Training Of Young Athletes Research Articles

Neuromuscular response of young athletes during plyometric and sprint exercises

The objective was to analyse the neuromuscular response during jumping and sprint exercises in young athletes and adults. Young athletes were divided into 2 groups: indoor soccer (SOC, n = 12) and rugby (RUG, n = 12) and adults were physical education students (PE, n = 12). Sport groups were trained systematically for their sport for 5 years and performed resistance training at least for 2 years. Neuromuscular response was evaluated using a vertical jump test (CMJA), 15-meter sprint test (SPRI) and a rebound test at 3HZ (REB). Force and electromyography were measured during all tests. Leg stiffness (Kvert), rate of force development (RFD) and muscle activation were calculated and analysed. Pre activation and contact EMG were measured for all tests. EMG signal was normalized by CMJA. There were no differences in maturation level between young sport groups as shown by Mirwald’s formula (p = .897). Significant differences were found in favour of RUG vs SOC during CMJA (p = .029). For SPRI and REB, there were no statistical differences between groups for RFD (p = .585) and (p = .056). Kvert showed no group differences among CMJA (p = .396), SPRI (p = .329) and REB (p = .429). It is concluded that a systematic training in young athletes allows the accelerated development of neuromuscular performance.

COMPARISON OF CONCENTRIC AND IMPACT FORCES ON LAND AND IN WATER

INTRODUCTION AND AIMS Plyometric jump training has been used in athletic training to improve muscle strength and power and injury prevention in young people and adults. There is evidence to support aquatic plyometric training in young athletes for improving strength and power while providing a safer environment with less impact when landing. The aim of this study was to extend the research to include middle-aged adults (40-60 years) who are at a greater risk of physical decline and would benefit from a greater understanding of the forces generated in land-based and aquatic plyometric jumps for adults aged 40-60 years. METHOD Thirteen healthy individuals aged 40- 60 years participated in this study. Participants attended three sessions including a familiarisation session, land-based testing and water-based testing. Participants performed three vertical jumps (VJ) on land, three countermovement jumps (CMJ) and three squat jumps (SJ) on a force plate on land and in water. Force traces were analysed for peak force, impact force, flight time, and jump height. RESULTS Peak forces normalised for bodyweight, jump height, and flight time were significantly higher in the water than on land for the CMJ and SJ (p<.000). Impact forces showed an insignificant increase in the water compared to on land. There was a strong correlation between the VJ and the two land based jumps for all jump characteristics (p<.01) and a strong positive correlation between the percentage of participant height immersed and peak force at take- off for CMJ (r=.794, p<.01) and SJ (r=.682, p<.05). CONCLUSION Jump height, flight time, and peak force all increased in the water compared to on land. As the percentage of height immersed increased, so did peak force on take-off. Immersion depths must be considered when prescribing plyometric exercise for adults aged 40-60 years to ensure appropriately targeted exercise prescription.

Teaching grassroots soccer: a systematic review of literature

Background and Study Aim. The process of soccer training for children and young people involves systematic exercise over an extended period to build a strong foundation of motor skills. These skills are designed to be both versatile and specific to the sport. The purpose of this research is to conduct a systematic review of literature related to the process of teaching grassroots football. This review aims to contribute to a better understanding of the strategies and methods employed in the development and training of young athletes. Material and Methods. To conduct this review, studies were searched in the Web of Science (WOS) and Scopus databases from 2012 to 2022. The search focused on scientific articles addressing soccer teaching for children and girls up to 14 years old, using the keywords "children AND (football OR soccer) AND teaching." The sample was limited to research in Spanish and English. The search yielded 149 articles, from which 19 studies were selected based on their titles and abstracts. Results. The findings revealed two main categories: teaching methods and their impact on technical and tactical skills in grassroots football, and factors affecting technical-tactical performance in this context. The most significant findings emphasize the importance of a comprehensive approach to teaching grassroots football, which involves the coordination of knowledge, skills, strategies, decision-making, and technical abilities. Conclusions. The review concludes that a variety of teaching approaches should be considered, and methodologies should be constantly evaluated to train future footballers with a deep understanding of the game.

