Training Sites Research Articles

An academic-health department partnership to expand adolescent access to care and FNP student clinical experiences

More than 90,000 qualified applicants were rejected from nursing schools in 2021 due in part to the national shortage of nurse practitioner (NP) preceptors and clinical placements. One model that has the potential to address this shortage by enhancing and expanding NP clinical training sites is the academic-practice partnership. In this article, the authors describe the development of a novel academic-practice partnership between a college of nursing and a health department and report the outcomes of a partnership activity that provided wellness visits for adolescents. Through this partnership, the graduate nursing program increased adolescent-focused clinical experiences for family nurse practitioner students by 87.6 h; added one adolescent clinical site for nine NP students; and delivered a total of 34 school and sports physicals, 81 immunizations, and 65 screening tests for adolescent-aged clients. Through this feasible, mutually beneficial, and innovative academic-practice partnership, the graduate nursing program and health department successfully expanded clinical placement experiences for NP students and improved access to wellness care for adolescents. The partnership model can be utilized to not only expand clinical opportunities for NP students but also improve access to care and health outcomes for our local communities.

Coastal Sediment Grain Size Estimates on Gravel Beaches Using Satellite Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)

Coastal sediment grain size is an important factor in determining coastal morphodynamics. In this study, we explore a novel approach for retrieving the median sediment grain size (D50) of gravel-dominated beaches using Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) spaceborne imagery. We assessed this by using thirty-six Sentinel-1 (C-band SAR) satellite images acquired in May and June 2022 and 2023, and three NovaSAR (S-band SAR) satellite images acquired in May and June 2022, for three different training sites and one test site across England (the UK). The results from the Sentinel-1 C-band data show strong positive correlations (R2≥0.75) between the D50 and the backscatter coefficients for 15/18 of the resultant models. The models were subsequently used to derive predictions of D50 for the test site, with the models which exhibited the strongest correlations resulting in Mean Absolute Errors (MAEs) in the range 2.26–5.47 mm. No correlation (R2 = 0.04) was found between the backscatter coefficients from the S-band NovaSAR data and D50. These results highlight the potential to derive near-real time estimates of coastal sediment grain size for gravel beaches to better inform coastal erosion and monitoring programs.

Environmental monitoring of the Capo Frasca military training site (West Sardinia): Operability and environmental protection balanced plan.

Military activities in training areas can contaminate soil and groundwater through different persistent pollutants. This article reports the design of the operating procedure to assess and monitor the environmental impact of training activities carried out at the Capo Frasca military firing range (PCF) on the west coast of Sardinia. The procedure includes two steps: (i) a baseline investigation of soil to detect the impact of previous training activities at PCF, and (ii) the development of a post-training monitoring plan. Results of the baseline investigations revealed that the activities conducted at PCF over many decades have not significantly affected the soil quality. Energetic compounds (ECs) were found below the limit of detection (LOD), and some low exceedances of the screening values (SVs) for Cd, Cu, and Ni were recorded in small areas that coincided with parts of two operational areas. A human health risk assessment (HHRA) identified no relevant issues. Results of baseline investigation allowed the planning of a light, noninvasive post-training monitoring plan based on two levels, L1 and L2, where L1 involves only manual sampling of topsoil (0-0.2 m). If L1 reveals contamination, a more in-depth and extensive L2 follow-up monitoring will be implemented. Results of post-training monitoring are not yet available. This environmental investigation protocol is intended to be a practical tool for regulatory provisions and is expected to be useful and effective for firing range management. This investigation also emphasized that, compared with the international state-of-the-art, environmental surveys in Italian military ranges require the improvement of ECs set to be analyzed, lowering EC LOD, and establishing ECs SVs. In Sardinia, many military areas, including PCF, are considered areas of significant natural interest. Therefore, it is deemed beneficial to move beyond HHRA and undertake the ecological risk assessment. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2024;20:2060-2075. © 2024 SETAC.

