Historical Trajectory Research Articles

The Structural-Genetic Theory Program as the Fundamental Theory Both of History and of Social Sciences and Humanities

The structural-genetic theory program is an off-spring of Piagetian theory. It has accomplished the task that Piaget had intended to carry out but did not seriously. He wanted to study children to understand better history of mind, science, philosophy, and culture. The new program has shown that world history of culture, society, politics, law, morals, science, philosophy, religion, and arts has gone through the same stages that are known from developmental psychology. Accordingly, psychogenetic advancements have shaped the historical trajectories of these collective systems or societal phenomena. The application of developmental psychology to history sheds also a new light on the rise of modern, industrial society, thus dwarfing competing materialistic, institutional, and economic approaches. It is held that the new program inherits positions provided by Elias, Weber, Wundt, Cassirer, and other classical authors. It cannot only rebuild single humanities and social sciences but can also unify them under one common roof, breaking apart borders previously separating them from each other.1

Pawns of Empire: Unraveling the Role of Dashnaktsutyun in British Geopolitical Strategy (1890-1922)

This paper examines the instrumental role of Dashnaktsutyun, also known as the Armenian Revolutionary Federation, in the geopolitical strategies of the British Empire during the early 20th century. Initially emerging as a nationalist movement within the Ottoman Empire, Dashnaktsutyun was co-opted by external powers, particularly Britain, to serve broader imperial interests in the Eurasian region. The study delves into the organization’s activities in the Ottoman, Russian, and Iranian territories, highlighting how its operations, under the guise of Armenian nationalism, were significantly influenced by British geopolitical objectives. The paper also explores the complex interplay between nationalist movements and international power politics, particularly in the context of the Great Game between the British and Russian Empires. A critical analysis of Dashnaktsutyun’s role during key historical events, such as the Soviet invasion of Armenia in 1920, reveals a prioritization of foreign directives over national resistance, impacting the trajectory of Armenian history and reflecting the broader dynamics of early 20th-century imperialism. This study serves as a cautionary tale of how nationalist movements can be redirected by external influences, often at the expense of their foundational principles and the welfare of their people. Keywords: Dashnaktsutyun, Armenian Revolutionary Federation, British Geopolitical Strategy, Armenian Nationalism, Imperialism, Soviet Invasion of Armenia, Great Game, Pan-Islamism, Pan-Turanism

'Our Roots Run Deep': Historical Myths as Culturally Evolved Technologies for Coalitional Recruitment.

One of the most remarkable manifestations of social cohesion in large-scale entities is the belief in a shared, distinct and ancestral past. Human communities around the world take pride in their ancestral roots, commemorate their long history of shared experiences, and celebrate the distinctiveness of their historical trajectory. Why do humans put so much effort into celebrating a long-gone past? Integrating insights from evolutionary psychology, social psychology, evolutionary anthropology, political science, cultural history and political economy, we show that the cultural success of historical myths is driven by a specific adaptive challenge for humans: the need to recruit coalitional support to engage in large scale collective action and prevail in conflicts. By showcasing a long history of cooperation and shared experiences, these myths serve as super-stimuli, activating specific features of social cognition and drawing attention to cues of fitness interdependence. In this account, historical myths can spread within a population without requiring group-level selection, as long as individuals have a vested interest in their propagation and strong psychological motivations to create them. Finally, this framework explains, not only the design-features of historical myths, but also important patterns in their cross-cultural prevalence, inter-individual distribution, and particular content.

Crossing boundaries: reading Mirṣād al-‘Ibad in early modern China (redrawing and straddling borders)

Abstract The history of the accommodation of Najm al-Dīn Dāya's Persian work, Mirṣād al-ʿibād, in China sheds light on an array of social and intellectual forces that redrew and straddled earlier boundaries and definitions of Chinese Islam between the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries. This essay focuses on three main effects that the introduction of Mirṣād al-ʿibād had on the historical trajectory of early modern Chinese Islamic scholarship. It begins by pointing to the ways in which the introduction of the Mirṣād contributed to the reshaping of the Chinese Islamic canon by giving Persian Ṣūfī theology a central place and the heated debate that the process entailed. It then examines the methodological dilemmas surrounding the appropriate methods with which to investigate and scrutinize this difficult text, and the variety of reading practices and methods of translation that scholars have applied to do so. Finally, the essay examines the diverse readings and interpretations that the Chinese translations of this text have generated.

