Non-Muslims with Mental Disorders Using Jinn Possession Scale

The belief in spirit, demon or jinn possession is present in many cultures, and even ICD-11 has a description for “Trance and possession disorder”. Mental disorders and jinn possession have overlapping symptoms, resulting in different diagnoses. Three non-Muslims with mental disorders were used as case studies, and they were diagnosed as having jinn possession using a newly developed jinn possession scale. The scale was initially developed for diagnosing jinn possession amongst Muslims. The diagnoses were also confirmed using ruqyah, a popular method for diagnosing jinn possession. A multi-psyche model of jinn possession helps explain the “feeling suicidal” symptom in two subjects. The symptom resulted from the inter-psyche conflict between the human psyche and the jinn psyche. With cases of mental disorders on the rise, it is recommended that patients with mental disorders are screened for jinn possession. Complementary therapy for the treatment of jinn possession in association with modern medicine can bring better therapeutic outcomes in treating mental disorders.

Possession Disorder: A Treatment Method of Islamic Psychotherapy in (El-PsikA) Al-Amien Institute of Applied Psychology

This study proposed to discover the causes of patients experiencing trance disorders treated by EL-PsikA and how El-PsikA used Islamic psychotherapy methods in treating patients with trance disorders. The research method applied is a qualitative approach with data sources obtained through interviews and observations. The participants in this study consisted of two groups, namely five main participants and three triangulation participants using the snowball sampling technique. The results of this study designate the cause of the patient experiencing a trance disorder treated by El-PsikA consists of two factors, first because of a demonic disorder, and secondly because of having a trance disorder that begins with stress. While the method used in treating patients with possession disorder consists of five stages: first, the therapist performs a diagnosis to classify the symptoms of possession disorder experienced by the patient. Second, the therapist reads a prayer together with the patient-led by the therapist and is given water as an intermediary to drink to the patient. Third, if there is a reaction from the demon that has possessed the patient's body, the therapist asks the demon that possessed the patient's body to come out of the patient's body. Fourth, the therapist cleanses the devil's influence on the patient's body. Fifth, the therapist teaches patients self-therapy as a form of prevention so they don't experience a trance disorder again. Self-therapy taught is dhikr.

A Trance Case Report with Ruqya (Exorcism) Approach in Aceh

Trance disorders or possessed spirit is a form of invisible control over human beings and they also have an influence on the mind, five sense organs, and body functions, which have similar symptoms to Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID). However, Ruqya, also known as Islamic exorcism, is a practice of exorcism in the form of incantations or spell recitation from the Qur’an and hadith. It is a great hope in Islamic society used as a form of treatment according to the Sunnah of the Prophet Mohammed. A 53-year-old businessman suffering from psychological problems brought by his 48-year-old wife to a raqi (ruqya practitioner) after being treated by a general medical practitioner for several months was presented. The ruqya procedure was conducted several times which shows an improvement in his mental state.

Frequency of anxiety and depression in dissociative trance (possession) disorder

Background: The possession of a person by God or spirit is an age-old one. The ICD-10 has recorded the presence of a possession and trance disorder before formal featuring it in the 10th edition as a category of dissociative (conversion) disorders. The current study sought to determine the frequency of anxiety and depression among the patients presented in tertiary care hospitals with dissociative trance (possession) disorder, along with gender differences.
 Patients and methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at l Department of Psychiatry, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital Lahore over one year: December 2019 till December 2020. A sample of 350 patients, who met the ICD-10 criteria of dissociative trance (Possession) disorder, was recruited in the study through purposive sampling technique. Demographic information sheet and Urdu version of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) rating scale were used as assessment measures. The data were stored and analyzed in SPSS version 20. Descriptive analysis i.e., means, standard deviations, percentages, and frequencies, and inferential statistics i.e., independent sample t-test, were performed to explore objectives.
 Results: The results indicate that 13.2 % of patients with dissociative trance disorder scored in the normal range of depression, 20.7% fall in borderline depression while abnormal, and 66.1% in abnormal cases of depression was found in 66.1% of patients. For anxiety, results demonstrate that 28.2% of patients fall in the category of normal anxiety, 3 31.5% in borderline anxiety, and 40.3% fall in the case of abnormal anxiety. Differences for the gender of patients in depression and anxiety scores were evaluated by independent sample t-test and significant differences were found in depression and anxiety scores of male and female patients with dissociative trance disorder (p-value<0.05). Female patients scored high on depression (19.84±6.68) and anxiety (16.02±5.54) scale than male patients’ scores for depression (27.47±5.06) and anxiety (19.35±4.95).
 Conclusion: There is a definite frequency of depression and anxiety among patients with, dissociative trance disorder while females are high in the scores. This can help to decrease the comorbidity associated with dissociative trance disorder, reduce the disease burden and ensure a better outcome of treatment

