Training Resources Research Articles

“Neither Side Really Knows… What an Abortion Is Like”: A Qualitative Analysis of Medical Students’ Experiences With Second-Trimester Procedural Abortions

ObjectivesMedical students value abortion education; however, there has been little study regarding participation in second-trimester procedures, which are less common yet receive significant societal attention. We aimed to explore medical students’ perceptions of participation in second-trimester procedural abortions to optimize this educational experience. Study DesignWe conducted qualitative semi-structured interviews with third- and fourth-year medical students who voluntarily participated in second-trimester dilation and evacuation cases. We coded interviews inductively and performed thematic content analysis until thematic saturation was reached. ParticipantsWe interviewed 25 medical students, including 16 third-year and nine fourth-year students. Most participants were female (64%) and white (58%) and had no prior abortion care experience (80%). ResultsFour major themes emerged: 1) students felt unprepared for second-trimester procedural abortions and were unable to find adequate educational resources for preparation; 2) students experienced complex emotional reactions to the procedures, often finding the experience more challenging than expected; 3) students observed implicit expectations and biases in the learning environment; and 4) students highly valued their involvement in abortion procedures, noting that participation was important for their future practice and allowed acquisition of essential clinical skills. ConclusionsMedical students value the educational opportunity to participate in second-trimester procedural abortions; however, most feel unprepared for the technical and emotional aspects, despite utilizing available educational resources. To maximize educational experience and psychological safety, educators should develop specialized training resources. This could strengthen physician knowledge and comfort with abortion care in the future, ultimately improving patient care.

An intelligent system for determining the degree of tree bark beetle damage based on the use of generative-adversarial neural networks.

The increasing prevalence of tree bark beetle infestations poses a significant threat to forest ecosystems, leading to detrimental impacts on biodiversity, carbon storage, and timber resources. This study addresses the pressing need for innovative solutions to enhance forest management practices through early detection and assessment of tree health. We developed an intelligent system leveraging multispectral images and generative-adversarial networks (GANs) to accurately determine the extent of bark beetle damage. Recognizing the challenges posed by traditional neural networks, which require vast amounts of labeled training data, we proposed a novel approach that utilizes a GAN architecture. In this system, a discriminator functions as a classifier, effectively trained on both real and synthetically generated data. Our methodology not only reduces the dependency on extensive labeled datasets but also enhances the robustness of the classification process. The results indicate a classification accuracy of 87.5%, demonstrating significant promise for improving detection capabilities even with limited training resources. The implications of this research are profound, offering potential benefits for the forestry industry through optimized management strategies and economic gains. Furthermore, our findings contribute to the preservation of critical ecosystem services by providing a means to monitor forest health effectively. However, the responsible implementation of this technology is paramount. Continuous refinement of the model, integration with traditional ecological knowledge, and ensuring transparency and equitable access to the developed system are essential for maximizing societal benefits. Additionally, addressing risks such as misinterpretation of data, overreliance on technology, and privacy concerns is crucial to minimize unintended consequences. Overall, this research presents a significant advancement in the field of forest health monitoring and establishes a foundation for future developments in intelligent ecological management systems.

Staff perspectives of barriers and facilitators to implementation of the Consult for Addiction Treatment and Care in Hospitals (CATCH) program in New York City safety net hospitals

