Traits In Pea Research Articles

Evaluation of variation in seedling root architectural traits and their potential association with nitrogen fixation and agronomic traits in field pea accessions

AbstractRoot system architecture (RSA) plays a central role in water and nutrient acquisition in plants. Plasticity and genetic variation in RSA can be used as an adaptive strategy to optimize plant performance under variable environments. We quantified phenotypic variation for seedling RSA among 44 diverse pea (Pisum sativum L.) genotypes, including breeding lines and germplasm accessions, grown under controlled conditions for 14 days using two‐dimensional hydroponic root imaging. Root image analysis revealed significant genotypic variability among the lines for all root traits, namely root length (RL), root diameter (RD), root volume, root surface area, number of tips, network width (NW), network depth (ND), and network convex area. Significant positive correlations were observed among the evaluated root traits, ranging from 0.5 to 0.9. Pea lines were ranked based on estimated means for root traits, with lines E20, F1, and F8 showing high rankings, while E4 and F5 received low rankings for most traits. To associate root traits with nitrogen (N) fixation and field agronomic performance, we performed redundancy analysis (RDA). The quantified root traits accounted for significant variation in the agronomic traits (R2 = ∼30%, p < 0.001). RDA showed a positive association between lodging susceptibility and root system NW and between plant height and root system ND. RD was positively associated with grain yield and N fixation. N fixation was positively associated with the number of lateral roots. The findings of this study indicate that variation for seedling root traits in pea could aid selection for N fixation and other important agronomic traits.

Genomic prediction and allele mining of agronomic and morphological traits in pea (Pisum sativum) germplasm collections.

Well-performing genomic prediction (GP) models for polygenic traits and molecular marker sets for oligogenic traits could be useful for identifying promising genetic resources in germplasm collections, setting core collections, and establishing molecular variety distinction. This study aimed at (i) defining GP models and key marker sets for predicting 15 agronomic or morphological traits in germplasm collections, (ii) verifying the GP model usefulness also for selection in breeding programs, (iii) investigating the consistency between molecular and phenotypic diversity patterns, and (iv) identifying genomic regions associated with to the target traits. The study was based on phenotyping data and over 41,000 genotyping-by-sequencing-generated SNP markers of 220 landraces or old cultivars belonging to a world germplasm collection and 11 modern cultivars. Non-metric multi-dimensional scaling (NMDS) and an analysis of population genetic structure indicated a high level of genetic differentiation of material from Western Asia, a major West-East diversity gradient, and quite limited genetic diversity of the improved germplasm. Mantel's test revealed a low correlation (r = 0.12) between phenotypic and molecular diversity, which increased (r = 0.45) when considering only the molecular diversity relative to significant SNPs from genome-wide association analyses. These analyses identified, inter alia, several areas of chromosome 6 involved in a largely pleiotropic control of vegetative or reproductive organ pigmentation. We found various significant SNPs for grain and straw yield under severe drought and onset of flowering, and one SNP on chromosome 5 for grain protein content. GP models displayed moderately high predictive ability (0.43 to 0.61) for protein content, grain and straw yield, and onset of flowering, and high predictive ability (0.76) for individual seed weight, based on intra-population, intra-environment cross-validations. The inter-population, inter-environment assessment of the models trained on the germplasm collection for breeding material of three recombinant inbred line (RIL) populations, which was challenged by much narrower diversity of the material, over eight-fold less available markers and quite different test environments, led to an overall loss of predictive ability of about 40% for seed weight, 50% for protein content and straw yield, and 60% for onset of flowering, and no prediction for grain yield. Within-RIL population predictive ability differed among populations.

Heterosis and Combining Studies for Growth, Yield and Quality Traits in Garden Pea (Pisum sativum L.)

The present study entitled “Line × Tester analysis in garden pea” was undertaken to estimate the extent of heterosis and combining ability effects for growth, yield and quality traits in pea. Experimental materials comprise five lines viz., Arka Uttam, IIHR-48, IIHR-34, IIHR-41, Arka Tapas and three testers viz., Arka Ajith, Arka Sampoorna and Arka Priya with their fifteen crosses along with one check Arka Pramodh. The parents and hybrids were randomized separately and sown using a Randomized Block Design with two replications during 2019-20. The results revealed that the female parent Arka Tapas recorded a significant GCA effect for most growth and yield parameters. The cross Arka Tapas × Arka Priya exhibited a high percentage of mid-parent (38.74 %), better parent (16.70 %) and heterosis over the commercial check (9.96 %) for the character pod yield per hectare.