Leadership Style and Social Behavior of Social Workers in China

This study examined the influence of leadership style on the social behave of social workers across different districts and organizations in China. The empirical measurement involved the participation of social work stations and associations, which included the Social Workers Association and various district social work stations in Hunan. The study sample consisted of 488 individuals who were social work learners and professionals. These participants were picked from various districts and training sites, and they were required to undergo self-evaluation tests. Findings reveal that while social workers generally exhibit average levels of empathy, professionalism, ethical decision-making, collaboration, and resilience, significant variations exist based on ae and educational background. Older social workers demonstrate higher levels of these traits compared to younger counterparts. However, barriers such as burnout, limited resources, organizational constraints, and lack of recognition hinder leadership development and positive social behavior. The study seeks to enhance leadership development initiatives and foster positive social behavior in the field of social work in China through a holistic strategy.

Stiffer gymnastics floors result in more dorsiflexed ankles, potentially increasing the risk for Achilles tendon ruptures

One in five female collegiate gymnasts suffers an Achilles tendon rupture (ATR), primarily on floor exercise. Training floors are used daily, sometimes for over 10 years, while floors at competition sites are often new. Consequently, training floors feel “soft” and competition floors feel “stiff”. We hypothesized that the ankle joint angle is in a more dorsiflexed position on a “stiff” compared to a “soft” floor during impact, resulting in greater tension of the Achilles tendon and, consequently, a higher incidence of ATRs during competition. Female gymnasts from 78 US collegiate teams were invited to complete a survey, assessing whether ATR occurred at the training or competition sites, among other items. The ankle joint angles during landing from back-tumbling-take-offs on “soft” and “stiff” gymnastics floors were determined using video imaging. Statistical analysis was performed by Pearson’s Chi Square test or t-tests, as appropriate. Twenty-one out of 103 gymnasts (20.4%, 95% CI: 13.6% to 29.4%) experienced an ATR. Relative to time, ATRs occurred only 0.08±0.01 (95% CI: 0.06 to 0.11) times per 1000 hours on training floors, but 1.85±0.11 (95% CI: 1.60 to 2.10) times per 1000 hours (p<0.05) on competition floors. Ankle joint angles were in a more dorsiflexed position on the stiff (103.5±1.1 degree) than the soft floor (117.0±4.1 degree, p<0.05), implying greater tension on the Achilles tendon. We conclude that stiff floors favor more dorsiflexed ankle joints, increasing the tension on the Achilles tendon, and potentially explaining the higher relative incidence of ATRs at competition compared to training sites. This research was supported by the Offce of Research and Sponsored Programs at Burrell College of Osteopathic Medicine. This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2024 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.

Organisational culture considerations for accreditation of hospital sites for medical training.

Organisational culture considerations for accreditation of hospital sites for medical training.

Applicant Use of Residency Program Websites During Virtual Interviews [ID 2683623

INTRODUCTION: Program websites are the most common online resource applicants use to access information about residency programs. During the COVID-19 pandemic, online resources have had to take place of site visits when interviews transitioned to the virtual setting. At this time, the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education does not have a plan for a transition back to in-person interviews. The objective of this study is to assess applicant use, and information that is sought for development of high-quality residency websites. METHODS: A survey was shared to interviewees on their interview day with Creighton University–Phoenix obstetrics and gynecology residency during the 2022–2023 application cycle. To remove the possibility of influence or coercion, the survey was kept anonymous. This was found to be IRB exempt. RESULTS: Of the 88 survey respondents, 100% marked they visited the program website. Only 32 of the 88 respondents indicated they did not find the information they were looking. The most-sought information by respondents was current resident profiles (75% of respondents), hospital/training site information (68%), rotation schedule (63%), and faculty profiles (60%). Other notable categories respondents were hoping to find information about included the following: surgical training, family planning training, and benefits offered by the program. CONCLUSION: Program websites are highly utilized by residency applicants. Information traditionally shared on interview day is now found through online resources; most-sought information included resident and faculty profiles, rotation schedules, and training site information.

Increasing Student Engagement by Adapting Curriculum to Diverse Training Sites

Increasing Student Engagement by Adapting Curriculum to Diverse Training Sites

Evidence of learning in workplace-based assessments in a Family Medicine Training Programme.