Islamic Boarding School in the Trajectory of Indonesian History: Origins, Characteristics, and Policy Dynamics

Islamic boarding school as a local genius has a long history before it was finally integrated into the Indonesian national education system. This paper examines the existence, characteristics, and dynamics of government policies towards Islamic boarding schools. This research uses a historical qualitative approach by relying on a literature review for data sources (library research) and analyzed by the content analysis method. The results show that the existence of boarding schools is influenced by several factors, including adaptive, integrative, management, role, and function. The characteristics of an Islamic boarding school are reflected through its forming elements consisting of kiai, santri, mosque, dormitory, and the study of kitab kuning. Regarding policy dynamics, the harmonization of the relationship between education and politics can be seen through the need for education for state recognition and government policies in managing education according to its objectives. This research emphasizes that education is interested in and depends on state recognition, and conversely, the state has an interest in education to develop the potential of its citizens.

The Dynamic Aesthetics, Locality and Dehybrid Style of Hong Kong Cinema facing the Recovery of Post-Pandemic Period.

This paper examines the revitalization of Hong Kong cinema in the post-pandemic era, focusing on the dynamic aesthetics, preservation of locality, and the emergence of a dehybrid style. By analyzing various contemporary Hong Kong films, this paper argues that the post-pandemic recovery period has facilitated new creative possibilities and a reconnection to the region’s unique cultural identity. The study also takes into account the historical trajectory of Hong Kong cinema, the impact of the global pandemic on Hong Kong film industry, and the sociopolitical factors that have shaped the industry’s response to these challenges.

SCGTracker: Spatio-temporal correlation and graph neural networks for multiple object tracking

Multiple Object Tracking is an important vitally important fundamental task in computer vision. Visual tracking becomes challenging when objects move in groups and are obscured from each other. There are two mainstream solution strategies for these group models. One is to transform the data association problem into a graph matching problem for solving, while the other is to apply the social power model as an advanced constraint for group tracking. In the former case, the solving difficulty geometric growth as the number of tracked objects increases, and the computing efficiency for real-time tracking demand cannot be met. The latter strategy tends to set up fixed-size groups or offline training rules, resulting in a lack of flexibility that limits their scenario generalization. According to the shortcomings of existing methods, this paper proposes a novel multiple object tracking method with spatio-temporal correlation and graph neural networks. Firstly, the relational features of the historical trajectories are extracted through the spatio-temporal relationship learning module, which models the spatio-temporal correlations of the objects and dynamically constructs the group structure online. Then, the graph neural network is combined with appearance and motion information, and the similarity between each detection and tracklet is used as a weight in node feature aggregation to make powerful distinctions between node features. Meanwhile, the spatio-temporal correlation method is also used to solve target loss issues caused by occlusion. Even collocated with linearly assigned data association method, good tracking results are still achieved, with a low computational complexity. Experiments on three challenging public datasets, namely MOT16, MOT17, and MOT20, validated the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed tracking method.

Research on the Disclosure of Personal Privacy by Social Media Users in the Era of Big Data and Mobile Internet, and Countermeasures

In the epoch of big data and the ubiquity of mobile internet, the sanctity of personal privacy on social media platforms is increasingly imperiled. As communicative exchanges on these platforms become nearly instantaneous and pervasively ubiquitous, the demarcation between corporeal experiences and digital interactions becomes increasingly nebulous, thereby augmenting the intricacy of privacy conundrums. The digital transmutation and incessant circulation of personal datum, magnified by avant-garde big data technologies, intensify the vulnerabilities surrounding user confidentiality. Concurrently, societal conceptualizations of privacy undergo a paradigmatic shift, compelling a recalibration between the imperatives of privacy preservation and the exigencies of personal information exploitation. This investigation offers a perspicacious dissection of the historical trajectory of privacy, elucidates the manifold challenges engendered by the disclosure propensities of social media aficionados, and delineates prospective regulatory paradigms. The overarching aspiration is to promulgate efficacious stratagems for safeguarding personal privacy on social media amidst the contemporary digital renaissance.

