Traits Of Corn Research Articles

Quantitative and qualitative traits of sweet corn as influenced by delayed cropping, biofertilizers, and nitrogen

In order to investigate the effect of sowing date, biofertilizers, and nitrogen levels on the traits of sweet corn, an experiment was conducted for two cultivation years in Takestan (Iran). Experimental treatments consisted of sowing date at two levels d1: usual sowing date (June 4) and d2: delayed sowing date (July 5); nitrogen fertilizer at two levels n1: recommended amount of nitrogen (300 kg ha−1) and n2: 20% lower than the recommended amount (240 kg ha−1); and biofertilizer at four levels b1: no bacteria (control), b2: bio-superphosphate, b3: azotobacter + azospirillum + pseudomonas, and b4: azotobacter + bio-superphosphate. The simple effect of sowing date, nitrogen, and biofertilizer, and the interaction of nitrog × biofertilizer on seed yield were significant. The sowing date of June 4 showed an increase of about 6% in seed yield compared to delayed sowing date (July 5). The b3 treatment had the highest seed yield and seed yield components under conditions of nitrogen of 300 kg ha−1. At 240 kg ha−1 nitrogen treatments, the b3 and b4 treatments had the highest seed yield, significantly higher than non-application of fertilizer (even at 300 kg ha−1). The results of this study revealed that the use of biofertilizers could generate higher yields and even compensate for a 20% reduction in nitrogen use.

Effect of Planting Dates and Spraying with Gibberelic acid on Some Yield and the Quality Traits of Corn (Zea mays L.)

The present study attempts to determine the best planting date and concentration of spraying with gibberellin to improve the performance and quality of maize's growth and yield traits. This investigation was carried out in the district of Tarmiyah - Baghdad governorate to study the effect of planting dates and spraying with gibberellin on the growth and yield of corn (Zea mays L.) of the variety (Buhooth 106) for the summer farming season in 2020. The experiment was applied according to the Randomized Complete Block Design (R.C.B.D) with the split plot system, using four planting dates (1/7, 10/7, 21/7, and 28/7/2020) and four concentrations of gibberellin (0, 150, 250, and 350 mg. Liter-1). The best significant superior value was recorded on 21/7/2020 by interference with a concentration of 350 mg. L-1 in most of the traits, as it was recorded (221.14 cm) for the height of the plant, (45.39%) for chlorophyll, (300.33 g) for the weight of 1000 kernel, (13.54 tons. h-1) for the grain yield, (18.84 rows. ear -1) for the number of rows in ear, (14.27%) for protein, and (5.22%) for oil. Whereas it significantly exceeded the date 28/7/2020 by an interference with the concentration of 350 mg. L-1 in the two traits of the number of grains in the row and the gibberellin content in leaves, its values were (44.62 grain. row-1 and 46.09 μmol) respectively. Accordingly, it is concluded that the optimal intervention mixture is determined to be an intrusion with a concentration of 350 mg. L-1 at the date of 21/7/2020 was included in the majority of the traits tested.

Combinatorial analysis of transcription and metabolism reveals the regulatory network associated with antioxidant substances in waxy corn

Abstract Maize is an essential source of nutrition for humans and animals and is rich in various metabolites that determine its quality. Different maize varieties show significant differences in metabolite content. Two kinds of waxy maize parental materials, S181 and 49B, created by the Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, are widely grown in China. S181 shows higher starch and sugar contents than 49B. This study generated metabolic profiles to assess the differences between the two varieties. A total of 674 metabolites that were significantly differentially expressed between the two varieties were identified by gas chromatography and untargeted metabolomics technology. These metabolites were associated with 21 categories, including antioxidant metabolites. Moreover, 6415 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified by RNA-seq. Interestingly, these DEGs comprised starch and sugar synthesis pathway genes and 72 different transcription factor families. Among these, six families that were reported to play an essential role in plant antioxidant action accounted for 39.2% of the transcription factor families. Using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) classification, the DEGs were mainly involved in amino acid biosynthesis, glycolysis/glucose metabolism, and the synthetic and metabolic pathways of antioxidant active substances. Furthermore, the correlation analysis of transcriptome and metabolomics identified five key transcription factors (ZmbHLH172, ZmNAC44, ZmNAC-like18, ZmS1FA2, ZmERF172), one ubiquitin ligase gene (ZmE2 5A) and one sucrose synthase gene (ZmSS1). They likely contribute to the quality traits of waxy corn through involvement in the metabolic regulatory network of antioxidant substances. Thus, our results provide new insights into maize quality-related antioxidant metabolite networks and have potential applications for waxy corn breeding.

