Trained Young Men Research Articles

:Humanist Educational Treatises

The cycle of disciplines now known as the humanities emerged in their modern form during the Italian Renaissance as the result of an educational movement begun by humanist teachers, writers, and scholars of the early Quattrocento. The movement argued for the usefulness of classical literature as an instrument for training young men and women, not only in the arts of language and eloquence, but also in civic virtue and practical wisdom. This volume contains four of the most important theoretical statements that emerged from the early humanists' efforts to reform medieval education. The four texts are Pier Paolo Vergerio, Noble Behaviour; Leonardo Bruni, On Literary Study; Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini (Pope Pius II), Educating Young Men; and Battista Guarino, A Plan of Teaching and Learning.

EFFECT OF VELOCITY ON ELBOW FLEXOR HYPERTROPHY FOLLOWING ECCENTRIC HIGH-RESISTANCE TRAINING IN YOUNG MALES

Eccentric as opposed to concentric muscle actions recruit less motor units for a given load, which places a greater stress (i.e., force per active motor unit) on the muscle, resulting in greater muscle damage. Increasing the velocity of eccentric muscle actions also generates higher muscle forces, to a point, after which force plateaus. Performing eccentric actions at a higher velocity may maximize muscle stress, result in greater muscle damage and generate a greater stimulus for hypertrophy, versus slower eccentric actions. PURPOSE We wished to determine if the velocity of isokinetic eccentric muscle actions - FAST (3.66 rad/s) versus SLOW (0.35 rad/s) - had an impact on the degree of fibre hypertrophy of the elbow flexors during an 8 wk high-resistance training program. METHODS Young males (N=9, 25±5 yrs; means±SE) had their arms randomly assigned to be resistance trained (3d/wk × 8 wk; elbow flexion) on an isokinetic dynamometer at a FAST eccentric velocity, while their contralateral arm was trained using a SLOW velocity. Changes in the cross-sectional area (CSA) of muscle fibres were evaluated from muscle biopsy samples taken from both elbow flexors pre-training and post-training. Biopsies were stained using traditional ATPase histochemistry and analyzed using image analysis software. RESULTS Type I fibres showed significant hypertophy as a result of the protocol, but there was no difference between FAST and SLOW. Type II muscle fibre (IIx, IIa/x, IIa) CSA was increased as a result of the protocol, but the increase was significantly greater in the elbow flexors that performed FAST eccentric actions versus SLOW. For type IIx, IIa/x, and IIa fibres respectively: FAST: +31±5, +22±5 and +17±5 vs. SLOW: +9±5, +10±3 and +5±2\%, all p < 0.05. CONCLUSION A FAST eccentric contraction velocity, 10-fold greater than the corresponding SLOW eccentric velocity, produced a greater hypertrophic gain in elbow flexor fast twitch fibre CSA following 8 wk of isokinetic high-resistance training in young men. Supported by NSERC.

Acute and moderate-term creatine monohydrate supplementation does not affect creatine transporter mRNA or protein content in either young or elderly humans.

Animal studies have shown that supra-physiological creatine monohydrate (Cr-mH) supplementation for 3 months reduced skeletal muscle creatine transporter (CRT) content. The doses of Cr-mH (1-2 g/kg/day) used in these studies were between 5 and 10 times those usually used in human studies, and it is unclear whether a down-regulation of CRT would occur in humans at the recommended doses of 0.1-0.2 g/kg/day. We measured CRT, and citrate synthase (CS) protein content using Western blotting before and after 2 months of Cr-mH supplementation and weight training in young men (N = 11 Cr-mH (0.125 g/kg/ day); N = 8 placebo). CRT and CS were also measured before and after 4 months of Cr-mH supplementation and weight training in elderly (> 65 years) men and women (N = 14 Cr-mH (0.075 g/kg/day); N = 14 placebo). Finally, CRT mRNA was measured using competitive RT-PCR before and after 8-9 days of Cr-mH loading in young men and women (N = 14, CR-mH (mean = 0.18 g/kg/day); N = 13, PL). Total creatine content was significantly elevated after the Cr-mH supplementation period as compared to placebo in each of the studies. Neither Cr-mH supplementation, nor exercise training resulted in measurable alterations in CRT protein content and acute Cr-mH loading did not alter CRT mRNA. There were no gender differences in CRT mRNA or total creatine content in the young subjects and no gender differences in total creatine content or CRT protein content in the elderly subjects. Weight training in young men did not increase CS protein content, however, in the elderly there was a significant increase in CS protein content after exercise training (p < 0.05). These results demonstrated that Cr-mH supplementation during weight training resulted in increases in skeletal muscle total creatine without reductions in CRT protein and acute Cr-mH loading did not decrease CRT mRNA content.