Continuous training in young athletes decreases hepcidin secretion and is positively correlated with serum 25(OH)D and ferritin.

Iron deficiency is known to impair muscle function and reduce athletic performance, while vitamin D has been reported to induce iron deficiency. However, the mechanism underlying exercise-induced changes in iron metabolism and the involvement of vitamins in this mechanism are unclear. The present study examined changes in biological iron metabolism induced by continuous training and the effects of vitamin D on these changes. Diet, physical characteristics, and blood test data were collected from 23 female high school students in a dance club on the last day of each of a 2-month continuous training period and a 2-week complete rest periods. Serum hepcidin-25 levels were significantly lower during the training period than the rest period (p = 0.013), as were the red blood cell count, hemoglobin, and hematocrit (all p < 0.001). Serum erythropoietin was significantly higher (p = 0.001) during the training period. Significant positive correlations were observed between 25(OH)D levels and serum iron, serum ferritin, and transferrin saturation during the training period. Multiple regression analysis with serum 25(OH)D level as the dependent variable and serum ferritin and iron levels as independent variables during the training period revealed a significant association with serum ferritin. Continuous training may promote hemolysis and erythropoiesis, contributing to the suppression of hepcidin expression. The relationship between serum 25(OH)D and iron in vivo may be closely related to metabolic changes induced by the exercise load.

Formation of resilience, ecocentric worldview, conscious citizenship for the purpose of physical improvement and patriotic education of teenage athletes

The author of the article, using the example of the formative environment of the Olympic Reserve school, examines the issues of the development of resilience and conscious citizenship as the most significant qualities for physical improvement and patriotic education of adolescent athletes. In the difficult conditions of Russia’s international cooperation with Western countries, physical improvement and patriotic education are considered as two main vectors of training young athletes. According to the author, the basic personal qualities of the successful development of these target areas in the conditions of the Olympic reserve school, respectively, can be the resilience and conscious citizenship of students.

PREPARATION OF THE SPORTS RESERVE IN BULLET SHOOTING FOR THE LIPETSK REGION NATIONAL TEAM

The relevance of research is due to the fact that preparations of athletes with high athletic results is impossible without an effectively built system of training young athletes – the preparation of a sports reserve for national teams in sports. The purpose of the study is to analyze the legislation on sports training of the sports reserve in modern conditions for the development of recommendations to sports schools of the Olympic reserve (SSHOR) on bullet shooting. The following research methods were used: - Theoretical research: theoretical analysis and synthesis of legislation and research literature on a selected topic, comparison and generalization. - Empirical research: content analysis of the activities of the Lipetsk region SSHOR for the training of the sports reserve in bullet shooting, observation, questioning, interviews and testing of school staff, athletes and their parents. - Statistical processing of data from annual forms of statistical observation No. 5-FC "Information on organizations engaged in sports training" (report). The research was conducted from August 2019 to October 2020 on the basis of the GBU LO SSHOR named after A.M. Nikulin and GBU LO SSHOR for shooting sports. The total duration of the study is 1 year and 3 months. At the 1st stage of the study, a theoretical analysis and synthesis of legislation and research literature were carried out. Based on the analysis, we clarified the main concepts and studied the history of the development of shooting sports. We studied Federal laws and other normative legal acts of the Russian Federation, as well as laws and other normative legal acts of the Lipetsk region regulating legal relations in the field of physical culture and sports, including establishing the status of physical culture and sports organizations and educational institutions. The implemented additional general development programs and sports training programs were compared. An analysis of the calculation of the financing of sports training services showed an underestimated amount of funding for the SSHOR for the provision of sports training services in bullet shooting, due to the fact that the basic standards of material costs did not include the costs of small-caliber weapons, ammunition and part of the equipment. According to the norms of the FSSP on bullet shooting, schools have the right to spend funds on their purchase, while funds for their purchase are not received by the SSHOR.