BackgroundIn response to the heavy burden of untreated substance use disorders (SUD) in hospital patients, many health systems are implementing addiction consult services staffed by interprofessional teams that diagnose SUD, make recommendations for SUD care in the hospital, and link patients to post-discharge treatment. In 2018, the New York City public hospital system began rolling out the Consult for Addiction Treatment and Care in Hospitals (CATCH) program in six hospitals. CATCH teams are comprised of an addiction-trained medical provider, social worker or addiction counselor, and peer counselor. MethodsThe study conducted qualitative interviews with CATCH staff at all six participating hospitals as part of a pragmatic trial studying the effectiveness and implementation of CATCH. The Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) framework guided interviews conducted from 2018 to 2021 with 26 staff at the start of implementation and with 33 staff 9–12 months post-implementation. The study team created a codebook a priori and further refined it through additional coding of initial interviews. Codes were systematically analyzed using the CFIR. ResultsBarriers and facilitators spanned four CFIR domains: inner setting, outer setting, process, and individual characteristics. Barriers identified were primarily related to the outer and inner settings, including patient characteristics and limited resources (e.g. medical comorbidities, homelessness), insurance, CATCH team role confusion, and infrastructure deficits (e.g., availability of physical space). Additional barriers related to process (workload burden), and characteristics of individuals (stigma and lack of comfort treating SUD among medical teams). Facilitators were mostly related to the characteristics of individuals on the CATCH team (advantages and expertise of the CATCH peer counselor, CATCH team communication and cohesiveness) and inner setting (CATCH team relationships with hospital staff, hospital leadership buy-in and support, and infrastructure). Community networks (outer setting) and CATCH training resources (process) were also facilitators of program implementation. ConclusionAddiction consult services have great potential for improving care for hospital patients with SUD, but as new programs in busy hospital settings they face barriers to implementation that could impact their effectiveness. Barriers may be particularly impactful for programs operating in safety-net hospitals, given limited resources within the health system and the multiple and complex needs of their patients. Understanding the strengths of these programs as well as the barriers to their implementation is critical to utilizing addiction consult services effectively.

A Pilot Project to Promote Research Competency in Medical Students Through Journal Clubs: Mixed Methods Study.

Undergraduate medical students often lack hands-on research experience and fundamental scientific research skills, limiting their exposure to the practical aspects of scientific investigation. The Cerrahpasa Neuroscience Society introduced a program to address this deficiency and facilitate student-led research. The primary goal of this initiative was to enhance medical students' research output by enabling them to generate and publish peer-reviewed papers within the framework of this pilot project. The project aimed to provide an accessible, global model for research training through structured journal clubs, mentorship from experienced peers, and resource access. In January 2022, a total of 30 volunteer students from various Turkish medical schools participated in this course-based undergraduate research experience program. Students self-organized into 2 groups according to their preferred study type: original research or systematic review. Two final-year students with prior research experience led the project, developing training modules using selected materials. The project was implemented entirely online, with participants completing training modules before using their newly acquired theoretical knowledge to perform assigned tasks. Based on student feedback, the project timeline was adjusted to allow for greater flexibility in meeting deadlines. Despite these adjustments, participants successfully completed their tasks, applying the theoretical knowledge they had gained to their respective assignments. As of April 2024, the initiative has culminated in 3 published papers and 3 more under peer review. The project has also seen an increase in student interest in further involvement and self-paced learning. This initiative leverages globally accessible resources for research training, effectively fostering research competency among participants. It has successfully demonstrated the potential for undergraduates to contribute to medical research output and paved the way for a self-sustaining, student-led research program. Despite some logistical challenges, the project provided valuable insights for future implementations, showcasing the potential for students to engage in meaningful, publishable research.

DEMOCRATIZAÇÃO DO ENSINO DE DIREITOS HUMANOS NO ENSINO FUNDAMENTAL: DESAFIOS E OPORTUNIDADES PARA A FORMAÇÃO DE CIDADÃOS CONSCIENTES

This article investigates the challenges and opportunities in democratizing human rights education in elementary school, highlighting its role in shaping socially responsible and conscious citizens. The absence of a structured human rights education limits students' ability to develop a culture of respect for diversity and otherness, contributing to the perpetuation of inequalities. The central hypothesis is that the integration of a comprehensive and transversal human rights curriculum can transform the school environment and reduce discriminatory behaviors. Based on a bibliographical analysis of legal documents and recent studies, including the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) and the National Plan for Human Rights Education (PNEDH), this study examines initiatives implemented in Brazil, such as the "Direito na Escola" and "OAB Vai à Escola" programs. The results indicate that, despite barriers such as the lack of teacher training and pedagogical resources, human rights education from elementary school is crucial to building a more just and equitable society. The article concludes that the democratization of human rights education requires effective public policies and an integrated approach involving the state, school, family, and civil society.

