Much of the emphasis in our CEA program this year has been upon what we chose to call the Economic and Social implications of United States Manpower Programs. In preparing this paper it became abun? dantly clear that the treatment would turn out to be selective and of a sampling nature rather than an exhaustive treatment of the subject. A simple listing of the initiated since 1962 would suffice to document the impossibility of hoping for a series of exhaustive studies from this meeting. In keeping with the aims and purposes of the Catholic Economic Association it might be desirable to begin with some semantic clarifica? tion. When one uses the general term training programs there is considerable risk that emphasis will be placed only upon the development of job skills designed to improve the employability of the factor labor in the economy. This kind of emphasis would serve to perpetuate the mechanistic view of so much deplored by Pope Pius XII and in the Vatican II document Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World. The latter document (par. 63) reminds us that man is the source, the center, and the purpose of all socio-economic life. This idea has been repeated with increasing insis? tence in the writings of Pius XII, John XXIII and the Second Vatican Council. The same notion recurs in writing of the past two or three years relative to the nation's programs.1 James A. Socknat expanded the concept of resource policy by distinguishing between a human resource conservation measure and a human resource development program.2 His chief reason for shifting emphasis from the term manpower to that of resources was that the latter phrase concentrates more on individual dignity and social justice than the former. It is under these aspects that I hope to develop the social implications of since 1962 in this paper. Although the terms manpower and resources will be used inter? changeably throughout, there is a definite predilection for the connota? tions of the latter phrase.