Training Manual Research Articles

치과위생사들의 코칭 스킬이 노인에 대한 공감 능력을 중심으로 노인 치위생 과정 실천에 미치는 영향

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of coaching skills on the practice of dental hygiene for the elderly focusing on the mediation of empathy for the elderly and targeting dental hygienists in certain regions. Methods: This study was conducted with dental hygienists in certain areas of Gyeongnam, Gyeongbuk, and Busan. Results: As a result of the mediating effect of empathy for the elderly, the coaching skills of dental hygienists and the practice of dental hygiene for the elderly were found to be meaningful. Conclusions: The importance of dental hygienists' coaching skills, empathy for the elderly and the need for education were confirmed. When developing and applying a training manual for a dental hygienist system focusing on the elderly, a program with competency in each identified area is required.

ЕМОЦІЇ У КОНТЕКСТІ ПРОБЛЕМНОГО ПОЛЯ КОГНІТИВНО-ДИСКУРСНОЇ МОВОЗНАВЧОЇ ПАРАДИГМИ ТА АНТРОПОЗОРІЄНТОВАНОЇ ЛІНГВОДИДАКТИКИ

The article characterizes the emotional dominant as a motivational basis of human cognitive and communicative activity and a powerful regulator of the formation of the pragmatics of speech. The focus of the linguistic description of emotions, focused primarily on elucidating the mechanism of realization of the emotional potential of language units and on the formation of emotional additions to their linguistic semantics in the context of a certain linguistic culture, enables the study of emotional meanings that a linguistic personality transmits through language, and the creation of an effective method of formation her emotional competence. Modern linguistic concept is focused in the problematic field of emotiology (linguistics of emotions), which studies the typology of emotional signs-fixators of various emotions and their national and cultural specificity presentations The pragmatics of description and expression of emotions, their concealment and imitation determined the place of the linguistics of emotions in the pragmalinguistic and communicative-activity paradigms. In this regard, the author substantiates the expediency of forming the professional communicative competence of a philologist on emotional and value bases and shares the reasoning of scientists regarding the definition of such basic criteria for the formation of emotional competence of a linguistic personality as the ability to generate emotionally correct texts and adequately perceive the personal emotional dominants of other people's texts as a reflection other conceptual spheres and cultures. In the context of the raised problem, the method of forming the professional communicative competence of a philologist on emotional and value bases, which orients him to emotionally healthy communicative interaction and harmonization of life activities, becomes relevant. Having analyzed the content of textbooks, training manuals and collections of exercises and tasks from traditional linguistic disciplines for students of higher education in philological specialties of higher education institutions, the author came to the conclusion that language is represented in them primarily as a semiotic system. Therefore, the article presents considerations regarding the place of emotiology in the professional formation of a philologist. The author emphasizes the practical value of the linguistic and cultural approach to the study of emotions.

Effectiveness of Oral Health Training Session on Knowledge, Attitude, Practices and Barriers Towards Oral Health Amongst Teachers and Caregivers of Disabled Children in Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh.

INTRODUCTION: Special Care Dentistry aims at management and prevention of Oro-dental diseases in disabled children, who spend most of their time in rehabilitation centres or special schools. Therefore, training their teachers and caretakers on oral health promotion will help to inculcate healthy oral habits in children during their formative years of life.
 METHODOLOGY: A closed-ended questionnaire evaluated the knowledge, attitude, practices, and barriers toward oral health before and after the oral health training session. The training was done using a validated training manual on oral health promotion entitled as Oral health for families with special health care needs, along with conducting workshops, and delivering dental talks. Data was obtained and statistical analysis was done.
 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Evaluation of the data obtained was done twice to assess the difference between the scores before and after oral health education.
 RESULTS: Maximum participants showed significant improvement in knowledge, attitude and practices towards oral health.
 CONCLUSION: Continuous reinforcement of knowledge, conducting workshops and oral health check-up programs is required to eradicate the barriers and bring changes in Knowledge attitude and practices towards oral health among these teachers and caregivers.
 KEYWORDS: National Education Policies for children with special needs, Knowledge, Oral health, teachers and caregivers.

Is The Collaborative Learning Training Model with An LCTL Approach to Understanding Teacher Pedagogic Competence Effective?