Analysis of Challenges and Opportunities for Improving the Health System in Afghanistan: Innovative Approaches and Sustainable Solutions

This research explores the challenges and opportunities for improving the health system in Afghanistan. The main objective is to identify the major issues within the healthcare system and propose sustainable solutions to enhance the quality of health services. Using a mixed-method approach (qualitative and quantitative), data were collected through semi-structured interviews with experts and a review of credible scientific sources. The findings indicate that a lack of healthcare infrastructure, a shortage of specialized human resources, and management issues are among the primary challenges facing Afghanistan's healthcare system. Additionally, opportunities such as international support and utilizing modern technologies in healthcare have been identified. The study concludes that investment in infrastructure, human resource training, and strengthening international collaborations are essential to improve the healthcare situation in Afghanistan. The study's recommendations emphasize the importance of investments in infrastructure, comprehensive training for health workers, and international partnerships to strengthen service delivery. This analysis provides practical insights for policymakers and international organizations, which could ultimately help build a more resilient health framework in Afghanistan.

The Effect of Training and Career Development on Employee Performance at PT Sumber Anugrah Prima

One strategy to enhance employee performance is through the implementation of training and development programs. The objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of “training and development of human resources” on employee performance at PT Sumber Anugrah Prima located in Samarinda. The methodology used in this research is associative with a quantitative approach. The research was conducted within PT Sumber Anugrah Prima and used saturated sampling technique, where 63 employees were used as respondents. The results of the analysis show that both individually and simultaneously, the variables of training and career development have a significant effect on employee performance at PT Sumber Anugrah Prima Samarinda. The R Square value obtained is 0.701, or 70.1%, indicating that training and career development make a substantial contribution to improving employee performance.

Design of an Inclusive Digital Platform for Training and Distribution of Human Resources in Improving Accessibility and Opportunities for Persons with Disabilities

This study addresses the challenges faced by individuals with disabilities in accessing employment opportunities in Indonesia, focusing on the creation of a digital platform that enhances their employability. The research was conducted at Sentra Budi Perkasa in Palembang City, a center that already utilizes an online training registration system but struggles with effective distribution of resources to its trainees. The primary objective was to develop a web-based platform that facilitates registration and improves access to job vacancies for persons with disabilities capable of using electronic devices. Through a combination of observations, interviews, and literature reviews, this study explored the needs and barriers encountered by this demographic, particularly those affected by conditions such as amputation, stroke, and congenital disorders. The Rapid Application Development (RAD) methodology was employed, ensuring a swift development process and involving users actively to reduce errors and enhance system relevance. The resulting platform not only simplifies the process of finding training and job opportunities for persons with disabilities but also serves as a model for similar initiatives aiming to integrate disabled individuals into the workforce more effectively. This study contributes to the field by providing a practical solution to a significant societal issue and outlining a framework for future enhancements in digital accessibility for disabled populations.

Cross-coupled prompt learning for few-shot image recognition

Prompt learning based on large models shows great potential to reduce training time and resource costs, which has been progressively applied to visual tasks such as image recognition. Nevertheless, the existing prompt learning schemes suffer from either inadequate prompt information from a single modality or insufficient prompt interaction between multiple modalities, resulting in low efficiency and performance. To address these limitations, we propose a Cross-Coupled Prompt Learning (CCPL) architecture, which is designed with two novel components (i.e., Cross-Coupled Prompt Generator (CCPG) module and Cross-Modal Fusion (CMF) module) to achieve efficient interaction between visual and textual prompts. Specifically, the CCPG module incorporates a cross-attention mechanism to automatically generate visual and textual prompts, each of which will be adaptively updated using the self-attention mechanism in their respective image and text encoders. Furthermore, the CMF module implements a deep fusion to reinforce the cross-modal feature interaction from the output layer with the Image–Text Matching (ITM) loss function. We conduct extensive experiments on 8 image datasets. The experimental results verify that our proposed CCPL outperforms the SOTA methods on few-shot image recognition tasks. The source code of this project is released at: https://github.com/elegantTechie/CCPL.

Application of Intelligent Collaboration Technology in Skill Training and Job Docking of Data Tagger

With the rapid development of artificial intelligence and machine learning technology, the role of data tagger has become more and more important, responsible for providing high-quality annotated data for training algorithms, but traditional skills training and job docking methods cannot meet the needs of the rapid development of the industry. This paper studies the application of intelligent collaboration technology in improving the skill training efficiency of data taggers and promoting its effective docking with the post. By using the literature review method, in-depth interview method, and case analysis method, this paper analyzes the current challenges faced by data taggers, including skill gaps, insufficient training resources, and rapid changes in market demand. The results show that the application of intelligent collaboration technology can not only improve the skill training efficiency of data taggers but also promote effective docking between them and their positions, bringing a positive impact to the data tagging industry.