Innovative Methods to Assess the True Genetic Potentialities of Newly Developed Inbred Lines of Early Segregating Generation (F4) in Baby Corn (Zea mays L.)

The innovative method to assess the true genetic potentialities of inbreds was an effective way to identify potential inbreds. The pooled analysis methods viz., simple pooled gca method, per cent pooled gca method and weighted pooled gca method was used to calculate overall combining ability. In the present study, two heterotic populations were crossed in the line × tester method. These innovative methods were used to assess overall combining ability based on pooled analysis using eight different economic traits in baby corn. In Population A, the inbreds viz., P48, P41, P30, P14 and P50 were considered as top five for yield-related traits. Likewise, the inbreds viz., H95, H81, H51, H20 and H97 belonging to Population B were best combiners for yield and its related traits.

Genetic diversity analysis using morphological and biochemical traits in baby corn (Zea mays)

The present investigation was conducted to examine the genetic diversity existing among 24 genotypes of babycorn (Zea mays L.). The experiment was conducted in three replications in randomized block design during rabi 2018-19 at research farm of Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour. Different morphological and biochemical observations were taken to identify diverse genotypes among them. Observations were taken for 10 morphological characters and nine biochemical traits. Analysis of variance showed significant variation in genotypes for all the traits. On the basis of mean performance genotypes Suwan and VQL1 were found to be the best genotypes for baby corn yield. Genotypes LM14 (203.44 q/ha), LM13 (208.73 q/ha), VQL1 (203.25 q/ha), 95IOWA (200.34 q/ha) and Suwan (230.11 q/ha) were found to be the best genotypes for fodder yield. On the basis of D2 Mahalanobis statistical analysis, all the genotypes were grouped into seven clusters. Seven genotypes were found in the cluster III, followed by six genotypes in cluster II and minimum number of genotype was in cluster VI and VII (with one genotype in each cluster). The maximum intra cluster distance was found in cluster V (117.93) followed by cluster III (93.49) and minimum in cluster I (27.64). The maximum inter cluster distance was found in between cluster IV and VII (317.11) and minimum in between cluster I and VII (92.78). The present investigation revealed that cluster IV and VII were most diverse. Genotypes constituted in these clusters may be used as parents for future hybridization.

Breeding for Prolificacy, Total Carotenoids and Resistance to Downy Mildew in Small-Ear Waxy Corn by Modified Mass Selection

The study aimed to improve the small-ear waxy corn populations for prolificacy, high total carotenoid content and resistance to downy mildew. Three cycles of modified mass selection were carried out for population improvement. Forty-four genotypes derived from eight C3 populations and six check varieties were evaluated for agronomic traits and yield at Khon Kaen and screened for downy mildew resistance in the rainy season 2020 at two experimental sites in Ban Phang district of Khon Kaen province. Fifty genotypes were clustered into six major groups based on color parameter (h°) and total ear number. Two selected groups (C and E) with two populations of small-ear waxy corn including Nei9008/BK-24-9-B and TY/TF-33-1-B were selected as they were resistant to downy mildew, prolific ears, and intense orange kernel color. Modified mass selection was effective for improvement of multiple traits in waxy corn.