The Collaborative Learning (CL) Training Model through the LCTL approach at the ECCE teacher level helps understand pedagogic competencies, student characteristics and skills in compiling learning tools. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of CL training model in improving teacher pedagogic. This study used ADDIE's research design. The research sample consisted of 60 teachers in a cluster group in the Sidoarjo temple corps. Data were collected through pre-test and post-test for experimental and control groups and analyzed using independent sample t-test in the SPSS 28 software program. The results showed that (1) the CL training model with the LCTL approach was found to be able to improve teacher pedagogic. The review of experts concluded that CL syntax can be categorized as having innovative aspects based on the rationality model of teacher training with scores 3,64; (2) CL training model proved effective in improving teacher pedagogic with Paired test Samples Test shows that sig. (2- Sided) < 001 and paired sample t-test (sig. =.000) shows that there is a significant difference between pretest and postes experimental classes that carry out CL model training so that CL training models can be recommended to improve teachers' pedagogic abilities.; (3) CL training model can improve understanding of student characteristics, compile learning tools, and These results include: 1) CL training manuals through the LCTL approach and the syntax contained in the training model; 2) Application of learning tools for ECCE / kindergarten teachers and 3) Training modules which contain material on pedagogic competencies, characteristics of students and skills in compiling learning tools. This is done with the application of preparing learning tools to match the material and ease of use. From the results of the study, it can be concluded that teaching materials in the form of modules and applications of learning devices are suitable for use in training and can improve teacher competence according to their level and needs

Building Student Talents and Future Leaders through Psychological Climate

Realizing a generation of talented future leaders requires special programs from educational institutions which of course, are massively and consistently accepted by individuals every day. Talent development must be realized through the development of a positive psychological climate, supporting student leadership potential. Talented leaders will create positive perceptions for the members of the organization or institution they lead. The perception that the individual has is psychological climate. This research aims to develop a model for higher education policies to develop talents and future leaders through a valid, effective, practical Psychological Climate. The methodology used is Research and Development, development methods and procedures apply an analytical, conceptual model that describes the product components to be developed. The effectiveness and practicality test was carried out by applying the product to 100 students from 10 faculties. The data analysis technique used is descriptive analysis and different tests using SPSS version 20.00. The results of this study are that the preparation of basic leadership training manuals and the acquisition of talents and student leadership based on psychological climate has increased between before and after being given basic leadership training based on psychological climate.

Training and capacity building in obstetric fistula repair: A scoping review.

An ongoing barrier to sustainable obstetric fistula (OF) care is the lack of trained fistula surgeons. Despite a standardized training curriculum, data regarding OF repair training remain limited. To assess the availability of literature on the case numbers or training duration required for OF repair competency and whether these data are stratified by trainee background or repair complexity. A systematic search of MEDLINE, Embase, and OVID Global Health electronic databases and gray literature. All English sources from all years from low- and middle-income and high-income countries were eligible. Identified titles and abstracts were screened and full-text articles were reviewed. Data collection and analysis included a descriptive summary organized by training case numbers, training duration, trainee background, and repair complexity. Of the 405 sources retrieved, 24 were included in the study. The only concrete recommendations were in the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2022 Fistula Surgery Training Manual, which proposes 50 to 100 repairs (Level 1), 200 to 300 repairs (Level 2), and trainer discretion for Level 3 competency. More case- or time-based data, particularly if stratified by trainee background and repair complexity, would be useful at the individual, institutional, and policy level for fistula care implementation or expansion.

Paradigm Shift in Agricultural/ Horticultural Production System through GAP to Fill the Gap between Potential Yield and Yield Obtained

India is an agriculture-based country which is a very important and ancient enterprise of the whole world. It supplies food, fruit, vegetables, flowers to worship and decorate around the world. Apart from India there are any countries that are dependent on agriculture. It is the backbone of new industries like Sugar, Cotton etc. Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Sabour, Bhagalpur works in wide array of situations. It deals with sixteen blocks. Few blocks face flood in rainy seasons like Kharik, Naugachhia, Biharpur, Nathnagar, Sultanganj, Goradih and Gopalpur. Few of them have flood daught situations like Pirpainti, Kahalgaon, Sanhawla. Jagdishpur is the only block that always favoured that is hub of Katarni rice production. Katarni rice has GI Lag. Jardalu mango is very juicy tasty mango from Bhagapurl district also having GI tag. Due to poor management practices or there is big gaps/distances between yield and potential yield. Difference in potential yield and yield obtained is the ultimate loss of farmers. This is applied for all crops particularly for Horticultural crops. Because, horticultural crops fullfil the cash crunch of farmers. FAO has published training manual for good agricultural practices for fruit and vegetables crops. This type of manuals should be developed by different area for location specific crops. Bhagalpur has major area of mango, litchi, banana, pointed gourd, tomato. So, the manuals of good practices for these crops will be very productive to the farmers. To attain the potentiality of any crop farmers should follow the GAP (Good Agriculture of Practices) of that crop Naved Sabit et.al (2010) also and vacated for good practices of plant protection in different crops.