Research on satisfaction of Vietnamese university lecturers

For universities, lecturers are the human resources who directly carry out the training task to create human resource training products for society; lecturers play an important role in determining the strategic development of the school. Universities that motivate lecturers to work will create satisfaction for lecturers, promote creativity to contribute to the school. This study addresses the job satisfaction of lecturers, including public universities and non-public universities to identify and compare the differences in job satisfaction of lecturers at universities in Vietnam. The author uses quantitative methods through a survey of 800 lecturers from 10 universities in Vietnam to collect data for the study. The research results show that salary, work itself, development opportunities, recognition, relationships at work, working environment and conditions have an impact on the job satisfaction of lecturers. However, the level of impact of each factor on the satisfaction of lecturers at public universities is different from that of lecturers at non-public universities; showing a clear difference in job satisfaction of lecturers at two types of universities in Vietnam. With the results of this research, the author finds that salary, work itself, development opportunities, recognition, relationships at work, working environment and conditions have an impact on the job satisfaction of lecturers at non-public universities; lecturer satisfaction also contributes significantly to the success of universities, it determines the quality of higher education, promotes innovation in universities.

E-waste challenges of generative artificial intelligence.

Generative artificial intelligence (GAI) requires substantial computational resources for model training and inference, but the electronic-waste (e-waste) implications of GAI and its management strategies remain underexplored. Here we introduce a computational power-driven material flow analysis framework to quantify and explore ways of managing the e-waste generated by GAI, with a particular focus on large language models. Our findings indicate that this e-waste stream could increase, potentially reaching a total accumulation of 1.2-5.0 million tons during 2020-2030, under different future GAI development settings. This may be intensified in the context of geopolitical restrictions on semiconductor imports and the rapid server turnover for operational cost savings. Meanwhile, we show that the implementation of circular economy strategies along the GAI value chain could reduce e-waste generation by 16-86%. This underscores the importance of proactive e-waste management in the face of advancing GAI technologies.

Upskilling consumers for the digital health era: a content analysis of resources for consumer representative training

Upskilling consumers for the digital health era: a content analysis of resources for consumer representative training

6.I. Round table: Strengthening preparedness for public health emergencies: lessons learned and future perspectives

Abstract In the face of intensifying global health threats, robust health security measures in Europe and worldwide have never been more pressing. The COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the critical need for coordinated action, adaptive strategies, and robust collaborative mechanisms to effectively respond to emerging infectious diseases and other public health emergencies. This workshop serves as a platform to examine the multifaceted landscape of health security actors, focusing on collaborative initiatives and lessons learned from recent crises. By convening experts and stakeholders from across Europe, the workshop aims to achieve several key objectives: i) To provide an overview of collaborative initiatives established to strengthen European and international health security. By showcasing successful models of cooperation, participants will gain insights into effective strategies for fostering collaboration among diverse stakeholders. ii) Emphasize the role of European and international institutions, such as the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) and the World Health Organization (WHO), in supporting states both in coordinating regional response efforts and in developing the necessary health workforce competencies and capabilities to respond to health emergencies. iii) Drawing on experiences from recent health emergencies, including outbreaks of high-risk pathogens, such as Ebola, the workshop will facilitate a critical examination of lessons learned. Through interactive discussions, participants will identify challenges, best practices, and opportunities for enhancing preparedness and response capacity. iv) By interactive presentations and panel discussions, the workshop will provide a platform for knowledge exchange and networking among participants. By sharing experiences, expertise, and innovative approaches, participants will contribute to a collective understanding of the challenges and opportunities in strengthening health security. This workshop seeks to illuminate key strategies, capacity-building efforts, and real-world lessons learnt that contribute to enhancing response capabilities to public health emergencies. Participants will gain a deeper understanding of emergency participation mechanisms, essential skills required, and available training resources to enhance preparedness. Key messages • Collaboration and adaptive strategies are essential for strengthening international health security in the face of emerging infectious diseases and other public health emergencies. • Lessons learned from recent crises provide valuable insights into effective response strategies and opportunities for enhancing preparedness and response capacity.