Desde los principios de aquella misión, y tiempo inmemorial: the indios de la compañía as an alternative path towards Indigenous community formation in Chiloé, 1626–1767

ABSTRACT This article follows the historical trajectory of the indios de la compañía, a group of Indigenous auxiliaries who performed labor for the Jesuit Order in Chiloé between 1626 and 1767, as a way of exploring place-specific forms of colonial social identity and Indigenous community formation in a borderlands region. The Jesuits held usufruct rights over Indigenous tributaries in Chiloé during 150 years through a series of arrangements that involved the Order, local encomenderos and justices, colonial administrators, and the Real Audiencia of Santiago which, put together, developed a legal custom that underpinned communal viability. This article argues the indios de la compañía constituted an alternative path towards Indigenous community formation in Chiloé, one that was not organized around the local encomienda regime. The absence of particular ethnonyms in this study’s archival base beyond the generic indio/yndio suggests this group’s social identity was not structured around ethnic affiliation, but rather around the specialized forms of labor they performed and the mutual ties of dependence they generated with the Jesuits.

Engaging with Ethnographic Museum Objects from Erstwhile Naga Hills: From Imperial, Colonial and Postcolonial Eras to Contemporary Reimagining

The colonial monographs on Naga peoples and the colonial appropriation of artefacts in north-east India enhanced anthropological knowledge in Europe. This paper asks how far the ‘decolonising the museum’ approach can be applied in studying Naga collections in European museums and in facilitating critical engagement with ethnographic objects from Naga communities in both Western and Indian museums. There has been a regeneration of interest in the colonial history of Naga collections among European/New World academics and in ethnographic museums in the late 1980s, mid 2000s and currently in Humboldt Lab (2015) and Forum (2022), and among Naga communities themselves. The paper examines how the contrasting historical trajectories, positions and modern consequences play out 1 .

Taliban’s Gender Policy and Its Implications for International Relations

This research pertains to the tenets of the Taliban’s gender policy and its roots within a particular political discourse and foreign policy. Further, the research examines the cognition of related countries on Afghanistan’s gender policy and the impact of this policy on the country’s inter-state relations. This paper collects and analyses news articles and recent reports published as the supporting database and published material from JSTOR, ProQuest, Web of Science, Scopus, Gender Studies, and Wiley. The social and historical evolution of Afghanistan is discussed to better comprehend the historical trajectory of gender policy and inequality, as well as the political and diplomatic positions of different countries in Afghanistan, Central Asia, and Asia. Their views on gender policies have a profound impact on its national political and economic situation and the vested interests of power that are concerned about gender equality in Afghanistan. To conclude, the article recommends how countries should approach Afghanistan and the Taliban regime to improve international relations and its foreign policies with countries of strategic significance while enhancing women’s position in the country.

Modeling of Multiple Spatial-Temporal Relations for Robust Visual Object Tracking.

Recently, one-stream trackers have achieved parallel feature extraction and relation modeling through the exploitation of Transformer-based architectures. This design greatly improves the performance of trackers. However, as one-stream trackers often overlook crucial tracking cues beyond the template, they prone to give unsatisfactory results against complex tracking scenarios. To tackle these challenges, we propose a multi-cue single-stream tracker, dubbed MCTrack here, which seamlessly integrates template information, historical trajectory, historical frame, and the search region for synchronized feature extraction and relation modeling. To achieve this, we employ two types of encoders to convert the template, historical frames, search region, and historical trajectory into tokens, which are then collectively fed into a Transformer architecture. To distill temporal and spatial cues, we introduce a novel adaptive update mechanism, which incorporates a thresholding component and a local multi-peak component to filter out less accurate and overly disturbed tracking cues. Empirically, MCTrack achieves leading performance on mainstream benchmark datasets, surpassing the most advanced SeqTrack by 2.0% in terms of the AO metric on GOT-10k. The code is available at https://github.com/wsumel/MCTrack.

The Role of Charismatic Leaders in National and Liberation Movements: A Comparative Study of Mahatma Gandhi and Mullah Mustafa Barzani

This study investigates the essential roles played by charismatic leaders in national and liberation movements, specifically examining the contrasting leadership approaches of Mahatma Gandhi during India's independence struggle and Mullah Mustafa Barzani in the Kurdish liberation movement. Through a comprehensive comparative analysis utilizing historical literature, primary sources, speeches, and biographies, the research endeavors to illuminate both the similarities and disparities in their leadership styles, strategies, ideologies, and impacts on their respective movements. Essential areas of investigation encompass the genesis and evolution of their charismatic authority, methods employed for mobilization and resistance, dynamics of relationships with followers and adversaries, and the lasting legacies they left behind. By drawing upon theoretical frameworks from disciplines such as leadership studies, political science, and sociology, this study aspires to deepen our comprehension of the intricate dynamics of charismatic leadership within the context of national and liberation movements. It aims to offer valuable insights into historical trajectories and contemporary leadership contexts, with a particular emphasis on the ongoing struggle for social justice and human rights. Through meticulous examination and analysis, this research endeavors to contribute to the scholarly understanding of effective leadership strategies in navigating complex socio-political landscapes, ultimately aiming to enrich our knowledge of transformative leadership practices in the pursuit of societal change.