Learning portfolios (LPs) provide evidence of workplace-based assessments (WPBAs) in clinical settings. The educational impact of LPs has been explored in high-income countries, but the use of portfolios and the types of assessments used for and of learning have not been adequately researched in sub-Saharan Africa. This study investigated the evidence of learning in registrars' LPs and the influence of the training district and year of training on assessments. A cross-sectional study evaluated 18 Family Medicine registrars' portfolios from study years 1-3 across five decentralised training sites affiliated with the University of the Witwatersrand. Descriptive statistics were calculated for the portfolio and quarterly assessment (QA) scores and self-reported clinical skills competence levels. The competence levels obtained from the portfolios and university records served as proxy measures for registrars' knowledge and skills. The total LP median scores ranged from 59.9 to 81.0, and QAs median scores from 61.4 to 67.3 across training years. The total LP median scores ranged from 62.1 to 83.5 and 62.0 to 67.5, respectively in QAs across training districts. Registrars' competence levels across skill sets did not meet the required standards. Higher skills competence levels were reported in the women's health, child health, emergency care, clinical administration and teaching and learning domains. The training district and training year influence workplace-based assessment (WPBA) effectiveness. Ongoing faculty development and registrar support are essential for WPBA.Contribution:This study contributes to the ongoing discussion of how to utilise WPBA in resource-constrained sub-Saharan settings.

Bridging Educational Gaps: Teleneurology Clerkship in a Rural Training Site (P11-7.002)

Bridging Educational Gaps: Teleneurology Clerkship in a Rural Training Site (P11-7.002)

Don't wait for the perfect moment: The national training program in family medicine in Angola.

Like many Sub-Saharan countries, Angola struggles with a shortage of trained health professionals, especially for primary care. In 2021, the Angolan Ministry of Health in collaboration with the Angolan Medical Council launched the National Program for the Expansion of Family Medicine as a long-term strategy for the provision, fixation and training of family physicians in community health centres. Of the 425 residents 411 (96.7%) who entered the programme in 2021 will get their diplomas in the following months and will be certified as family physicians. Three main aspects make this National Programme unique in the Angolan context: (1) the common effort and engagement of the Ministry of Health with the Angolan Medical Council and local health authorities in designing and implementing this programme; (2) decentralisation of the training sites, with residents in all 18 provinces, including in rural areas and (3) using community health centres as the main site of practice and training. Despite this undeniable success, many educational improvements must be made, such as expanding the use of new educational resources, methodologies and assessment tools, so that aspects related to knowledge, practical skills and professional attitudes can be better assessed. Moreover, the programme must invest in faculty development courses aiming to create the next generation of preceptors, so that all residents can have in every rotation one preceptor or tutor responsible for the supervision of their clinical activities, case discussions and sharing their clinical duties, both at community health centres and municipal hospitals.

Vascular In-person for Students In the match Trial: An investigation of postinterview site visits to address the limitations of virtual interviews

PurposeThe graduate medical education community implemented virtual residency interviews in response to travel restrictions during the COVID-19 pandemic, and this approach has persisted. Although many residency applicants wish to visit in-person prospective training sites, such opportunities could bias programs toward those who are able to meet this financial burden, exacerbating equity concerns. One proposed solution is to offer applicants the opportunity to visit only after a program’s rank list is “locked,” avoiding favoritism to applicants who visit, but allowing applicants to experience some of the camaraderie, geography, and local effects of an in-person visit. As debate about the optimal format of residency interviews continues, it is important to investigate whether in-person program visits, completed after program rank list certification, provide meaningful benefits to applicants in the residency match process. MethodsAll vascular programs entering the 2023 integrated vascular surgery residency match were invited to participate. Programs agreed to certify their National Resident Matching Program rank lists by February 1, 2023. Applicants then had the opportunity to visit the programs at which they interviewed. The particulars of the visit were determined by the individual programs. Applicants completed their standard rank list and locked on the standard date: March 1, 2023. Applicants then completed a survey regarding the impact of the visits on their rank order list decision-making. Program directors (PDs) completed a survey regarding their experiences as well. Data were collected using REDCap. ResultsTwenty-one of the 74 (28%) programs participated. Nineteen PDs completed the postinterview site visit survey (response rate 90%). Applicants interviewing at the participating programs (n = 112) were informed of the study, offered the opportunity to attend postinterview site visits, and received the survey. Forty-seven applicants responded (response rate 42%). Eighty-six percent of applicants stated that the visit impacted their rank list. Most important factors were esprit de corps of the program (86%), the faculty/trainees/staff (81%), and the physical setting (62%). Seventy-one percent of those participating spent ≤$800 on their visit. Eighty-one percent were satisfied with the process. Twenty-one percent of PDs would have changed their rank list if they could have based on the applicants’ in-person visit. Sixty-three percent of the visit sessions cost the programs ≤$500, and 63% were satisfied with the process. ConclusionsThis study is the first to document the impact of in-person site visits by applicants on a graduate medical education match process in one specialty. Our results suggest that this process provides meaningful data to applicants that helped them with their decision-making evidenced by most altering their rank lists, while avoiding some of the critical equity issues that accompany traditional in-person interviews. This may provide a model for future interview processes for residency programs.