DISSOCIATIVE TRANCE DISORDER MECHANISM AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS

This research aims to examine the mechanism of dissociative trance disorder among university students in Purwokerto. The research focuses on the mechanism of dissociative trance disorder among university students in Purwokerto. The research method is qualitative with a case study approach. There are 4 participants and 4 secondary informants in this research. Those who have experienced dissociative trance disorder become primary informants while those who have close relationships with the primary informants become secondary informants. The data were analyzed by using an interactive model, involving data collection, data reduction, data display, and drawing a conclusion. The research result revealed that there are 4 informants who go through the mechanism in the process of dissociative trance disorder occurrence. The mechanism includes four stages, namely the physical symptoms stage, the pre-loss of consciousness stage, the loss of consciousness stage, and the conscious stage.

Case Report: Trance in Mental Retardation

BACKGROUND: Mental retardation (MR) is a developmental condition that is associated with significant intellectual and adaptive behavioral limitations, whereas dissociative trance disorder (DTD) is a dissociative condition characterized by a temporary altered state of consciousness formed by one’s culture. Comorbidity between these two disorders has rarely been reported. CASE REPORT: We found a case of MR in a 32-year-old woman, Mrs. S, with a DTD who killed her five children during her trance. CONCLUSION: It was found that there is a relationship between psychosocial stressor factors, trauma, underlying psychiatric conditions, culture, and communication that influence trance conditions. Further research is needed to study and understand more about these disorders and comorbidities.

Prevalence of Dissociative Convulsions in Patients with Dissociative Disorder in a Tertiary Care Hospital: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study

Dissociative disorder is one of the common psychiatric problems encountered very frequently in the hospital setting. The aim of the study is to find out the prevalence of dissociative convulsions type in patients suffering from dissociative disorder attending Psychiatry outpatient department of a tertiary care hospital. The descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in a tertiary care hospital from February 2019 to July 2019 after taking ethical approval (MEMG/IRC/210/GA). The patients attending Psychiatry outpatient department of Manipal Teaching Hospital, Pokhara, Nepal were included in the study. The diagnosis of dissociative convulsion and other types of dissociative disorder was done according to the International Classification of Disease-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders - Diagnostic Criteria for Research. Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 22 was used for the analysis of the data and point estimate at 95% Confidence interval was calculated along with frequency and proportion for binary data and the analysis was done. Sixty six patients were included in the study. The prevalence of dissociative convulsion was 86.3% in the present study, at 95% Confidence interval, (78-94.6%). Five patients (7.6%) were found to be suffering from dissociative motor disorders and 4 (6.1%) patients were suffering from trance and possession disorder. The prevalence of dissociative convulsion type is high in patients suffering from dissociative disorder in the Nepalese context. Future studies should be conducted to understand this disorder and to propose therapeutic guidelines.

Reliability of the Dissociative Trance Disorder Interview Schedule: A preliminary report

ABSTRACTOne hundred inpatients in a hospital-based Trauma Program in the USA were interviewed with the Dissociative Trance Disorder Interview Schedule (DTDIS). There were no significant differences for the DTDIS total score or any of the subscale scores on test–retest: all t-values comparing the two administrations of the DTDIS were below 0.7, and all p-values were above 0.5. Cronbach’s alpha for the US sample was 0.966 and for the Israeli sample it was 0.971. The findings indicate that the DTDIS has good reliability and may be suitable for use in cross-cultural research; however, the results require replication by independent researchers in a variety of cultures and languages, and in both clinical and nonclinical samples.

Performance of cognitive measures and affective ranges in clients marked with spirit possession in Oman

BackgroundThere is a dearth of studies that have explored cognitive performance in different grades of spirit possession.AimThis study was undertaken to investigate two areas: the first was to explore whether there is a difference in demographic characteristics among presently defined grades of spirit possession in Oman: total possession (TP), partial possession (PP) and symbiotic possession (SP) seen in the Omani society. The second was to compare cognitive performance among the different grades of possession. Assessment criteria for these three groups included indices of current nonverbal reasoning ability, attention/concentration and recall, and those measures calling upon executive functioning.ResultsIn terms of socio-demographic characteristics, being female, having low education and being in a particular age group are strongly associated with participants classified as TP. In contrast, the SP group endorsed more history of trauma. The three groups showed performance variation in current nonverbal reasoning ability, attention/concentration and recall, and executive functioning, with TP appearing to have poorer performance on these measures compared to PP and SP.ConclusionPrevious studies have investigated whether spirit possession is a pathological state or a culture-specific idiom of distress. To our knowledge, this is the first study that has examined performances in cognitive measures among different types of possession. The entrance of possession trance disorder and dissociative trance disorder into the psychiatric nomenclature warrants more studies of this nature.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