Efektivitas Penyuluhan Kesehatan Tentang Asi Dengan Media Lembar Balik Terhadap Peningkatan Keterampilan Menyusui Pada Ibu Menyusui Di Desa Parit Baru

To enhance breastfeeding practices within Parit Baru village, this research aims to assess the effectiveness of flip sheet-based health counseling on breast milk. The study employed a pre-experimental design consisting of a one-group pre-test and post-test design. Utilizing purposive sampling, a sample size of 34 respondents was selected for the study conducted in Parit Baru village, located in the Kampar district. The measurement tool used was an observation sheet adapted from the Breastfeeding Counseling Training manual. Univariate and bivariate analyses, including dependent t-tests and Wilcoxon tests, were employed for data analysis. The results of the dependent sample t-test yielded a p-value of 0.000, indicating significance at the 0.05 level. As a result, it can be inferred that health counseling on breastfeeding is successful in enhancing breastfeeding abilities in lactating mothers in the hamlet of Parit Baru. The findings of this study advise health professionals to provide breastfeeding women with flip-chart media and practical techniques of health counseling about breast milk so that their breastfeeding abilities can be improved.

“Don't use herbs in labor!”: Plants, pharmaceuticals, and the unmaking of traditional birth attendants in Ghana, 1970–2000

This article considers efforts in the West African country of Ghana to improve maternal care through a network of trained “Traditional Birth Attendants,” or TBAs in the late twentieth century. It reconsiders the rise and fall of TBAs through the lens of increasing global access to essential medicines like oxytocin and misoprostol which reduced confidence in herbal medications for pregnancy complications. Interviews with policy makers and birth attendants reflecting on their involvement in TBA programs from the 1970s as well as analysis of archival documents and training manuals shows how pharmaceuticals rose in prominence at the same time birth attendants maintained medicinal plant knowledge. Over time, Ghanaian policymakers encouraged TBAs to avoid using herbs while caring for women during pregnancy. By the early 2000s, government went so far as to ban TBAs, and urged everyone to deliver with a skilled birth attendant (SBA) such as a nurse midwife or obstetrician more conversant in biomedical interventions including pharmaceuticals. This retrospective account of TBAs across several decades suggests that once Ghanaian officials had strengthened access to standardized pharmaceuticals, they lost confidence in traditional birth attendants and the herbal remedies they cultivated. Access to pharmaceuticals shaped the difference between skilled and— “unskilled” or “traditional”—birth attendants.