Improving parameterization of an evapotranspiration estimation model with eddy covariance measurements for a regional irrigation scheduling program

Actual evapotranspiration (ETa) is an essential variable in linking energy cycles, carbon, and water, yet challenging to measure. Inputs uncertainty and deficiencies in the key elements of hydrologic models are fundamental challenges for optimizing model performance. Furthermore, the performance of land surface model-based ETa, reanalysis, and remote sensing products varies with spatiotemporal scales. Here, we evaluate sources of bias in the regional Wisconsin Irrigation and Scheduling Program (WISP) model and develop a correction using eddy covariance (EC) observations. ETa, observations were made for five years (2018–2022) using EC systems in agricultural fields in Wisconsin. WISP model ETa bias was linked to underestimation of net longwave radiation (LWnet) that was traced to incorrect specification of effective clear sky atmospheric emissivity (εa,clr). Applying a correction to the εa,clr led to reduced WISP model percent bias (pbias) and error for both LWnet and ETa. The calibrated model more accurately represented observed ETa. The results indicate that explicit treatment of the LWnet balance decreases the uncertainty of model parameters and improves the WISP model performance at independent sites. Applying this improved model parameterization reduced the bias of LWnet radiation from 62.8% to -6.2%, which improved the Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) from -0.08 to 0.52 for ETa on training sites. Additionally, overall pbias was significantly reduced (p = 0.035) for validation sites after WISP correction. Hence, WISP performance improved for different crop types when optimal regional parameters were used, confirming the physical parameters' reliability. Our results highlight that model development should focus on energy balance parameterizations to improve ET simulation and the accuracy of hydrologic and climatic simulations for understanding critical processes underlying hydrologic and climatic variability and change over land.

Optometry student clinical practice at public health facilities: A systematic review.

Clinical training, supervision and practice are the most important aspects of health profession education, including optometry. Institutions implore various methods for students to gain access, exposure and experience in different clinical environments, away from their normal academic settings. This review aimed to investigate studies and related documentary evidence to determine existing standards and methods for educational institutions in conducting optometry clinical training at the external sites. The electronic databases - ProQuest One, Scopus, EBSCOhost, Sabinet, Science Direct and Google Scholar - were searched systematically for studies on the implementation of workplace clinical training of undergraduate optometry students. The study followed the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) systematic review methodology and a systematic search of various electronic databases was conducted for studies on implementation of workplace clinical training. Of the 450 full-text studies searched, 13 studies were found to be reputable sources of evidence and were included in this systematic review. Four themes relating to student clinical training emerged, namely, clinical training approaches implemented, expected minimum standards at the training sites, clinical training environment wherein students and supervisors find themselves and clinical competence of the supervisors and students. They encompass important factors to consider in the planning and provision of quality, efficient and effective student clinical supervision at the external training facilities. There is a dearth of scholarly studies to guide clinical training of optometry training within the public health sector. However, more studies are undertaken in other health disciplines, and they provide generic guidelines, which can be adapted for optometry. The article highlights the need for further studies in optometry student clinical training, focussing on programme designs and standardisation of clinical training in multi-institutional, low-income contexts.