Testa and hilum colour associations with seed traits of a Greek field pea landrace

AbstractPea landraces may hold genetic variation that can be exploitable in breeding/selecting new cultivars. In a small-seeded pea landrace, four phenotypes were distinguished according to testa (green, non-spotted and green, spotted) and hilum colour (white, black). The four phenotypes were tested for two growing seasons in the field for pod (seeds/pod) and seed traits (1000-seed weight, toughness, total phenols and tannins, testa colour, protein and carbon concentration, C/N ratio, bruchid infection). Significant differences were found for testa colour parameters, phenolic, tannin and carbon concentration and bruchid tolerance. The larger-seeded, spotted peas had darker testa and more phenols, while white-hilumed peas had lighter testa and more tannins. The spotted, black-hilumed phenotype, with the highest carbon concentration and C/N ratio was the most tolerant to bruchids. However, grouping the phenotypes, neither spotted nor black-hilumed ones showed to be more tolerant compared with their counterparts. Concluding, our results showed that phenotyping variation in seeds of a pea landrace revealed variation in seed traits, which could be exploitable. Since testa and hilum colour were associated with specific seed traits, they could, alone or in combination, be used as biomarkers of seed quality traits in pea. Testing of larger number of phenotypes is needed to solidify our findings.

Heterosis and gene action of economic traits in pea under Sohag government condition

Heterosis and gene action of economic traits in pea under Sohag government condition

Comparison of Yield and Important Seed Quality Traits of Selected Legume Species

Legumes are of great economic importance. Depending on the species, they are cultivated for food, fodder, green manure, and even as ornamentals. Legume seeds contain many valuable nutrients and also anti-nutritional substances. The aim of the study is to compare important seed quality traits in pea (Pisum sativum L.), faba bean (Vicia faba L.), white lupin (Lupinus albus L.), narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.), and yellow lupine (Lupinus luteus L.) to soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.). It was shown that the obtained parameters were significantly affected by the interaction of species with the years of study. Soybean was characterized by high seed and protein yield and favorable seed chemical composition (protein, fat, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, and micronutrients, except manganese). Faba bean yields were high but varied over the years. Faba bean seeds were rich in phosphorus and copper. Pea yielded satisfactorily, and the seeds contained high iron and low fiber contents. Of the three lupin species, white lupin yielded the highest, while narrow-leafed and yellow lupin yields were low. However, yellow lupin seeds had a favorable chemical composition because they were rich in protein, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, copper, and zinc. In conclusion, legumes are valued worldwide and could be a base for the development of many functional foods to promote human health.

​Combining Ability and Heterosis Analysis for Seed Yield and Yield Related Traits in Table Pea [Pisum sativum (L.) var. hortense

Background: A study was carried out to estimate the general and specific combining abilities, as well as heterosis for seed yield and yield associated traits in pea lines. Methods: Twenty-eight cross combinations were generated using half-diallel mating design with eight parental lines. The mean values of seed yield and its contributing traits of parental lines and their offspring for each replication were used for statistical analysis viz., GCA, SCA and Heterosis. Result: The GCA and SCA were significant and indicating the presence of both additive and non-additive types of gene actions. AP-3, VL-7, Kashi_Nandini and PC-531 were identified as promising parents due to significant GCA effects on seed yield and other traits. Among the crosses Kashi_Nandini x PC-531, VL-7 x PMR-53, Arkel x Vl-7 and VL-7 x Kashi_uday hybrids were the most promising, with significantly higher SCA effects for seed yield and yield related traits. Seed yield showed significantly high heterosis ranged from -2.00% to 8.77 % (AP-3 x PC-531 and Arkel x PMR-53, respectively) and relative heterosis ranged from -0.75% to 14.10% (Kashi_uday x PC-531 and Arkel x PMR-53 respectively) significantly exhibited positive heterosis for seed yield over better parent and mid-parent.

Study of Genetic Variability in Production Traits of Pea (Pisum sativum) Genotypes