School Social Workers’ Reports of Differences in Policies and Practices in Trauma-Informed and Non-Trauma-Informed Schools

This study explored trauma-informed schools from the perspective of social workers, documenting the reported practices and policies associated with trauma-informed approaches in U.S. schools. Survey data from 538 school social workers were analyzed to investigate the differences in policies and practices between schools identified as trauma informed and not. Logistic regression analyses examined whether the presence of specific school practices and policies was associated with the identification of a school as trauma informed. Of a wide array of programs and policies that may be present in trauma-informed schools, only the presence of trauma training and resources for secondary traumatic stress were key predictors of social workers’ identification of a school as trauma informed. The implementation of trauma training has long been the primary focus of trauma-informed approaches in schools. Should commitment to trauma-informed approaches endure, we recommend moving beyond training and secondary traumatic stress resources to deepen the field’s focus on implementing trauma-informed practices and policies at all organizational levels. We also recommend that future research looks carefully at how some school safety and trauma-informed approaches may be incompatible and the extent to which trauma-informed approaches improve or detract from children’s educational experiences and outcomes.

Telehealth Outreach Program for Child Traumatic Stress: Strategies for Long-Term Sustainability.

There are high documented rates of exposure to traumatic events and mental health disorders among youths yet existing disparities in access to care for racial and ethnic minority youths and youths in rural communities. Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT) is an evidence-based behavioral health therapy for children. The delivery of TF-CBT via telehealth can decrease access to care barriers. An interdisciplinary clinical team developed a training program to guide clinicians to effectively provide TF-CBT via telehealth. The goal of this study was to describe variation in implementation processes of the telehealth TF-CBT program and identify barriers and facilitators to program implementation post-training, which were utilized to develop implementation strategies for intervention sustainability. Using a mixed-methods approach, data were collected on telehealth implementation processes and facilitators and barriers to the delivery of telehealth TF-CBT. This study was guided by an adapted implementation science framework, namely the Exploration, Preparation, Implementation, Sustainment model. Interviews and surveys were completed with clinical site leaders who had participated in the telehealth TF-CBT training. Throughout clinical sites, there was varied adoption and penetration of the telehealth TF-CBT program. Facilitators to implementation included leadership and site staff buy in, community needs, and training resources, while barriers included funding, available logistical resources, and child and family involvement. The feedback gained from this project assisted in the development of implementation strategies for increased adoption and sustainment of TF-CBT delivered via telehealth. Strategies include ongoing interactive assistance and resource support, enhanced training for stakeholders, and program adaptations, with the goal to increase access to quality mental health care for underserved populations.

Practices and Barriers in Implementing the Low FODMAP Diet for Irritable Bowel Syndrome Among Malaysian Dietitians: A Qualitative Study.

The low fermentable oligo-, di-, mono-saccharides and polyols (FODMAP) diet (LFD) is a second-line dietary intervention for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) patients, involving FODMAP restriction, reintroduction, and personalization, and it needs to be delivered by dietitians. However, the application of this diet among Malaysian IBS patients is not well understood. This study aimed to explore the practices and barriers in delivering the LFD among Malaysia dietitians. Semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted online with practicing dietitians until the data reached saturation. All the interview sessions were audio recorded and transcribed verbatim. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the data. Eleven dietitians were interviewed, with 36.4% (n = 4) having more than 10 years of experience. The following four themes regarding their practices emerged: 1. dietary advice on FODMAP restriction; 2. duration of FODMAP restriction phase; 3. references used to get information about FODMAPs, and 4. strategies on reintroduction. Meanwhile, the following seven barriers were identified: 1. lack of culturally relevant educational materials; 2. limited knowledge about the LFD; 3. inadequate formal training among dietitians; 4. lack of integration in multi-disciplinary care; 5. low health literacy of patients; 6. low compliance rate among patients, and 7. restrictions for certain populations. LFD implementation in Malaysia is not standardized as only experienced dietitians can provide dietary evidence-based advice. Lack of training and culturally specific resources are some of the main barriers that were identified to be limiting the implementation of the diet. Therefore, there is a need for training programs and resource development to support Malaysian dietitians in managing IBS patients.