An integrated hierarchical classification and machine learning approach for mapping land use and land cover in complex social-ecological systems

Mapping land use and land cover (LULC) using remote sensing is fundamental to environmental monitoring, spatial planning and characterising drivers of change in landscapes. We develop a new, general and versatile approach for mapping LULC in landscapes with relatively gradual transition between LULC categories such as African savannas. The approach integrates a well-tested hierarchical classification system with the computationally efficient random forest (RF) classifier and produces detailed, accurate and consistent classification of structural vegetation heterogeneity and density and anthropogenic land use. We use Landsat 8 OLI imagery to illustrate this approach for the Extended Greater Masai Mara Ecosystem (EGMME) in southwestern Kenya. We stratified the landscape into eight relatively homogeneous zones, systematically inspected the imagery and randomly allocated 1,697 training sites, 556 of which were ground-truthed, proportionately to the area of each zone. We directly assessed the accuracy of the visually classified image. Accuracy was high and averaged 88.1% (80.5%–91.7%) across all the zones and 89.1% (50%–100%) across all the classes. We applied the RF classifier to randomly selected samples from the original training dataset, separately for each zone and the EGMME. We evaluated the overall and class-specific accuracy and computational efficiency using the Out-of-Bag (OOB) error. Overall accuracy (79.3%–97.4%) varied across zones but was higher whereas the class-specific accuracy (25.4%–98.1%) was lower than that for the EGMME (80.2%). The hierarchical classifier identified 35 LULC classes which we aggregated into 18 intermediate mosaics and further into five more general categories. The open grassed shrubland (21.8%), sparse shrubbed grassland (10.4%) and small-scale cultivation (13.3%) dominated at the detailed level, grassed shrubland (31.9%) and shrubbed grassland (28.9%) at the intermediate level, and grassland (35.7%), shrubland (35.3%) and woodland (12.5%) at the general level. Our granular LULC map for the EGMME is sufficiently accurate for important practical purposes such as land use spatial planning, habitat suitability assessment and temporal change detection. The extensive ground-truthing data, sample site photos and classified maps can contribute to wider validation efforts at regional to global scales.

Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education Milestone Training Ratings and Surgeons’ Early Outcomes

National data on the development of competence during training have been reported using the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) Milestones system. It is now possible to consider longitudinal analyses that link Milestone ratings during training to patient outcomes data of recent graduates. To evaluate the association of in-training ACGME Milestone ratings in a surgical specialty with subsequent complication rates following a commonly performed operation, endovascular aortic aneurysm repair (EVAR). This study of patient outcomes followed EVAR in the Vascular Quality Initiative (VQI) registry (4213 admissions from 208 hospitals treated by 327 surgeons). All surgeons included in this study graduated from ACGME-accredited training programs from 2015 through 2019 and had Milestone ratings 6 months prior to graduation. Data were analyzed from December 1, 2021, through September 15, 2023. Because Milestone ratings can vary with program, they were corrected for program effect using a deviation score from the program mean. Milestone ratings assigned to individual trainees 6 months prior to graduation, based on judgments of surgical competence. Surgical complications following EVAR for patients treated by recent graduates during the index hospitalization, obtained using the nationwide Society for Vascular Surgery Patient Safety Organization's VQI registry, which includes 929 participating centers in 49 US states. The study included outcomes for 4213 patients (mean [SD] age, 73.25 [8.74] years; 3379 male participants [80.2%]). Postoperative complications included 9.5% major (400 of 4213 cases) and 30.2% minor (1274 of 4213 cases) complications. After adjusting for patient risk factors and site of training, a significant association was identified between individual Milestone ratings of surgical trainees and major complications in early surgical practice in programs with lower mean Milestone ratings (odds ratio, 0.50; 95% CI; 0.27-0.95). In this study, Milestone assessments of surgical trainees were associated with subsequent clinical outcomes in their early career. Although these findings represent one surgical specialty, they suggest Milestone ratings can be used in any specialty to identify trainees at risk for future adverse patient outcomes when applying the same theory and methodology. Milestones data should inform data-driven educational interventions and trainee remediation to optimize future patient outcomes.