Medical and biological fundamentals of young athletes’ training

Background and Study Aim. The social and pedagogical effectiveness of the training process, ensuring the normal physical development of young athletes, and the formation of their somatic and psychological health directly depends on the extent to which the anatomical and physiological features of the child's body are taken into account, which justify the medical and biological bases of the system of training young athletes. The article presents a review of scientific literature on the issues of medico-biological substantiation of young athletes’ preparation. Material and Methods Analysis and generalization of data of scientific-methodical literature and information sources of the Internet; study of documentary materials; method of copying. Results. A brief characteristic of the complex of interrelated tasks – health improvement, education, and physical perfection of the younger generation in their sports training is given. Determination of biological age conformity to the chronological age is one of the actual problems in the practice of sports medicine and preparation of young athletes, especially of puberty age. After the first Summer Youth Olympic Games held in Singapore in 2010, coaches and experts in sports medicine concluded that the formation of teenage competition teams should be based on the indices of their physical development and sexual maturation at the same chronological age. Conclusion. A mismatch between physical loads and the functional capacities of the body of a child, adolescent are the main causes of the development of chronic physical overexertion of body system functions and sports injuries, in particular. Speaking about women's sports, it should be remembered that all the problems in the initial stage of athletic training, for girls and girls who have not yet reached not only social, but also physical maturity.

The influence of the use of modern means of fitness on the development of physical qualities of young athletes from sports aerobics

The directions of application of health fitness are as diverse and versatile as the types of health fitness themselves. Modern trends in the development of the direction of fitness have proved that today there are almost no restrictions in the use of fitness methods since health fitness does not have clear standards, but on the contrary makes it possible to mix, combine, and in each specific situation choose exactly such a set of exercises that would help as much as possible in realizing the goal. In this work, the influence of modern fitness tools on the development of physical qualities of young athletes in sports aerobics is considered. According to the results of the study, it was found that the use of fitness programs in the educational and training process in sports aerobics contributes to a likely improvement in the results of the following control standards: lifting the legs to a right angle in the height on the gymnastic wall by 3.06 times (p &lt; 0.01); stop angle, legs apart by 2.5s (p &lt; 0.05); flexion and extension of the arms in the stop lying 2.45 times (p &lt; 0.05); full-length twine (left by 3.06 cm (p &lt; 0.01) and right by 2.19 cm (p &lt; 0.05)); jumping out of a deep squat improved by 2.21 times (p &lt; 0.05). Less likely to improve the results of jumping in place with a rotation of 360 ° by 1.94 times (p &lt; 0.1).&#x0D; To increase the level of physical training of young athletes involved in sports aerobics, fitness programs were proposed, including exercises with yoga elements, exercises with a rope, gymnastics tape, gymnastics bench and wall. According to the results of the implementation of these programs in the training process of young athletes, there were likely improvements in the results of testing strength, flexibility, explosive strength and coordination. Therefore, it can be argued that the developed additional fitness programs have a positive effect on the development of physical qualities of athletes in sports aerobics.

Theoretical and methodological aspects of the development of speed and strength abilities in athletes at the initial stage

Relevance. The main problem lies in the fact that there is a need to raise the results of the national team and further improve athletics in the country, but the resolution of this issue is not possible without increasing the productivity of training young athletes, which should be based on improving the system of sports training.The purpose of the research presented in the article was to study the theory of methodological aspects of the development of speed and strength abilities in athletes at the initial stage.Organization and methods of research. When considering the basic properties of speed and strength abilities, one of the main places is occupied by strength. Among the many forms of development of speed and strength qualities, jumping exercises are considered the most effective.The results of the study and their discussion. Based on the scientific literature, we found out that the speed and strength qualities of athletes at the initial stage need to be developed during the maturation period and developed in conditions of high intensity of exercise. The main and more effective method for the development of speed and strength qualities is the shock method, while special physical exercises of local and global impact on muscle work are used.Conclusions. The management of the training process involves the study of various aspects of the athlete's special preparedness in order to organize training at subsequent stages in accordance with the individual characteristics of those involved. The theory and practice of athletics is multifaceted and is in constant development.