Promoting Urban Farming for Creating Sustainable Cities in Nepal

This paper responds to the research question, “can urban farming in Nepal help create sustainable cities?” Especially after the COVID-19 pandemic, urban residents have begun to realize that food transported from long distances is not always reliable. Urban farming can help produce fresh food locally and help urban residents become self-reliant by engaging in healthy eating habits and practicing sustainable agricultural techniques in food-desert areas, while creating a positive impact on the environment through regenerative agricultural methods. In doing so, urban farms can help the growers save on food expenditures and even earn some additional income, while also improving air quality and minimizing the effects of urban heat islands. This practice also helps reduce greenhouse gases through plant carbon use efficiency (CUE), as vegetation carbon dynamics (VCD) can be adjusted while supporting the circular economy. As urban lands command higher prices than agricultural land, urban farming usually happens on residential yards, roofs, balconies, community gardens, and dedicated areas in public parks. Rainwater harvesting and redirecting can help irrigate urban farms, which can be part of rain gardens. The national census of 2021 identified that 66% of Nepal’s population lives in urban areas. However, the World Bank (2018) showed that only 21 of Nepal’s population was projected to live in urban areas in 2021. It is not debatable that the urbanization process in Nepal is on the rise. Thus, urban agriculture can play an important role in supplementing residents’ food needs. Many cities in Nepal have already successfully adapted to urban farming wherein residents grow food on their building sites, balconies, and rooftop, often growing plants in pots, vases, and other types of containers. The UN-Habitat, with the support of the European Union and local agencies, published a rooftop farming training manual (2014), showing the feasibility of urban farming in Nepal. This paper discusses how public-private partnership (PPP) can promote urban agriculture and make the process more effective and attractive to urban-farming households. It also analyzes how a PPP approach also facilitates the use of better technology, advisory support, and use of research extension activities. This paper draws on a literature review, uses remote-sensing imagery data and data from National Census Nepal 2021, and the authors’ professional experiences related to best practices in the areas to analyze the benefits and challenges related to urban farming both in Nepal and Arizona, USA. The paper provides recommendations for Nepali cities to maximize the benefit provided by urban farming. It is expected to be useful to Nepali policymakers, government agencies, and nonprofit organizations which promote sustainability, and organic farming with a sustainable supply chain.

Person-attuned musical interactions (PAMI) in dementia care. Complex intervention research for constructing a training manual.

Music is of vital importance for cognition, human care, and the formation of social communities throughout life. Dementia is a neurocognitive disorder that affects cognitive domains, and in late-stage dementia, care is needed in all aspects of daily living. Within residential care home contexts, carers play a significant role for the "caring culture" but often lack professional training in verbal and non-verbal communication skills. Thus, there is a need for training carers to respond to the multidimensional needs of persons with dementia. Music therapists use musical interactions but are not trained to train carers. Therefore, our aim was to explore person-attuned musical interactions (PAMI), and additionally, to develop and evaluate a training manual to be used by music therapists when supporting and training carers in non-verbal communication with persons with late-stage dementia in residential care home contexts. With a realist perspective and systems thinking and within the framework for complex intervention research, the research group integrated several overlapping subprojects by applying a non-linear and iterative research process. Core elements related to person-centered dementia care as well as learning objectives were considered through the following four phases; Developing, Feasibility, Evaluation, and Implementation. The result was a training manual for qualified music therapists to use when teaching and collaborating with carers about how to implement PAMI in dementia care. The manual included comprehensive resources, a clear structure for training, defined learning objectives, and integration of theory. With increased knowledge about caring values and non-verbal communication, residential care home cultures may develop carer competencies and provide professional attuned care for persons with dementia. Further piloting and testing to examine the general effect on caring cultures is needed.

Crisis Communications for Leaders in Disasters

Introduction:The COVID-19 crisis stressed the medical system and required leaders to rise to the occasion. Some institutions were very successful while others floundered. We saw this at every level of government as well as in healthcare. Applying the principles of crisis leadership and communication (and avoiding pitfalls) will increase our readiness to respond effectively during stressful times.Method:Literature review and US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines.Results:While there is robust literature on the topics of crisis communications and leadership this training is lacking in healthcare circles. This poster aims to introduce the subject and advocate for increased training in Crisis Communications.The US CDC has developed a freely downloadable training manual, along with tools for rapidly developing a crisis message. Furthermore, a checklist to help with the presentation and a list of communication pitfalls to avoid are included.Conclusion:Leaders can use these tools to prepare in advance for crisis communications, avoiding common mistakes that reduce communication effectiveness.

Developing a Green School Training Manual for High School Students Pracharat Wittaya Serm School

This research aimed to develop a green school training manual for high school students in Pracharat Wittaya Serm School with an efficiency index at a rate of 80/80. The scores of knowledge, attitudes, and participation of the research participants gauged before and after the training were compared. The simple random sampling method was used to recruit a group of 54 student samples from Pracharat Wittayaserm School in the first semester of the academic year 2021. The research instruments consisted of The Green School Training Manual, The Knowledge Testing Form, The Attitude Testing Form, and The Participation Testing Form. The statistics used in the data analysis were frequency, Percentage, mean, standard deviation, and paired t-test. It was found that the efficiency of the training manual was 80.45/82.60, and the efficiency Index (E.I.) was 0.5840. These statistics indicate that the students had a 58.40 percent of knowledge progression. It was also observed that the average post-test scores of knowledge, skills, and environmental management participation were higher than the pre-tests scores with the significance at the level of 0.05.