Progress in Ski Jumping Technology Based on Biomechanical Sport Research Methods

(1) Background: Previous studies have compared research into ski jumping in different motor processes, but there is a lack of comparative analysis of the biomechanical research methods used to investigate different ski jumping sports. (2) Content: Our study compared the advantages and disadvantages of six research methods and proposes future research directions. Motion video collection and analysis show that controlling angular momentum and achieving stable flight attitude in the take-off process are the most critical factors in ski jumping performance. Most research on force platforms focuses on dynamic performance at the time of take-off, but there are few training sites with an embedded force platform, and so, more empirical research is required. Wearable inertial measurement units, including gyroscopes and accelerometers, can be used to determine a series of forces, calculate the joint angle, and speculate the position of the centroid during motion. Surface EMG studies are primarily used to compare the activity characteristics of the lower limb muscles in the actual field of the jump, the exercise simulation, and the lack of complete training process data. Wind tunnel measurement can satisfy fluid mechanics simulation experiments and provide theoretical support for optimizing special ski jumping technology. Based on the theory of computational fluid dynamics, the optimal drag reduction posture data of ski jumpers can be derived using computer simulations. (3) Conclusions: Due to the wide range of ski jumping sports, the present research focused on the kinematics and dynamics of different movement stages, lacking the study of the complete exercise training process. The range of wearable inertial measurement and sensor equipment can cover the whole process of ski jumping, including kinematics and dynamics data, and is a feasible and reliable test method for monitoring ski jump training in natural environments. The simultaneous testing of surface electromyography, kinematics, and dynamics requires further exploration. (4) Future direction of development: Under computational fluid dynamics, wearable inertial measurement units and global navigation satellite systems (GNSSs), intelligent wind tunnel experimental training areas will become essential tools for ski jumping research.

Impact of the Israeli military activities on the environment

ABSTRACT Many conflicts in Western Asia over the past 75 years left devastation and refugees and the last war on the Gaza Strip is a good example. Our interests as environmentalists are the effects of conflict (including active conflict, pre-conflict activities, and post-conflict impact). Here, we review the impacts on the Palestinian environment of activities since 1948 (establishment of the state of Israel): pre-conflict (such as training sites, military bases, military installation), during conflicts (use of different munitions, pollution, altering habitats), and post-conflicts (unexploded munitions, ground water pollution, devastated landscape). The data show significant environmental damage that operates short-term and long-term. More more studies are needed and encouraged, but the data do suggest that environment and human health impacts need to be highlighted in public discourse and remedial actions must be taken in protracted conflict situations like the Palestine/Israel conflict.

Efektifitas Media Kahoot dalam Pembelajaran PPKn untuk Meningkatkan Penalaran Kritis Peserta Didik Sekolah Dasar Kecamatan Tamansari

Mastery of information technology has become the "lifestyle" of most people, especially the younger generation. Along with the shift of the world order from the traditional realm to the digital realm, the development of information and communication technology has also penetrated into the field of education. This study aims to determine that kahoot media can improve students' critical reasoning on PPKn learning in elementary school teachers, Tamansari District, Boyolali Regency. The research method uses a qualitative approach based on the philosophy of postpositivism. The population survey of this study was 12 teachers and 34 students consisting of 8 schools, and interviews of elementary school teachers. The results prove that kahoot media learning using methods, presentations and practicums is highly favored by teachers, on the one hand different in portraying online learning. Being enthusiastic and challenged, in the end these teachers will apply in their respective schools. This proves that kahoot media can improve students' critical reasoning in PPKn learning with a percentage of 37% very good and 62% choosing good. However, the infrastructure at the training site needs to be improved and improved to support the online learning process like this.

Few-Shot Domain-Adaptive Anomaly Detection for Cross-Site Brain Images.

Early screening is essential for effective intervention and treatment of individuals with mental disorders. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a noninvasive tool for depicting neural activity and has demonstrated strong potential as a technique for identifying mental disorders. Due to the difficulty in data collection and diagnosis, imaging data from patients are rare at a single site, whereas abundant healthy control data are available from public datasets. However, joint use of these data from multiple sites for classification model training is hindered by cross-domain distribution discrepancy and diverse label spaces. Herein, we propose few-shot domain-adaptive anomaly detection (FAAD) to achieve cross-site anomaly detection of brain images based on only a few labeled samples. We introduce domain adaptation to mitigate cross-domain distribution discrepancy and jointly align the general and conditional feature distributions of imaging data across multiple sites. We utilize fMRI data of healthy subjects in the Human Connectome Project (HCP) as the source domain and fMRI images from six independent sites, including patients with mental disorders and demographically matched healthy controls, as target domains. Experiments showed the superiority of the proposed method compared with binary classification, traditional anomaly detection methods, and several recognized domain adaptation methods.