Analysis of the problems of online training in rhythmic gymnastics

The article is devoted to the substantiation of negative and positive aspects in the organisation of online training of young athletes in rhythmic gymnastics.&#x0D; The paper identifies important problems that arise in the process of building online training for gymnasts aged 8-12 years, namely: reduced ability to control the performance of exercises by gymnasts (noted by 86% of respondents), limited possibilities of premises for performing exercises with an object (noted by 80% of respondents); space and conditions for conducting classes (noted by 86% of respondents); increase in injury factors (noted by 50% of respondents), communication problems - qualitative feedback from athletes (noted by 40% of respondents), lack of methodological recommendations (noted by 40% of respondents).&#x0D; The article highlights the positive aspects that arise in the process of online training in rhythmic gymnastics: the possibility of social adaptation of the child, conducting classes in safe conditions for the child, the ability to work under quarantine restrictions, the opportunity to get acquainted with the training methods of different coaches, the ability to continue the training process during school holidays or trips, saving travel time, more attention from the coach.

МУЛЬТИМЕДІА-ПРОЄКТ І ОНЛАЙН ТРЕНУВАННЯ – СТРУКТУРНІ ЕЛЕМЕНТИ ТЕХНОЛОГІЇ КОРЕКЦІЇ ПОРУШЕНЬ ПОСТАВИ У ЮНИХ БОКСЕРІВ

Specialists in the field of physical culture and sports stratify the long-term process of sports training of boxers, from beginners to high-class masters, into several stages. First of all, let's focus on the subject of the proposed study namely the stage of initial training of boxers. According to scientists, the stage of initial training of young athletes involves the use of the most effective means of training influences, such as: gymnastic exercises, mobile games and relay races, etc. The list of effective influences is complemented by general training and special training exercises, training models of competitive exercises, means of mental preparation, means of personality education, etc.

Дослідження мотиваційної сфери спортсменів різної кваліфікації, які займаються веслуванням академічним

The peculiarities of the formation of motivation in athletes of various qualifications engaged in academic rowing are considered. Relevance of research of the athlete’s motivational sphere is due to the growing interest in the psychology of the individual, and the motivational sphere is its core. The athlete’s personality, his inner world, is often overlooked by sports specialists and therefore remains poorly studied. It is important to understand what motivates a person to take up such a sport as academic rowing. It is important to determine what needs to be done so that the athlete does not lose the need to engage in this particular sport for a long time. The purpose of the work is to investigate the motivational sphere of athletes of various qualifications, namely to determine the dominant motives for academic rowing, to identify factors that influence the motivation for sports and the reasons for choosing academic rowing. Research methods: theoretical analysis and generalization of the literature, survey according to the methodology of V. I. Tropnikova, interactive method of researching information sources, method of mathematical statistics. Results. It was found that the motivations of sportsmen for academic rowing are very dynamic in terms of their content. In the process of sports improvement, they change and transform under the influence of various circumstances and relationships with other athletes, evaluation of their own actions and deeds, and most importantly – purposeful educational work of the coach. The dominant motives of athletes involved in academic rowing were determined, the main motives of athletes coming to academic rowing were established. Factors that influenced the motivation of academic rowing lessons were also identified. Conclusions. Specific age characteristics and differences in motives among those who practice rowing are studied. The main motives are determined, who form a steady interest in academic rowing. The main factors that encourage young people to engage in this particular sport have been identified. Key factors that the coach should pay close attention to when training young athletes, as well as highly qualified rowers, are also identified.

Increasing the physical preliminary of children aged 6–7 in figure skating

The article presents the results of a study of the peculiarities of the use of various methods and means of physical training of young athletes in figure skating. The purpose – of the work is to improve the physical preliminary of children in figure skating. The research used a group of theoretical and empirical methods. Pedagogical observations of 22 training sessions were conducted. Testing was conducted on the basis of the sports club "Ice school" in Lviv, in which 18 figure skaters aged 6–7 years took part. Based on a survey of 14 Ukrainian figure skating specialists, it was established that in the system of integral training of children aged 6–7 years, the most significant are technical (ice – 30.0% and in the hall – 20.0%), physical (24.0%) and choreographic (22.0%) types of training; others – at this stage of sports improvement, do not have a significant impact on the competitive result of beginner figure skaters; classes five times a week lasting up to 45 minutes each will be optimal; all interviewed respondents consider it appropriate to use a special set of auxiliary exercises at this stage of skater training. As a result of intermediate testing, the effectiveness of the proposed method of classes with the inclusion of a special complex of Tabatha exercises in the educational and training process was proven. Timely adjustment of children's physical preliminary, during the duration of this experiment, made it possible to improve the average level of power endurance of figure skaters by 21.8% according to all the studied criteria. The obtained results of the research complement certain provisions of the theory of training of athletes and will contribute to the introduction of new forms and methods of conducting classes with young beginner figure skaters.