Determination of The Effect of Different Plant Densities and Nitrogen Doses on Agronomical Traits of Sweet Corn (Zea mays saccharata Sturt.) In Conditions of The Northern-East Transitional Region Conditions of Turkey

This study was carried out to determine the differences in yield and quality characteristics of different plant density and nitrogen doses in sweet corn (Zea mays L. saccharata Sturt) during 2017 and 2018 years. This research was conducted according to a split-plot design with three replications in the Bingol University Faculty of Agriculture Application and Research Farm. Vega sweet corn hybrid was measured with three intra-row spacing (15, 20, 25 cm) and five pure nitrogen doses (0, 80, 160, 240, 320 N kg ha-1) were grown. In the study, the increasing nitrogen dose showed a significant rise in number of ears per plant , number of kernels per ear, relative chlorophyll content, water-soluble solids content, and fresh ear yield . It was determined that plant density positievly effected fresh ear yield; but the number of kernels per ear, the number of ears per plant, relative chlorophyll content were decreased. The highest fresh ear yield was determined D15 (13106 kg ha-1) in terms of plant density and N3 (15905 kg ha-1) in terms of nitrogen dose according to the combined experiment years analysis. Considering the average of years, 240 N kg ha-1 (N3) and approximately 100000 plants per hectare (S15) for optimum the fresh ear yield fertilizer application are recommended.

Genotype × trait biplot and canonical correlations for spectral and agronomic traits in corn

AbstractThe current challenge of corn (Zea mays L.) crops is to reach high yield to supply the world's demand for food, especially under different fertilization regimes and using the latest technology. We hypothesized that wavelengths and vegetation indices have a linear relationship with agronomic variables in corn. Our objectives were to verify the formation of super‐traits and to study the association between wavelengths and vegetation indices with agronomic traits in corn cultivated under high and low topdressing N. The experiments were carried out in two crop seasons using a randomized block design with three replicates in a factorial scheme (11 genotypes × 2 contrasting levels of N: low, 60 kg ha–1 and high, 180 kg ha–1). At full bloom, the spectral variables green (550 nm), red (660 nm), red‐edge (735 nm), and near‐infrared (790 nm) and the vegetation indices normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), normalized difference red‐edge index (NDRE), green normalized difference vegetation index (GNDVI), and soil‐adjusted vegetation index (SAVI) were evaluated. Agronomic traits evaluated were leaf N, plant height, first pod height, stem diameter, cob length, rows per cob, grains per row, and grain yield. Results showed that SAVI, GNDVI, NDVI, and NDRE and red‐edge and red were associated with agronomic traits in corn. The association between the agronomic traits evaluated here can be used to estimate the leaf N content and corn yield.

Widely Targeted Metabolomics Analysis Reveals Key Quality-Related Metabolites in Kernels of Sweet Corn.

Sweet corn (Zea mays convar. saccharata var. rugosa) is a major economic vegetable crop. Different sweet corn cultivars vary largely in flavor, texture, and nutrition. The present study performed widely targeted metabolomics analysis based on the HPLC-MS/MS technology to analyze the metabolic profiles in three sweet corn cultivars widely grown in China. A total of 568 metabolites in the three sweet corn cultivars were detected, of which 262 differential metabolites significantly changed among cultivars. Carbohydrates, organic acids, and amino acids were the majority detected primary metabolites. Organic acids were mainly concentrated on shikimate, benzoic acids, and quinic acid with aromatic groups. And the essential amino acids for the human body, methionine and threonine, were highly accumulated in the high-quality cultivar. In addition, phenylpropanoids and alkaloids were the most enriched secondary metabolites while terpenes were low-detected in sweet corn kernels. We found that the flavonoids exist in both free form and glycosylated form in sweet corn kernels. PCA and HCA revealed clear separations among the three sweet corn cultivars, suggesting distinctive metabolome profiles among three cultivars. The differential metabolites were mapped into flavonoid biosynthesis, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, biosynthesis of amino acids, and other pathways according to the KEGG classification. Furthermore, we identified skimmin, N′,N″-diferuloylspermidine, and 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid as the key quality-related metabolites related to grain quality traits in sweet corn. The results suggested variations of metabolic composition among the three cultivars, providing the reference quality-related metabolites for sweet corn breeding.