Safeguarding the Future: The Critical Role of Child Vaccination in Cultivating a Healthy Generation

Child vaccination stands as a pivotal element in public health, offering a robust defense against infectious diseases and contributing to broader societal well-being. This paper provides a comprehensive exploration of child vaccination, delving into its historical significance, scientific underpinnings, societal impact, educational dimensions, and global initiatives. In the Indian context, where healthcare challenges are diverse and densely populated, the importance of child vaccination is accentuated. The historical trajectory in India, from early efforts against smallpox to contemporary immunization programs, reveals significant strides and persistent challenges. Scientifically, vaccination relies on immunological principles, necessitating ongoing research, innovation, and rigorous scrutiny to ensure safety and efficacy. Societal benefits extend beyond individual protection, encompassing economic productivity, educational attainment, and global health security. Education and advocacy are crucial for the success of vaccination programs, addressing misinformation and fostering trust. Global initiatives led by organizations like WHO, UNICEF, and Gavi aim to ensure equitable vaccine access worldwide. Challenges persist, including vaccine hesitancy and ethical considerations around mandatory policies. The paper concludes by emphasizing the enduring importance of child vaccination as a beacon of hope, urging continued commitment, education, and collaboration to build a healthier and more resilient future for all

Artificial intelligence on the agro-industry in the United States of America

<p>Integrating artificial intelligence (AI) into agriculture is a pivotal solution to address the pressing challenges posed by rapid population growth and escalating food demand. Traditional farming methods, unable to cope with this surge, often resort to harmful pesticides, deteriorating soil health. However, the advent of AI promises a transformative shift toward sustainable agricultural practices. In the context of the United States, AI's historical trajectory within the agricultural sector showcases a remarkable evolution from rudimentary applications to sophisticated systems focused on optimizing production and quality. The future of American agriculture lies in AI-driven innovations, spanning various facets such as image sensing for yield mapping, labor management, yield optimization, and decision support for farmers. Despite its numerous advantages, the deployment of AI in agriculture does not come without challenges. This paper delved into both the benefits and drawbacks of AI adoption in the agricultural domain, examining its impact on the agro-industry and the environment. It scrutinized the emergence of robot farmers and AI's role in reshaping farming practices while acknowledging the inherent problems associated with AI implementation, including accessibility, data privacy, and potential job displacement. Moreover, the study explored how AI tools can catalyze the development of agribusiness, offering insights into overcoming existing challenges through innovative solutions. By comprehensively understanding the opportunities and obstacles entailed in AI integration, stakeholders can navigate the agricultural landscape adeptly, fostering a more sustainable and resilient food system for future generations.</p>

Vessel trajectory prediction with recurrent neural networks: An evaluation of datasets, features, and architectures

Maritime situational awareness tasks such as port management, collision avoidance, and search-and-rescue missions rely on accurate knowledge of vessel locations. The availability of historical vessel trajectory data through the Automatic Identification System (AIS) has enabled the development of prediction methods, with a recent focus on trajectory prediction via recurrent neural networks (RNNs) and other deep learning architectures. While these methods have shown promising performance benefits over kinematic and clustering-based models, comparing among RNN-based models remains difficult due to variations in evaluation datasets, region sizes, vessel types, and numerous other design choices. As a result, it is not clear whether recent methods based on highly-sophisticated network architectures are necessary to achieve strong prediction performance. In this work, we present a simple fusion-based RNN approach to vessel trajectory prediction that allows for easy incorporation of exogenous variables. We perform an extensive ablation study to measure the impact of various modeling choices, including preprocessing, loss functions, and the choice of features, as well as the first usage of surface current information in vessel trajectory prediction. We demonstrate that our approach achieves state-of-the-art performance on three large regions off the United States coast, obtaining an improvement of up to 0.88 km over competing methods when predicting three hours into the future. We conclude that our simple architecture can outperform more complicated architectures while incurring a lower memory cost. Further, we show that the choice of loss function and the inclusion of surface current information both have significant impact on prediction performance.