FEATURES OF TRAINING YOUNG FEMALE SAMBO ATHLETES

Just like all over the world, women have also contributed to the development of various forms of wrestling in Armenia. The aim of the research is to study the features of training young female athletes in sambo, to identify effective means and methods of training techniques at long-term stages of training. During the conversation with the coaches, we came across different opinions. Some of them stated that there were many girls being trained in different sports schools in the past and there was competition between them, but over time it their number has reduced quite a bit. The coaches organized sports trainings with girls from different sports schools; they participated in training sessions, not only in Armenia but in different countries as well, which led to experience exchange, thus enabling girls to improve their technical skills. However, now this approach, which contributes quite a lot to improving the results of athletes, is not often used. From the analyzes of sociological researches, results, personal observations, literary sources, organized with sambo coaches and young female athletes of the Republic, we have come to the following conclusion. 1. According to the results of the survey, learning complex tricks is more effective using the fragmentary method. 2. The use of a sports dummy increases the effectiveness of technique training. 3. The decrease in the growth of training results is caused by the absence of competition and exchange of experience.

Performance-related physiological changes induced by one year of endurance training in young athletes.

Although maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) is generally recognized as the single best indicator of aerobic fitness in youth, interpretation of this parameter and the extent to which it can be improved by training remain controversial, as does the relative importance of VO2max for performance in comparison to other factors such as power production. Here, we examined the influence of endurance training on the VO2max, muscle power and sports-related performance of cross-country skiers attending a school specializing in sports, as well as potential relationships between any changes observed to one another and/or to perceived stress scale (Cohen) and certain blood parameters. On two separate occasions, prior to the competition season and separated by one year of endurance training, the 12 participants (5 males, 7 females, 17 ± 1 years) carried out tests for VO2max on a treadmill, explosive power utilizing countermovement jumps (CMJ) and ski-specific maximal double pole performance (DPP) employing roller skis on a treadmill. Blood levels of ferritin (Fer), vitamin D (VitD) and hemoglobin (Hg) were monitored, and stress assessed with a questionnaire. DPP improved by 10 ± 8% (P < 0.001), but no other significant changes were observed. There were no significant correlations between the changes in DPP and any other variable. Whereas one year of endurance training improved the cross-country ski-specific performance of young athletes significantly, the increase in their maximal oxygen uptake was minimal. Since DPP was not correlated with VO2max, jumping power or the levels of certain blood parameters, the improvement observed probably reflected better upper-body performance.

TRAINING MANNERS FOR RESERVE HUMAN RESOURCES OF BASKETBALL PLAYERS FOR OVERSEAS AND VIETNAM

Training sport athletes, improving the source of reserve talents Basketball athletes are an urgent need for the training of young athletes. Through theoretical and practical basis, the forms of fostering reserve basketball athletes (second line) of countries with development and development models. The dissertation initially identified the forms of fostering talents for Basketball talents similar to Viet Nam reality. Since then, the dissertation proposes some forms of retraining and training of Basketball reserve talents in Vietnam in the current time.&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt; Article visualizations:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src="/-counters-/soc/0006/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

Importance of motor development in the training of young athletes

Importance of motor development in the training of young athletes

Study of biomechanical dynamic model of motor actions of trampoline athletes in the period of climbing height before the start of the competition program