Integrating health sector reform strategies in developing the national training manual for community health volunteers in the Philippines

Integrating health sector reform strategies in developing the national training manual for community health volunteers in the Philippines

Institute-based nurse-led care versus home-based resistance training for patients with acute pancreatitis: Clinical outcomes analysis.

Surgeries may have worse clinical outcomes in pancreatitis. In our institute surgical procedure is barely used surgery to treat pancreatitis nowadays. Chinese guidelines recommended regular exercise for severe pancreatitis. The objectives of the current study were to compare nurse-led resistance training at the institute against usual care provided to patients with acute pancreatitis for favorable clinical outcome measures. For acute pancreatitis, patients (≥18 years, of age) received 6 months of resistance training in the garden of the institute under the supervision of registered nurses (NR cohort, n = 102), or received 6 months of resistance training at their home by themselves according to a training manual (HR cohort, n = 120) or received 6 months of usual care only (UC cohort, n = 120). Fewer numbers patients died in the follow-up period in the NR cohort than those of the HR (8 vs 21, P = .0447) and the UC (8 vs 32, P = .0046) cohorts. The frequency of rehospitalization of patients due to any of the reasons in the follow-up period was fewer for patients of the NR cohort than those of the HR and the UC cohorts (P < .05 for both). Hospitalization of patients due to any of the reasons in the follow-up period was fewer for patients of the HR cohort than those of the UC cohort (P < .05). A 52 median score was the quality of life of patients before the start of the non-treatment intervention(s). After 6 months of non-treatment intervention(s), patients of the NR cohort improved their quality of life as compared to their initial quality of life (P < .001), those of HR cohort (P < .05), and those of UC cohort (P < .001). The quality of life of patients with severe pancreatitis after the surgical procedure was worse. Six months of nurse-assisted resistant training at the institute has significant improvement on the quality of life of patients in the follow-up periods of acute pancreatitis. Resistant training at the institute would improve the quality of life of patients with acute pancreatitis (Level of Evidence: IV; Technical Efficacy Stage: 5).

DEVELOPMENT OF ACCEPTANCE AND COMMITMENT GROUP THERAPY TREATMENT MANUAL FOR WEIGHTRELATED STRUGGLES FOR MALAYSIANS: A QUALITATIVE PILOT STUDY

This study aimed to develop an Acceptance and Commitment Group Therapy (ACT-G) treatment manual for treating weight-related struggles by modifying and culturally adapting an existing self-help book, “The Diet Trap”. The research methodology comprised of two phases: (a) development of the treatment manual and (b) evaluation of the feasibility of the treatment manual using a pilot trial. First, the modification and cultural adaptation of the training manual was adopted based on the Psychotherapy Adaptation and Modification Framework (PAMF) (Hwang et al., 2006). Next, the modified and culturally adapted treatment manual was evaluated for its feasibility and effectiveness through experts’ feedback and focus group interview. The overall findings revealed that the treatment manual was straightforward and relatable to the Malaysian values and beliefs and promising in understanding the risk factors of weight gain and ways of living a healthy and meaningful life.

Development and Pilot Testing of the Disability Awareness Training and Education Program Among Community-Based Group Fitness Instructors.

Lack of disability awareness of fitness professionals is a well-established barrier to exercise participation among people with disabilities that is likely related to the lack of disability awareness training for group fitness instructors. The purposes of this study were to develop, implement, and evaluate a disability awareness training for group fitness instructors. A 90-min video training and resource manual were developed. We recruited 10 group fitness instructors from one recreation center to participate. Participants completed baseline, posttraining, and 2-month follow-up testing on survey-based outcomes including disability attitudes, confidence in exercise adaptations, and training satisfaction. Participants' confidence to adapt fitness classes was significantly improved; however, disability attitudes were high in the pretest and not significantly different posttraining. Semistructured interviews were conducted posttraining and revealed three themes: Formal disability training is needed, Managing inclusive class dynamics, and Training suggestions and satisfaction. This training demonstrated a feasible intervention for increasing disability awareness among community-based group fitness instructors.