An Approach to the Common Variables of Iranian Music and Architecture Based on Evidence from Architectural Facades of the Socio-Historical Qajar Period

Architecture and music are two artistic fields that are created and understood by humans. All forms of art, in their ultimate expression, open a path toward abstraction and experience. Based on this definition, many similarities can be found between these two arts. In the creation of architecture, the artistic imagination and mental forms of the artist, through the element of ambiguity resulting from the use of symbols from tangible forms in the construction of buildings, lead the work to the boundaries of abstraction, a realm in which music holds a prominent position. The aim of this article is to examine the historical and transformative trajectory of the conceptual relationship between the two arts of architecture and music throughout different historical periods, where this relationship and influence can be discovered and interpreted in the architectural buildings of each historical period, reflecting the distinct characteristics of that era. The issue addressed in this article is one of the most significant aspects of the connection between these two arts, which facilitates deep communication between them—namely, the practical and aesthetic considerations of these two arts. It seems as though something in the atmosphere and quality of the musical and architectural spaces of the past has changed in the present. Considering the nature of the research subject, the methodology employed in this thesis is a quantitative-qualitative descriptive-analytical approach. Utilizing qualitative content analysis under an interpretive-historical perspective and comparative analysis, the study identifies the fundamental variables present in the theories concerning music, architecture, and their conceptual connections. This research, with a formal and content-based approach throughout the Qajar historical period, examines three characteristics—rhythm and tempo, pitch, and texture—in architecture. Through the analysis of five case studies of prominent buildings from the Qajar period, particularly in architectural facades, it can be stated that the works in both architecture and music possess a rich language and rhythmic, melodic expression. When the outstanding examples of the Qajar period were examined, it was discovered that common concepts such as harmony, proportions, rhythm, and structure are effectively utilized in both disciplines, influencing the designers.

How can Developing Countries in Asia Achieve Economic Growth? Taking Bangladesh as an example

This study analyzes the key drivers of economic growth in Bangladesh from 1980 to 2018 based on theoretical frameworks and historical data. It takes Bangladesh’s development experience as the research object and aims to make three contributions. Firstly, it examines the main contributing factors to Bangladesh’s past growth within the analytical framework of the neoclassical growth theory. This allows summarizing the underlying causes of Bangladesh’s historical economic growth trajectory. Secondly, it investigates the current contributing factors and obstacles to growth in Bangladesh to understand how countries like Bangladesh, Myanmar and Vietnam can achieve ongoing economic growth. Lastly, the research methodology employs empirical analysis of time series data on factors such as investment, labor force, technology and GDP within the framework of neoclassical growth theory. The findings suggest that capital accumulation, driven by investment, has made the largest contribution to Bangladesh’s strong economic performance in recent decades. However, risks remain if over-reliance on the garment industry and uneven regional development are not addressed through continued policy reforms focusing on diversification, balanced development and social inclusion. The study provides preliminary guidance for Bangladesh and similar nations to sustain their growth momentum.

The History, Development, and Prospect of Standardization in English Translation of TCM Terminology

Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is an extensive and profound component of Chinese cultural heritage. In the context of globalization, TCM has ascended onto the international stage, significantly influencing global health and wellness and garnering worldwide attention. This article employs a literature review methodology to elucidate the global impact of TCM and highlight the importance of contributions to the translation and standardization of TCM. The pivotal role played by scholars and practitioners in this domain is instrumental in shaping the future of TCM. The article examines the historical trajectory and evolution of the English translation of TCM terminology, critically analyzing the roles and contributions of various individuals and organizations engaged in the standardization of TCM terminology translation. The study proposes a promising framework for developing global standards in TCM terminology translation by synthesizing their translation methodologies, principles, standards, and guiding philosophies.

Comparative Theology as a Postcolonial Hermeneutics: A Global Historical Approach to the Encounter between Augustinian Christianity and Tiantai Buddhism

abstract: Comparative theology aims at seeing one's own tradition and the other in light of each other, which calls for a solid methodological foundation. Comparative theology can benefit from a global historical approach that involves the hermeneutic project of tracing historical trajectories of reinterpreting ancient traditions comparatively and the postcolonial project of enhancing non-Western voices of self-articulation. This essay shows how modern reinterpretations of Augustinian Christianity and Tiantai Buddhism can reframe their ancient doctrines, drawing on relevant philosophical strands from Martin Heidegger, Hannah Arendt, Teruji Ishizu (石津 照璽), and Keiji Nishitani (西谷 啓治).