Interference and management of herbicide-resistant crop volunteers

AbstractSince the commercialization of herbicide-resistant (HR) crops, primarily glyphosate-resistant crops, their adoption has increased rapidly. Multiple herbicide resistance traits in crops such as canola (Brassica napusL.), corn (Zea maysL.), cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL.), and soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr.] have become available in recent years, and management of their volunteers needs attention to prevent interference and yield loss in rotational crops. The objectives of this review were to summarize HR crop traits in barley (Hordeum vulgareL.), canola, corn, cotton, rice (Oryza sativaL.), soybean, sugarbeet (Beta vulgarisL.), and wheat (Triticum aestivumL.); assess their potential for volunteerism; and review existing literature on the interference of HR crop volunteers, yield loss, and their management in rotational crops. HR crop volunteers are problem weeds in agronomic cropping systems, and the impact of volunteerism depends on several factors, such as crop grown in rotation, the density of volunteers, management practices, and microclimate. Interference of imidazolinone-resistant (IR) barley or wheat volunteers can be a problem in rotational crops, particularly when IR crops such as canola or wheat are grown. HR canola volunteers are abundant in the Northern Great Plains due to high fecundity, seed loss before or during harvest, and secondary seed dormancy, and they can interfere in crops grown in rotation such as flax (Linum usitatissimumL.), field peas (Pisum sativumL.), and soybean. HR corn volunteers are competitive in crops grown in rotation such as corn, cotton, soybean, and sugarbeet, with yield loss depending on the density of HR corn volunteers. Volunteers of HR cotton, rice, soybean, and sugarbeet are not major concerns and can be controlled with existing herbicides. Herbicide options would be limited if the crop volunteers are multiple HR; therefore, recording the cultivar planted the previous year and selecting the appropriate herbicide are important. The increasing use of 2,4-D, dicamba, glufosinate, and glyphosate in North American cropping systems requires research on herbicide interactions and alternative herbicides or methods for controlling multiple HR crop volunteers.

The role of ACC deaminase producing bacteria in improving sweet corn (Zea mays L. var saccharata) productivity under limited availability of irrigation water

Accumulation of stress ethylene in plants due to osmotic stress is a major challenge for the achievement of optimum sweet corn crop yield with limited availability of irrigation water. A significant increase in earth’s temperature is also making the conditions more crucial regarding the availability of ample quantity of irrigation water for crops production. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) can play an imperative role in this regard. Inoculation of rhizobacteria can provide resistance and adaptability to crops against osmotic stress. In addition, these rhizobacteria also have potential to solve future food security issues. That's why the current study was planned to examine the efficacious functioning of Pseudomonas fluorescens strains on yields and physiological characteristics of sweet corn (Zea mays L. var saccharata) under different levels of irrigation. Three irrigation levels i.e., 100% (I100 no stress), 80% (I80), and 60% (I60) were used during sweet corn cultivation. However, there were four rhizobacteria strains i.e., P. fluorescens P1, P. fluorescens P3, P. fluorescens P8, P. fluorescens P14 which were used in the experiment. The results showed that severe water stress (60% of plant water requirement) decreased chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll contents, Fv/Fm ratio and nutrients uptake. A significant increase in F0, Fm, proline, total soluble sugars, catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POX) activity led to less ear yield and canned seed yield. Combination of four strains significantly increased the yield traits of sweet corn i.e., ear and (44%) and canned seed yield (27%) over control. The highest promoting effect was observed in the combination of four strains treatment and followed by P1 strain in reducing the harmful effects of drought stress and improving sweet corn productivity. However, P14 gave minimum improvement in growth and yield indices under limited availability of water. In conclusion, combination of four strains inoculation is an efficacious approach for the achievement of better yield of sweet corn under osmotic stress.

Can Zeolite Application Decrease the Need for Nitrogen in Silage Corn?

The effects of applications of zeolite, nitrogen and zeolite + nitrogen on yield, quality and some morphological traits of silage corn was researched at the Research Station of the Agriculture Faculty, University of Ataturk, Eastern Turkey, during 2012 and 2013. Treatments included a control, three zeolite (Z1: 500, Z2: 1000, Z3: 1500 kg ha-1), three nitrogen (N1: 50, N2: 100, N3: 150 kg ha-1) and nine combinations of zeolite + nitrogen. The experimental design was randomized complete blocks with three replications. The application of zeolite + nitrogen application enhanced silage yield by 5.8-18.9%, dry matter yield by 4.5-21.4%, corncob rate by 6.6%, plant height by 3.0-16.1% and leaf rate by 17.5%. Further, the application of zeolite + medium or low nitrogen application produced similar silage yield, dry matter yield, dry matter rate, crude protein content, ADF, NDF, corncob rate, stem rate, plant height and leaf rate in comparison to the highest level nitrogen application. The results indicate that the application of zeolite + nitrogen can be used to increase efficiency of nitrogen and to decrease nitrogen requirements in silage corn for yield and other parameters.