The Global Sport Monopoly

ATHLETES MARCHED INTO RICE-ECCLES STADIUM at the University of Utah in Salt Lake City in early February 2002, as they will two years later in Athens, Greece. Spectators around the world marvelled at the costumes, the carefully choreographed ceremonies, and the inspiring musical scores, even as they pined for a better look at the burning torch. Generally losing themselves in the proceedings, they tended to forget the brief, public outcry against the ruling administrative body, the International Olympic Committee (IOC), when money, plane tickets, gifts, promises changed hands in the incestuous process of determining which city would host the Olympic Games. More significantly, they do not recognize any other major sporting event as more important than the Olympics, with the possible exception of the World Cup of soccer, because more than one hundred years of creative political exertion, as carefully contrived and methodically choreographed as the ceremonies themselves, has made it so. So far reaching is the influence of the so-called modern Olympic movement that we do not or cannot imagine any alternatives for sport. Such ideological pervasiveness endows a singular institution with the capital not just to organize events, but also to define, delineate, and sustain particular meanings about sport, competition, and how human bodies are to be trained, presented, and understood. For these reasons, the modern Olympic movement has a social trajectory, an essence however nebulous, that appeals to a significant range of citizens.In spite of nostalgic connections to the ancient world, the modern Olympics emerged from 19th century thought and practice. In a variety of forms, sport itself was a project of the 19th century, popularized during an era of nation-state building, wide-scaled military organization, and the beginnings of international exchange and competition. At the national level, sport was utilized to rejuvenate masculine identities and invigorate the youth of the nation after the ravages of both Napoleonic and Franco-Prussian wars. Countries like Germany, Denmark, and Sweden initiated uniquely styled gymnastics movements to train young men, perhaps future soldiers, to summon deeper feelings of national identity and culture, inextricably linked to military fitness on a large scale. Britain invoked and harnessed the passions of virile, sometimes violent, but value-laden masculinities through sports and games, seeking to build a nation of strong men and boys committed to the nation's imperial and colonial foreign policies. It was a time of competition between countries, symbolically played out through a few sporting exchanges and at the more formal and wondrous venues of world's fairs and expositions. State leaders became significantly interested in measuring cultural capital, in advertising their nations, through competitions that assessed the quality of manufactured goods, raw materials, wildlife exhibits, and scientific advancements. Sport, too, became an index of cultural, political, and economic progress.Moved and inspired by the defeat of his country at the hands of the Germans, in the Franco-Prussian wars, Baron Pierre de Coubertin sought to enhance the military and cultural status of France to counteract what he viewed as a 'softening' of men. In his travels far and wide to assess formalized programmes of physical training, he was most impressed by the British model of sports and games in the public schools.(1) A young boy indifferent to the perils of a football scrimmage, he thought, would be unlikely to retreat from the mouth of an enemy cannon.(2) Coubertin's pleas for the introduction of a more exuberant physical culture within the schools of France were immediately rebuffed, and he was forced to turn his creative energies elsewhere. He was acutely aware of the massive gymnastics competitions at the German Turnfests, the Scottish Highland Games, the English Olympick Games at Much Wenlock, and the Olympic games of 19th century Greece, among other sporting festivals. …

Effects of Anabolic Precursors on Serum Testosterone Concentrations and Adaptations to Resistance Training in Young Men

The effects of androgen precursors, combined with herbal extracts designed to enhance testosterone formation and reduce conversion of androgens to estrogens was studied in young men. Subjects performed 3 days of resistance training per week for 8 weeks. Each day during Weeks 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, and 8, subjects consumed either placebo (PL; n = 10) or a supplement (ANDRO-6; n = 10), which contained daily doses of 300 mg androstenedione, 150 mg DHEA, 750 mg Tribulus terrestris, 625 mg Chrysin, 300 mg Indole-3-carbinol, and 540 mg Saw palmetto. Serum androstenedione concentrations were higher in ANDRO-6 after 2, 5, and 8 weeks (p <.05), while serum concentrations of free and total testosterone were unchanged in both groups. Serum estradiol was elevated at Weeks 2, 5, and 8 in ANDRO-6 (p <.05), and serum estrone was elevated at Weeks 5 and 8 (p <.05). Muscle strength increased (p <.05) similarly from Weeks 0 to 4, and again from Weeks 4 to 8 in both treatment groups. The acute effect of one third of the daily dose of ANDRO-6 and PL was studied in 10 men (23 +/- 4 years). Serum androstenedione concentrations were elevated (p <.05) in ANDRO-6 from 150 to 360 min after ingestion, while serum free or total testosterone concentrations were unchanged. These data provide evidence that the addition of these herbal extracts to androstenedione does not result in increased serum testosterone concentrations, reduce the estrogenic effect of androstenedione, and does not augment the adaptations to resistance training.