Background: An experiment was carried out to measure genetic variability for yield and yield related traits in pea (Pisum sativum L.) genotypes in the Instruction cum Research Farm of Horticulture section Rajarshi chhatrapati Shahu maharaj College of Agriculture Kolhapur(Maharashtra) during winter season in the year 2018. Methods: To identify genotypes for further breeding these genotypes were evaluated in RBD design with two replications. All genotypes were grown 15 m long ridges with plant to plant distance maintained at 30 cm. To reduce experimental error, cultural practices were performed uniformly for all genotypes. Data was collected from five randomly sampled plants from each genotype and each replication. Highly significant differences were observed among the genotypes in plant height, length of pod, width of pod, number of grains per pod, shelling percentage, moisture content, tenderness, pod yield per plant.among genotypes in growth characters Result: plant height at 15 and 30 days after sowing and upto maturity PARL-4 genotype was the best. In observation days at 50 % flowering ,colour character of the PB-29 genotypes was recorded significantly taken minimum days. In observation average number of branches overall PARL-4 genotypes was significantly highest number of branches. In weight of dry matter the genotypes IC-80-45 max.wt of dry matter.The estimates of heritability highest was found in width of pod(94.33%) number of pods per plant(93.46%), number of grains per pod (89.69%) pod yield per plants (83.51%),length of pod(80.56%) shelling percentage (77.04%) and days to 50% flowering (64.66%) heritability were moderate for tenderness (47.52%), moisture content (47.13%) and plant height at maturity (33.46%)The highest estimate of genetic advance as percent of mean was recorded for pod yield per plant (94.69%), average number of branches per plant (42.05%), number of pods per plant (41.06%), number of grains per pod (30.04%) and tenderness (25.91%). Among tested genotypes PARL-4, PB-29, IC-80-45 performed better for future generation.

Combining ability and heterosis for yield and quality traits in pea (Pisum sativum L.)

Combining ability and heterosis for yield and quality traits in pea (Pisum sativum L.)

Genome-Wide Association Mapping for Heat and Drought Adaptive Traits in Pea.

Heat and drought, individually or in combination, limit pea productivity. Fortunately, substantial genetic diversity exists in pea germplasm for traits related to abiotic stress resistance. Understanding the genetic basis of resistance could accelerate the development of stress-adaptive cultivars. We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) in pea on six stress-adaptive traits with the aim to detect the genetic regions controlling these traits. One hundred and thirty-five genetically diverse pea accessions were phenotyped in field studies across three or five environments under stress and control conditions. To determine marker trait associations (MTAs), a total of 16,877 valuable single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were used in association analysis. Association mapping detected 15 MTAs that were significantly (p ≤ 0.0005) associated with the six stress-adaptive traits averaged across all environments and consistent in multiple individual environments. The identified MTAs were four for lamina wax, three for petiole wax, three for stem thickness, two for the flowering duration, one for the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and two for the normalized pigment and chlorophyll index (NPCI). Sixteen candidate genes were identified within a 15 kb distance from either side of the markers. The detected MTAs and candidate genes have prospective use towards selecting stress-hardy pea cultivars in marker-assisted selection.

Genetics of Seed-Protein Content and Yield Related Traits in Pea (Pisum sativum L.)

Modern Concepts & Developments in Agronomy Genetics of Seed-Protein Content and Yield Related Traits in Pea (Pisum sativum L.) M M Uzzal Ahmed Liton*, Md Harunur Rashid and Md. Ehsanul Haq Department of Plant Science, 222 Agriculture Building, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T2N2, Canada *Corresponding author:M M Uzzal Ahmed Liton, Department of Plant Science, 222 Agriculture Building, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T2N2, Canada Submission: June 01, 2021Published: June 28, 2021 DOI: 10.31031/MCDA.2021.09.000702 ISSN 2637-7659Volume9 Issue 1

Genotype Environment Interaction and Stability of Quantitative Traits in Pea (Pisum sativum L.) Varieties

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to evaluate genotype × environment interactions and stability parameters of seven pea varieties by basic quantitative traits and to determine their suitability as initial material for future breeding programmes.Research Method: Both, above ground and root biomass of plants were analysed. Following characteristics were assessed in the beginning of flowering stage: plant height (cm), leaf fresh weight (g), stem fresh weight (g), root fresh weight (g), nodule number per plant, nodule weight per plant (g). Biometric measurements were made to 10 plants of each variety. Regression analysis, analysis of variance, non-parametrical analyses were used. All experimental data were processed statistically using the computer software GENES 2009.7.0 for Windows XP.Findings: Wt6803 variety could be selected as the most promising selection material in terms of plant height and number of nodules, but in terms of leaf fresh weight and stem fresh weight NDPO80138-B-2 and Mir varieties, respectively.Value: Pea varieties of breeding interest with regard to the both, genotype environment interaction and stability of quantitative traits were shown. They could be actively used in the creation of new varieties with increased general adaptability.

Estimation of correlation and path coefficient for morphological and quality related traits in pea (Pisum sativum L.)

Statistical analysis of variance, correlation and path coefficient for morphological and quality related traits such as number of nodes, pod width, seeds per pod and mature seed length showed significant positive correlation. Furthermore, mature seed weight and 100-seed weight at 13 - 15% moisture content had significant relation with the quality related traits i.e. starch contents, protein contents and zinc contents. Plant height and number of nodes had positive indirect effect on pod length, pod weight, pod thickness, number of seeds per plant, 100-seed weight and other yield related traits. While, mature seed weight, seed length and seed thickness had positive indirect effect on the quality parameters.