The purpose of this study was to study the biomechanics of performing straight jumps on a trampoline among athletes who participated in rock climbing as part of the competition program. The main task was to improve the technical training of young Ukrainian trampoliners who are at the stage of specialized basic training (SBP). As part of the study, data on the performance of high-level trampoliners, including participants of the XXXI and XXXII Olympic Games, were analyzed to reveal the specifics of their direct jump technique. For this, video recordings of athletes' performances were analyzed and a complex biomechanical, dynamic and kinematic exercise model was created, including energy parameters as close as possible to ideal ones. With the help of a step-by-step evaluation of the parameters and the technique of movements on the trampoline, the factors affecting the biomechanical parameters of the model and their influence on the performance of the exercise were determined. Research has shown that performing a straight jump on a trampoline requires following certain technical requirements, including correct foot placement, accurate landing on the center of the trampoline, and correct distribution of body weight during the jump. The results of the study have both theoretical and practical significance and can be used for the training of trampolinists at the SBP stage. They can also be useful for coaches and athletes looking to improve their trampoline skills. In addition, the research may lead to the development of new methods of learning and training that will allow young athletes to achieve higher results in this sport. In conclusion, this study highlights the importance of biomechanics in training programs for athletes, especially those involved in disciplines such as trampoline. The results can be used to improve the technique of athletes, as well as to develop more effective training methods for training young athletes.

THE USE OF MODERN MULTIMEDIA RESOURCES IN THE PRACTICE OF SPORTS AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION

The purpose of the study is to develop a multimedia project “DOMINI”, which involves building up the basics of hand-to-hand combat in young athletes. Methods: to achieve the goal, the authors used the analysis of documentary materials and qualimetry, i. e., expert assessments. Expert evaluation was carried out with the participation of 20 experts (coaches with more than 5 years of experience). The results of the expert evaluation laid the groundwork for developing the “DOMINI” multimedia project designed to build up the basics of hand-to-hand combat in young athletes. The elaboration of the multimedia project was driven by the transformation and rethinking of innovative scientific ideas. The advantages of resorting to the didactics of multimedia, in particular the multimedia project “DOMINI”, are as follows: the option of creating a coach’s original didactic product; accessibility for coaches to design and use the basic modules of the multimedia project; simultaneous involvement of several perception channels of the athlete in the learning process, which contributes to the integration of information received from several different sensory organs; stimulation of cognitive aspects of learning, i.e., perception and awareness of information; opening the door for independent work of young athletes; individualization of the training process; prospects for practicing remote communication via social networks and messengers; distribution of instructional material, presentations, videos, etc. The multimedia project “DOMINI” is a component of the training environment, an electronic tool aimed at building up the basics of hand-to-hand combat in young athletes, upon which the integrity of the didactic cycle of the pedagogical process is maintained by the arrangement of the information structure, and the ground of pedagogical activity is the interaction of the athlete with the multimedia environment. Using modern multimedia resources – the latest software, 3D images, modern graphics, and virtual reality – allows coaches to significantly expand the toolkit for the technical training of young athletes and conduct training sessions diversely and creatively.

On the issue of planning the physical training of athletes in the conditions of the distance training process

The article is devoted to the specifics of physical training of athletes in the conditions of the remote training process. In recent years, the issue of organizing remote forms of the educational process has gained some relevance. This is due to the introduction of quarantine restrictions throughout Ukraine in March 2020, as well as the introduction of martial law in February 2022. This led to increased attention of scientists to the issues of scientific and methodological substantiation of the organization and planning of the process of physical training of young athletes in the conditions of the remote training process. The purpose of the study is to consider the issue of planning the physical training of athletes. in the conditions of the remote training process (on the example of the training of boxers who train at the stage of initial training) based on the analysis of literary sources. Research was conducted during 2022. In the course of the study, the means of physical education were established, which are recommended to be used in the process of general and special physical training of young boxers during online training. The advantages and disadvantages of online distance learning are revealed. The main conditions for the application of general and special physical training at home are defined. Received further development of knowledge regarding the substantiation of practical recommendations for holding classes with young boxers in conditions of remote training. Scientific data have been confirmed that prove that the special physical training of boxers is a leading factor among a number of indicators of achieving high sports results in the future. In turn, their general physical training should have a predominant health-improving focus