PENERAPAN TEKNIK COGNITIVE RESTRUCTURING UNTUK MENGURANGI GEJALA DISSOCIATIVE TRANCE DISORDER SISWA SMAN 1 KADEMANGAN

This study described Cognitive Restructuring (CR) to reduce simthompts of Dissociate Trance Disorder (DTD) in the rehearsals process on athletic activities and how CR increased cognitive process to reasoning, understanding and reducing DTD. This study used classroom action research design with two cycles. The study was conducted in SMAN 1 Kademangan, Blitar. The study revealed that CR improved students skills to reduce DTD that raised internally through physical activities or mentally through thinking process.

Dissociative trance and spirit possession: Challenges for cultures in transition.

The cross-cultural validity of dissociative possession and trance disorders is a matter of some debate, limiting research and meaningful interpretation of prevalence data. Intimate to these concerns is the status of spirit possession categories studied in the social sciences, particularly anthropology. These two categories are phenomenologically related and display similar epidemiological associations. In India, dissociative and conversion disorders are fairly common in clinical settings. There is no doubt that there are true cultural variations in possession and trance disorders. A new framework may enable clinicians to better understand possession states and spirit possession.

Global mental health and trauma exposure: the current evidence for the relationship between traumatic experiences and spirit possession

BackgroundWe present a literature review on trauma exposure and spirit possession in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Despite the World Health Organization's objective of culturally appropriate mental health care in the Mental Health Action Plan 2013–2020, and the recommendations of the Inter-Agency Standing Committee to consider local idioms of distress and to collaborate with local resources, this topic still receives very little attention. Pathological spirit possession is commonly defined as involuntary, uncontrollable, and occurring outside of ritual settings. It is often associated with stigmatization, suffering, and dysfunctional behavior. While spirit possession has been discussed as an idiom of distress in anthropological literature, recent quantitative studies have presented support for a strong relationship between traumatic experiences and pathological possession states.ObjectiveThe aim of this review was to investigate this relationship systematically in LMICs, in view of the debate on how to address the mental health gap in LMICs.MethodsTwenty-one articles, published in peer-reviewed English-language journals between 1994 and 2013, were identified and analyzed with regard to prevalence of possessive trance disorders, patients’ sociodemographic characteristics, and its relation to traumatic experiences.ResultsThe review and analysis of 917 patients with symptoms of possessive trance disorders from 14 LMICs indicated that it is a phenomenon occurring worldwide and with global relevance. This literature review suggests a strong relationship between trauma exposure and spirit possession with high prevalence rates found especially in postwar areas in African countries.ConclusionsMore attention for possessive trance disorders in mental health and psychosocial intervention programs in humanitarian emergency settings as well as in societies in transition in LMICs is needed and justified by the results of this systematic literature review.

Dissociative Trance Disorder Triggered by Religious Switching – a Case Report

Introduction The role of religious switching as an aetiological factor in dissociative trance disorder (DTD) is not well understood. We present a case of DTD diagnosed in a 57-year old Chinese lady who presented with a 3-week history of episodic passivity experiences and behavioural changes involving uncharacteristic hostility towards Christians after converting from Taoism to Christianity. Objectives • To briefly review existing literature on DTD. • To discuss a case in which religious switching in the context of unique cultural factors triggered a DTD. Aims To discuss the aetiological role of culturally-mediated psychological stress associated with religious switching in DTD. Methods We searched for existing literature on DTD on 'PubMed' using the keywords 'dissociative trance disorder'. Relevant information was synthesised into a brief review on DTD. The impact of religious and cultural nuances on the case formulation is discussed in the case presentation. Results The patient's dissociative trances were assessed to be triggered by ambivalence about an upcoming baptism ceremony after converting from Taoism to Christianity. She and her family were psychoeducated about the identified intra-psychic conflict stemming from her religious switching. Psychotherapy was initiated. A low dose of antipsychotic was used for symptomatic relief. A subsequent reduction in frequency of dissociative trances was observed. Conclusions Identifying psychological stress associated with religious switching is imperative in differentiating dissociative trance from other mental disorders. Addressing underlying intra-psychic conflict is the mainstay of treatment. Adjunctive use of medications aids symptomatic relief. Recognising cultural nuances also has broader relevance in formulating psychiatric presentations.