Cover Image, Volume 100, Issue 8

The cover image is based on the Research Article Protein, weight, and oil prediction by single‐seed near‐infrared spectroscopy for selection of seed quality and yield traits in pea (Pisum sativum) by Gokhan Hacisalihoglu et al., https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.10389. image

Genome-Wide Association Mapping for Agronomic and Seed Quality Traits of Field Pea (Pisum sativum L.).

Genome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted to identify loci associated with agronomic (days to flowering, days to maturity, plant height, seed yield and seed weight), seed morphology (shape and dimpling), and seed quality (protein, starch, and fiber concentrations) traits of field pea (Pisum sativum L.). A collection of 135 pea accessions from 23 different breeding programs in Africa (Ethiopia), Asia (India), Australia, Europe (Belarus, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Lithuania, Netherlands, Russia, Sweden, Ukraine and United Kingdom), and North America (Canada and USA), was used for the GWAS. The accessions were genotyped using genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS). After filtering for a minimum read depth of five, and minor allele frequency of 0.05, 16,877 high quality SNPs were selected to determine marker-trait associations (MTA). The LD decay (LD1/2max,90) across the chromosomes varied from 20 to 80 kb. Population structure analysis grouped the accessions into nine subpopulations. The accessions were evaluated in multi-year, multi-location trials in Olomouc (Czech Republic), Fargo, North Dakota (USA), and Rosthern and Sutherland, Saskatchewan (Canada) from 2013 to 2017. Each trait was phenotyped in at least five location-years. MTAs that were consistent across multiple trials were identified. Chr5LG3_566189651 and Chr5LG3_572899434 for plant height, Chr2LG1_409403647 for lodging resistance, Chr1LG6_57305683 and Chr1LG6_366513463 for grain yield, Chr1LG6_176606388, Chr2LG1_457185, Chr3LG5_234519042 and Chr7LG7_8229439 for seed starch concentration, and Chr3LG5_194530376 for seed protein concentration were identified from different locations and years. This research identified SNP markers associated with important traits in pea that have potential for marker-assisted selection towards rapid cultivar improvement.

Quantitative Trait Loci Controlling Lodging Resistance and other Important Agronomic Traits in Dry Field Peas

ABSTRACTTo discover the quantitative trait loci (QTLs) influencing lodging resistance and other agronomic traits in pea (Pisum sativum L.), a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population was created from a cross between the variety Delta and a breeding line from a complex cross. The RIL population was grown for five site years, and phenotypic data were collected for 13 quantitative traits and seven categorical traits. Genotypic data were derived from single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), simple sequence repeat (SSR), and cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) markers. A layered QTL analysis identified seven specific regions where QTLs for these traits colocated. Mendel's height gene (Le) and the semi‐leafless mutation (Af) together accounted for the majority of the variation in lodging in the pea RIL population. All of the seven regions influenced stem thickness characteristics, but not all regions were associated with lodging. The regions near the high response to photoperiod (Hr) gene, and Mendel's flower color locus (A) putatively influenced yield. Both the region near Hr and a region on upper Linkage Group (LG) I were very important for seed size. Since data were collected on 13 different traits, pleiotropic effects could also be studied, giving a unique multi‐trait insight into the effects of these QTLs.

Combining ability and Heterosis analysis for grain yield and yield associated traits in Pea (Pisum sativum L.)

This experiment was conducted to determine the general and specific combining abilities and heterosis for grain yield and yield associated traits in pea as a source of protein through line x tester analysis. Grain yield and its inheritance were carried out for investigation through a 12 x 3 line x tester analysis. Experimental materials comprising 15 parents and their 36 hybrids. The materials were planted in a randomized block design with three replications. The general combining ability and Specific combining ability effects were significant indicating the presence of both additive and non-additive types of gene actions. Heterosis was determined as the superiority over mid parent heterosis as well as better parent (HBP). Grain yield showed highly significant heterosis ranging from -36.29 to 8.77and relative heterosis ranged from -25.85 to 13.19 respectively.

Comparative Genome-Wide-Association Mapping Identifies Common Loci Controlling Root System Architecture and Resistance to Aphanomyces euteiches in Pea.