Effect of Different Chitosan Concentrations on Seed Germination and Some Biochemical Traits of Sweet Corn (Zea mays var. Saccharata) Seedling under Osmotic Stress Conditions

Effect of Different Chitosan Concentrations on Seed Germination and Some Biochemical Traits of Sweet Corn (Zea mays var. Saccharata) Seedling under Osmotic Stress Conditions

English

English

Assessment of combining ability for yield and yield contributing traits in sweet corn

An investigation was carried out to assess the combining ability and nature of gene action in sweet corn genotypes using Line x Tester mating design using ten lines and five testers. Investigation on combining ability indicated the predominance of non-additive gene action for all the traits under study. The variance due to genotypes was highly significant among the parents and hybrids for all the traits studied. This result strongly suggests the utilisation of heterosis breeding methods to exploit hybrid vigour. The lines L1, L8, L7, L10 and testers T1, T5 had superior per se performance for yield and yield contributing traits. The results also revealed that, the lines L1, L7 and testers T1, T5 had high per se performance coupled with high gca for most of the yield attributing traits. Based on per se performance and sca effects, the hybrids L2 x T2, L1 x T1, L1 x T5, L7x T4and L4x T1 were found to be good. Among these hybrids,L2 x T2 was considered best because it recorded highest per se performance coupled with high sca for yield and yield contributing traits.

بررسی تأثیر دو گونه قارچ میکوریزا-آربوسکولار در سطوح مختلف تنش رطوبتی بر برخی ویژگیهای رشدی ذرت

در شرایط تنش ، همزیستی گونه‌های قارچ میکوریزا-آربوسکولار با ریشه گیاه میزبان، تأثیر مستقیمی بر تحمل خشکی در گیاهان دارد. به‌منظور بررسی تأثیر دو گونه قارچ میکوریزا-آربوسکولار در سطوح مختلف تنش رطوبتی بر برخی ویژگی‌های رشدی ذرت، این آزمایش به‌صورت فاکتوریل با دو عامل در قالب طرح پایه کاملا تصادفی با پنج تکرار در شرایط گلخانه اجرا گردید. عامل اول مربوط به سطوح تنش رطوبتی شامل 60، 80 و 100% ظرفیت زراعی و عامل دوم مربوط به دو گونه قارچ میکوریزا شامل Glomus intraradices و Glomus mosseae و شاهد (عدم تلقیح) بودند. نتایج نشان داد که تنش رطوبتی موجب کاهش ارتفاع بوته و وزن خشک اندام هوایی به ترتیب به میزان13% و17% شد. تنش رطوبتی بر وزن خشک ریشه بی تاثیر بود ولی، قارچ‌های مایکوریزا وزن خشک ریشه را افزایش داده و تاثیر G. mosseae نسبت به گونه G. intraradices بیشتر بود. علیرغم افزایش شدت تنش رطوبتی، قارچ­های مایکوریزا شاخص کلروفیل SPAD را افزایش داد. بیشترین شاخص کلروفیل مربوط به تیمار تلقیح با قارچ G. mosseae در 0.6 ظرفیت زراعی معادل 37.02 بود. گیاه تلقیح شده با قارچ G. mosseae نسبت به G. intraradices کارایی بیشتری در حفظ رطوبت نسبی آب برگ در شرایط تنش رطوبتی داشت. بیشترین درصد کلونیزاسیون ریشه معادل 39.04 در تیمار تلقیح با قارچ mosseae G. در 60% رطوبت زراعی به دست آمد. به‌طورکلی، نتایج پیشنهاد می­کنند که در شرایط تنش رطوبتی، گونه G. mosseae قادر به برقراری ارتباط همزیستی مؤثرتری با ریشه گیاه ذرت تحت شرایط انجام این آزمایش بود.