CONTRIBUȚII LA O ISTORIE A COMUNISMULUI: OFIȚERUL DE SECURITATE ÎN EPOCA CEAUȘESCU – MIT, MODEL, FORMARE, ACTIVITATE (II)

This study aims to detail some aspects of the fieldwork of the security officer in the 1980s - especially that of the intelligence department - based on testimonies, which also involve interviews and archival documents. In addition, this information is linked to current studies on the training of security officers along with training manuals for officers, used in the form of courses. Some of the documents used are “Instructions for Surveillance and Investigations” from 1978 and “Current Issues and Changes in the Foreign Intelligence Service v. R.S.R.” Both documents were published electronically by Remus Mircea Birtz on his personal blog; therefore, the task of researching and extracting these documents from the archives – often demanding and cumbersome – does not belong to us. It should be noted that the Security, as a body of utmost importance for the functioning of the R.S.R. In the foreseeable parameters for the regime of that time, it has known important fluctuations and transformations, even radical ones, on the current ones of what historiography is almost in the form of definition, “the history of communism in Romania”. So, we can capture several stages in the evolution of the Security – almost a history segmented at intervals of ten years each.

What is needed to improve quality of implant removal services in Nigeria? results of a landscape assessment.

Stunning recent increases in subdermal contraceptive implant use, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, necessitate availability of quality implant removal services. In Nigeria, service delivery capacity and coverage for removal are lacking, despite strong government commitment and rapid uptake; there is a dearth of knowledge about barriers to quality implant removals in Nigeria. To determine access to and quality of contraceptive implant removal services, a landscape assessment was conducted in two states in Nigeria, focusing on four conditions for quality delineated in the Global Implant Removals Task Force framework. This mixed-methods approach integrated results from a desk review, a survey of health facilities and family planning managers, review of implant service statistics, and key informant interviews with providers and diverse stakeholders. Seventy percent of providers (N = 21 of 30) had experienced problems performing implant removal, usually due to deeply inserted implants and equipment shortages. Providers had low confidence in performing removal and poor knowledge of implant removal steps. No facilities assessed had comprehensive equipment required for implant removal. Few facilities maintained systems or referral pathways to support difficult removals; difficult removals are absent from training manuals, and no formal trainings have been conducted. While most facilities collect data on removals, family planning dashboards do not capture it; few facilities use data for quality improvement. This study identified numerous challenges to quality implant removal, including poorly trained providers, inadequate supplies, underutilization of data on removals, and inability to manage difficult removals. As demand for implant removals skyrockets, providers need improved training in implant removal, appropriate job aids, supportive supervision, and effective procurement systems to ensure availability of supplies and equipment for removal. Tracking removals and reasons for removal in information systems and the Family Planning dashboard could sensitize providers to need for implant removals and improve data for decision-making in facilities and health systems.

Inter-Rater Agreement in Assessing Risk of Bias in Melanoma Prediction Studies Using the Prediction Model Risk of Bias Assessment Tool (PROBAST): Results from a Controlled Experiment on the Effect of Specific Rater Training

Assessing the risk of bias (ROB) of studies is an important part of the conduct of systematic reviews and meta-analyses in clinical medicine. Among the many existing ROB tools, the Prediction Model Risk of Bias Assessment Tool (PROBAST) is a rather new instrument specifically designed to assess the ROB of prediction studies. In our study we analyzed the inter-rater reliability (IRR) of PROBAST and the effect of specialized training on the IRR. Six raters independently assessed the risk of bias (ROB) of all melanoma risk prediction studies published until 2021 (n = 42) using the PROBAST instrument. The raters evaluated the ROB of the first 20 studies without any guidance other than the published PROBAST literature. The remaining 22 studies were assessed after receiving customized training and guidance. Gwet's AC1 was used as the primary measure to quantify the pairwise and multi-rater IRR. Depending on the PROBAST domain, results before training showed a slight to moderate IRR (multi-rater AC1 ranging from 0.071 to 0.535). After training, the multi-rater AC1 ranged from 0.294 to 0.780 with a significant improvement for the overall ROB rating and two of the four domains. The largest net gain was achieved in the overall ROB rating (difference in multi-rater AC1: 0.405, 95%-CI 0.149-0.630). In conclusion, without targeted guidance, the IRR of PROBAST is low, questioning its use as an appropriate ROB instrument for prediction studies. Intensive training and guidance manuals with context-specific decision rules are needed to correctly apply and interpret the PROBAST instrument and to ensure consistency of ROB ratings.