Combining plant genetic resistance with architectural traits that are unfavorable to disease development is a promising strategy for reducing epidemics. However, few studies have identified root system architecture (RSA) traits with the potential to limit root disease development. Pea is a major cultivated legume worldwide and has a wide level of natural genetic variability for plant architecture. The root pathogen Aphanomyces euteiches is a major limiting factor of pea crop yield. This study aimed to increase the knowledge on the diversity of loci and candidate genes controlling RSA traits in pea and identify RSA genetic loci associated with resistance to A. euteiches which could be combined with resistance QTL in breeding. A comparative genome wide association (GWA) study of plant architecture and resistance to A. euteiches was conducted at the young plant stage in a collection of 266 pea lines contrasted for both traits. The collection was genotyped using 14,157 SNP markers from recent pea genomic resources. It was phenotyped for ten root, shoot and overall plant architecture traits, as well as three disease resistance traits in controlled conditions, using image analysis. We identified a total of 75 short-size genomic intervals significantly associated with plant architecture and overlapping with 46 previously detected QTL. The major consistent intervals included plant shoot architecture or flowering genes (PsLE, PsTFL1) with putative pleiotropic effects on root architecture. A total of 11 genomic intervals were significantly associated with resistance to A. euteiches confirming several consistent previously identified major QTL. One significant SNP, mapped to the major QTL Ae-Ps7.6, was associated with both resistance and RSA traits. At this marker, the resistance-enhancing allele was associated with an increased total root projected area, in accordance with the correlation observed between resistance and larger root systems in the collection. Seven additional intervals associated with plant architecture overlapped with GWA intervals previously identified for resistance to A. euteiches. This study provides innovative results about genetic interdependency of root disease resistance and RSA inheritance. It identifies pea lines, QTL, closely-linked markers and candidate genes for marker-assisted-selection of RSA loci to reduce Aphanomyces root rot severity in future pea varieties.

Variability, character association and path coefficient analysis of green pod yield and its related traits in pea (Pisum sativum L.)

Genetic variability, character association and path coefficient studies were carried out for yield and yield contributing characters for twenty-four diverse genotype of pea. The results revealed a wide range of phenotypic variation, along with high heritability in pea. Highest pod yield per plant was recorded in VRP-229 followed by VRP-372 and VRP-305. The characters namely, plant height and weight of seeds per pod showed high magnitude, while number of pods per plant, number of branches per plant and pod yield per plant showed moderate magnitude for phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variation. The heritability and genetic advance were high for days to first pod initiation, plant height and pod yield per plant indicating its additive gene action for their expression. Character association studies revealed that pod yield per plant exhibit positive and highly significant correlation with number of pods per plant, number of branches per plant and days to fifty percent flowering. The path coefficient studies also revealed that maximum positive direct effect was observed through number of pods per plant followed by days to first flowering, single pod weight and pod length towards yield indicated that these characters may be considered as the most reliable selection indices while making selection for high yielding genotypes.

SNP discovery and genetic mapping using genotyping by sequencing of whole genome genomic DNA from a pea RIL population.

BackgroundProgress in genetics and breeding in pea still suffers from the limited availability of molecular resources. SNP markers that can be identified through affordable sequencing processes, without the need for prior genome reduction or a reference genome to assemble sequencing data would allow the discovery and genetic mapping of thousands of molecular markers. Such an approach could significantly speed up genetic studies and marker assisted breeding for non-model species.ResultsA total of 419,024 SNPs were discovered using HiSeq whole genome sequencing of four pea lines, followed by direct identification of SNP markers without assembly using the discoSnp tool. Subsequent filtering led to the identification of 131,850 highly designable SNPs, polymorphic between at least two of the four pea lines.A subset of 64,754 SNPs was called and genotyped by short read sequencing on a subpopulation of 48 RILs from the cross ‘Baccara’ x ‘PI180693’. This data was used to construct a WGGBS-derived pea genetic map comprising 64,263 markers. This map is collinear with previous pea consensus maps and therefore with the Medicago truncatula genome. Sequencing of four additional pea lines showed that 33 % to 64 % of the mapped SNPs, depending on the pairs of lines considered, are polymorphic and can therefore be useful in other crosses.The subsequent genotyping of a subset of 1000 SNPs, chosen for their mapping positions using a KASP™ assay, showed that almost all generated SNPs are highly designable and that most (95 %) deliver highly qualitative genotyping results. Using rather low sequencing coverages in SNP discovery and in SNP inferring did not hinder the identification of hundreds of thousands of high quality SNPs.ConclusionsThe development and optimization of appropriate tools in SNP discovery and genetic mapping have allowed us to make available a massive new genomic resource in pea. It will be useful for both fine mapping within chosen QTL confidence intervals and marker assisted breeding for important traits in pea improvement.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-2447-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.