The many faces of dissociation: opportunities for innovative research in psychiatry.

It has been claimed that the progress of psychiatry has lagged behind that of other medical disciplines over the last few decades. This may suggest the need for innovative thinking and research in psychiatry, which should consider neglected areas as topics of interest in light of the potential progress which might be made in this regard. This review is concerned with one such field of psychiatry: dissociation and dissociative disorders. Dissociation is the ultimate form of human response to chronic developmental stress, because patients with dissociative disorders report the highest frequency of childhood abuse and/or neglect among all psychiatric disorders. The cardinal feature of dissociation is a disruption in one or more mental functions. Dissociative amnesia, depersonalization, derealization, identity confusion, and identity alterations are core phenomena of dissociative psychopathology which constitute a single dimension characterized by a spectrum of severity. While dissociative identity disorder (DID) is the most pervasive condition of all dissociative disorders, partial representations of this spectrum may be diagnosed as dissociative amnesia (with or without fugue), depersonalization disorder, and other specified dissociative disorders such as subthreshold DID, dissociative trance disorder, acute dissociative disorders, and identity disturbances due to exposure to oppression. In addition to constituting disorders in their own right, dissociation may accompany almost every psychiatric disorder and operate as a confounding factor in general psychiatry, including neurobiological and psycho-pharmacological research. While an anti- dissociative drug does not yet exist, appropriate psychotherapy leads to considerable improvement for many patients with dissociative disorders.

Djinnati syndrome in baluchestan: the role of traumatic and abuse experiences on individual vulnerability.

Djinnati syndrome in baluchestan: the role of traumatic and abuse experiences on individual vulnerability.

Dissociative disorders and possession experiences in Israel: a comparison of opiate use disorder patients, Arab women subjected to domestic violence, and a nonclinical group.

This study examined the association between exposure to domestic violence and dissociative symptoms. A sample of 68 Israeli opiate use disorder patients in recovery, 80 battered Arab Israeli women, and 103 respondents from a community sample participated in structured interviews that included the Dissociative Disorders Interview Schedule (DDIS), the Dissociative Trance Disorder Interview Schedule (DTDIS), and the Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES). As predicted, community participants reported significantly less exposure to traumatizing events and lower levels of dissociative psychopathology than individuals sampled from specialized treatment centers. In all, 91% of battered female participants were taxon-positive for dissociative disorder with 1 of every 2 respondents reporting symptoms corresponding to dissociative amnesia and depersonalization disorder, suggesting that this group may be particularly vulnerable to dissociative psychopathology. Extrasensory and paranormal experiences (ESP) and dissociative trance disorder experiences were strongly related to dissociative experiences and features of dissociative identity disorder (DID). These statistical associations suggest that dissociative disorders and ESP/trance experiences may share an underlying construct. Further research is needed on trauma and dissociation among female victims of domestic abuse in patriarchal, collectivist societies, particularly in the Arab world.

Unravelling the spirits' message: a study of help-seeking steps and explanatory models among patients suffering from spirit possession in Uganda.

As in many cultures, also in Uganda spirit possession is a common idiom of distress associated with traumatic experiences. In the DSM-IV and -5, possession trance disorders can be classified as dissociative disorders. Dissociation in Western countries is associated with complicated, time-consuming and costly therapies. Patients with spirit possession in SW Uganda, however, often report partial or full recovery after treatment by traditional healers.The aim of this study is to explore how the development of symptoms concomitant help-seeking steps, and explanatory models (EM) eventually contributed to healing of patients with spirit possession in SW Uganda. Illness narratives of 119 patients with spirit possession referred by traditional healers were analysed using a mixed-method approach.Treatments of two-thirds of the patients were unsuccessful when first seeking help in the medical sector. Their initially physical symptoms subsequently developed into dissociative possession symptoms. After an average of two help-seeking steps, patients reached a healing place where 99% of them found satisfactory EM and effective healing. During healing sessions, possessing agents were summoned to identify themselves and underlying problems were addressed. Often-mentioned explanations were the following: neglect of rituals and of responsibilities towards relatives and inheritance, the call to become a healer, witchcraft, grief, and land conflicts.The results demonstrate that traditional healing processes of spirit possession can play a role in restoring connections with the supra-, inter-, intra-, and extra-human worlds. It does not always seem necessary to address individual traumatic experiences per se, which is in line with other research in this field. The study leads to additional perspectives on treatment of trauma-related dissociation in Western countries and on developing effective mental health services in low -and middle-income countries.