Physician’s perceived barriers to millet-based diet in clinical practice: A cross-sectional survey

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the perceived barriers faced by physicians in Maharashtra when recommending a millet-based diet for diabetic patients. The objectives were to identify the challenges physicians encounter in promoting millet consumption, assess their knowledge and beliefs about millet-based diets, and evaluate the current resources and practices used in dietary counseling for diabetes management. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 68 physicians specializing in diabetes care in Maharashtra. Participants were recruited using snowball sampling and met the inclusion criteria of having over 10 years of clinical practice and significant experience in diabetes management. Data collection was performed through a pre-tested survey tool distributed through email and Google Forms. The survey included questions on the effectiveness of millet-based diets, patient characteristics influencing dietary recommendations, barriers to providing millet-based food education, and current and desired resources for promoting such diets. Ethical approval was obtained, and informed consent was secured from all participants. Results: The survey revealed that 70.59% of physicians considered a millet-based diet significantly effective for lowering blood sugar levels. However, several barriers were identified, including high comorbidities (82.35%) and low income (54.41%) among patients, which hindered dietary recommendations. In addition, physicians reported a lack of formal training in millet-based nutrition (73.53%), personal skepticism toward millet-based diets (63.23%), and insufficient patient educational resources (55.89%). Current resources used for dietary counseling were primarily verbal education (100%) and electronic resources (97.06%). Conclusion: Despite recognizing the potential benefits of millet-based diets, physicians face substantial barriers in recommending them to diabetic patients. These barriers include factors such as lack of training, time, and educational resources. To overcome these challenges, there is a need for enhanced educational programs for physicians, increased availability of patient-friendly educational materials, and access to trained dietitians. Implementing these measures could improve dietary management strategies and health outcomes for diabetic patients.

Exploring the use of point-of-care ultrasound by pelvic health physiotherapists in the UK

National and international surveys have highlighted point-of-care ultrasound (PoCUS) as an emergent technology that is being utilized by physiotherapists across a variety of clinical specialities. It confers advantages beyond traditional physiotherapy assessment and increases treatment options for patients with pelvic health conditions. What is not known is how pelvic health physiotherapists are routinely using PoCUS, or the barriers and enablers to its use that exist specifically within this population. The aim of this service evaluation was to explore the current use of PoCUS by pelvic health physiotherapists who are part of the POGP professional network to identify barriers and enablers to wider use within clinical practice across the UK. An online survey with both multiple-choice and free-text responses was shared. Questions covered four domains of interest: (1) demographic and professional characteristics; (2) current use of PoCUS; (3) perceived barriers and enablers; and (4) training. One hundred and two pelvic health physiotherapists with varied levels of experience responded from different sectors and areas of the UK. Only 30.4% reported routine use of PoCUS in their clinical practice despite consensus that PoCUS is an important tool for the rehabilitation of pelvic health conditions. Most barriers to the use of PoCUS identified could be linked to resource limitations, training or lack of support, and were also reflected in suggestions for enablers. Most users had formal training and felt that this had been sufficient to be competent in using PoCUS in their service. Physiotherapists recognize the advantages that PoCUS offers for rehabilitation in pelvic health populations, but are often unable to access the equipment or training required. Ongoing support after training is needed to ensure that users maintain confidence and competence, especially as many work as independent practitioners and are without a direct peer network. Updates to national recommendations or guidelines to include PoCUS as a recommended tool within rehabilitation may provide the impetus needed to support its adoption across more public healthcare settings.

Employer support for health and social care registered professionals, their patients and service users involved in regulatory fitness to practise regulatory proceedings.

Health and social care employees may be involved in professional regulatory proceedings because their alleged behaviour raises health or conduct concerns. Employees, patients or service users may also be involved in a regulatory tribunal as witnesses. This study is about the role of employers in supporting them in this process. Taking an organisational support perspective, we interviewed 25 senior employees in health and social care organisations in the UK who are responsible for managing the employer's role in the proceedings. Template analysis was used to analyse the transcripts. Support for patients was limited to that offered during an employer's complaints process, and only one employer gave some support during the regulatory process if the patient or service user initiated regulatory proceedings. Support for employees in tribunals was little different to that offered during an initial investigation by the employer. However, where additional support for being involved in a regulatory tribunal was offered to employees, it most often came from the senior employees' own experience of the stressfulness of being a witness in these proceedings. Employers were not aware of training resources that would better support their employees to engage with professional regulatory proceedings. Employers offer limited support to employees who are involved in professional regulatory proceedings, and the support offered may depend more on senior employee's individual experience of involvement in regulatory proceedings to exercise this discretion. Patients, service users and other public witnesses receive almost no support from health and social care employers during professional regulatory proceedings.