Pengaruh Metode Penanaman Lingkar Berjajar Pada Pertumbuhan Tanaman Jagung Manis (Zea Mays Saccharata).

The experiment aims to know the effect of The off-row circle planting method on the growth of sweet corn. This research was conducted in the Sub District of Siman, Ponorogo, with altitude 140 asl and textured clay grumosol soil types. The research used a randomized block design (CBD) with 4 kinds of planting spaces included C1 = 8 plant / (60x80) cm2, C2 = 16 plant / (60x80) cm2, C3 = 12 plant/ (60 x 80) cm2, C4 = 1 plant/ (60 x 80) cm2, C5 = 1 plant/ (60 x 80) cm2 with mowing. Each experimental unit was repeated 5 times so that there were 25 units. The observation was done at 21,28, 35, 42 and DAP (the day after planting). Some vegetative growth traits of sweet corn were determined as plant height (cm) , the number of leaves (leaf plant-1) , leaf area (m2) and leaf area index, fresh weight (g) and dry weight (g). Row circle planting method affected the fresh weight and dry weight of sweet on 49 DAP, sweet corn with 1 plant/ (60 x 80) cm2 with mowing treatments showed the higher value and significantly different with other treatments, with 803 g for fresh weight and 7,70 g for dry weight.

Relative competency of urea in augmenting physiological and agronomic traits of baby corn (Zea mays)

Nitrogen is indispensable for aggrandizing productivity of crop but the losses associated due to swift transformation and release pattern are subjected to various losses leading to pitiful amount left for crop uptake, pollution and resource wastage. Present study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of coated urea and nitrogen rates on baby corn growth, yield and NUE. The experiment comprised varieties PHM-1 and HM-4, coated urea (NCU, ZCU, SCU and PU) and nitrogen levels @180, 150, 120 kg N/ha along with the control. The study revealed that PHM-1 obtained significantly higher plant height, no. of cobs and weight of dehusked cob that led to significant increase of 18.47 and 19.67 % higher husked and dehusked cob yields over HM-4 which attained 12.6% higher fodder yield over latter. The baby corn cob yield and fodder yield were significantly higher in coated urea over prilled urea. The husked and dehusked yield of baby corn was higher in neem-coated urea over prilled urea by 14.81 and 14.37% respectively. H o w e v e r , a reduction of 59.9% in total fodder yield was recorded in control when compared to 180 kg N ha. Also, NPK uptake was higher then PHM-1 and uptake by coated urea was higher then prilled urea along with high uptake for 180 kg N/ha, further the AE and higher PE of baby corn cob was found highest in variety PHM-1 although for fodder, the higher AE was recorded in HM-4, whereas ANR was higher in PHM-1.

The influence of agroecological technologies on the manifestation of economically valuable traits of sugar corn

The influence of agroecological technologies on the manifestation of economically valuable traits of sugar corn

Detection of the race of Exserohilum turcicum [(Pass.) K.J. Leonard & Suggs] causing northern leaf blight diseases of corn in Turkey

Northern Leaf Blight caused by Exserohilum turcicum is the most significant disease in corn growing fields. The most important strategy for controlling Northern Leaf Blight is to use resistant varieties derived from qualitative and quantitative traits of corn grown around the world. Northern Leaf Blight threats to corn production because of the presence of E. turcicum races and new races potential. Therefore, in order to obtain and use resistant lines at the regional level, it is necessary to determine pathogen races. For this reason, the objective of this study was to identify races of 50 E. turcicum isolates collected by the survey carried out on 7 important corn producing areas, Sakarya, Samsun, Ordu, Adana, Mardin, Osmaniye, and Mersin provinces, belonging to the Marmara, Black Sea, Mediterranean and Southeastern Anatolia regions of Turkey. In result, 8 different races of northern leaf blight, namely 0, 1, 2, 123, N, 1 N, 3 N, 12 N were found in Turkey. The most common races were identified as race 0 and race 1. In addition, molecular identification studies confirmed the validity of morphologically identified E. turcicum isolates.