Effect of oral DHEA on serum testosterone and adaptations to resistance training in young men

This study examined the effects of acute dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) ingestion on serum steroid hormones and the effect of chronic DHEA intake on the adaptations to resistance training. In 10 young men (23 +/- 4 yr old), ingestion of 50 mg of DHEA increased serum androstenedione concentrations 150% within 60 min (P < 0.05) but did not affect serum testosterone and estrogen concentrations. An additional 19 men (23 +/- 1 yr old) participated in an 8-wk whole body resistance-training program and ingested DHEA (150 mg/day, n = 9) or placebo (n = 10) during weeks 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, and 8. Serum androstenedione concentrations were significantly (P < 0.05) increased in the DHEA-treated group after 2 and 5 wk. Serum concentrations of free and total testosterone, estrone, estradiol, estriol, lipids, and liver transaminases were unaffected by supplementation and training, while strength and lean body mass increased significantly and similarly (P < 0.05) in the men treated with placebo and DHEA. These results suggest that DHEA ingestion does not enhance serum testosterone concentrations or adaptations associated with resistance training in young men.

THE EFFECTS OF AGE AND GENDER ON MUSCLE QUALITY RESPONSE TO STRENGTH TRAINING AND DETRAINING.

495 The measurement of muscle quality (MQ), representing strength per unit of muscle mass, has been used to describe the relative contribution of non-muscle mass factors to the changes in strength with age and strength training (ST). To examine the effects of age and gender on the MQ response to ST and detraining (DT), 11 young men (20-30yr), 9 young women (20-30yr), 11 older men (65-75 yr), and 11 older women (65-75 yr), were assessed for quadriceps MQ at baseline, after 9 weeks of ST, and after 20 weeks of DT. MQ was calculated by dividing quadriceps 1RM strength by MRI-determined quadriceps muscle volume (MV). All groups demonstrated significant increases in IRM strength and MV after training (all P<0.05). At baseline, there was no significant difference in MQ between age groups in either gender. Baseline MQ was, however, significantly higher in young men compared to older women (P<0.05). While all groups significantly increased their MQ with training (P<0.01), the MQ gain was greater in young women than the other three groups (P<0.05). After 20 weeks of DT, MQ values remained significantly elevated above baseline levels in all groups except the older women. These results indicate that factors unrelated to muscle mass contribute to strength gains with ST in all population groups, but may account for a higher portion of the strength gains in young women. These factors continue to maintain strength levels above baseline for up to 20 weeks after cessation of training in young men and women and in older men. Supported by NIH #1AG42148

Lifetime earnings and the training of young men in Britain

A model is estimated in which the type of training undertaken is determined by the predicted lifetime earnings for each type of training, personal factors and educational attainment. Lifetime earnings has a positive and significant effect on the allocation of individuals across training types. The impact is variable: a 10% rise in (own) lifetime earnings raises the fraction undertaking off-the-job training by up to 0.059 but the fraction undertaking no-training by as little as 0.017. If the government were to pay an annual grant of £ 3000 to apprentices for 3 years, the proportion of apprentices in the sample would increase from 28% to 30%.

Saint Anselm: A Portrait in a Landscape (review)

424 biography Vol. 16, No. 4 2. Frank Brady, James Boswell: The Later Years, 1769-1795 (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1984), p. 22. 3. For the single instance in which Boswell meditates the life of Hume, see Boswell: The Ominous Years, ed. Charles Ryskamp and Frederick A. Pottle (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1963), p. 201; for the moment with Sir William Forbes, see Boswell in Extremes, 1776-1778, ed. Charles McC. Weis and Frederick A. Pottle (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1970), p. 206. 4. See Boswell's Life of Johnson: New Questions, New Answers, ed. John A. Vance (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1985). R. W. Southern, Saint Anselm: A Portrait in a Landscape (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990) pp. xxix + 492. £40. Born to a noble but declining family in the Alpine town of Aosta in 1033, Anselm cared little for law or rhetoric, keys to a secular or ecclesiastical career, but dreamed in childhood of climbing to God's manor in the mountains that overhung the town, telling the steward of the laxity of the women reaping in God's fields, and eating of the Lord's soft, white bread. He hoped one day to be a monk; but on the death of his mother, who had steadied his adolescent moodiness, he quarreled with his father and left home. Crossing the Alps he took no impression and left none upon the learned centers of Orleans, Tours, Angers, and Chartres, but found his way to the remote Norman monastery at Avranches and then (in 1059), to Bee, where his countryman, Lanfranc , a superb administrator, jurist, teacher and politician, "without any spark of original genius" was building the monastic movement. Lanfranc had fled success in Pavia and the cathedral schools of the Loire as desperately as Anselm now was fleeing narrowness and failure in Italy. As he educated Anselm, the differences in their temperament meant nothing: "so greatly did I trust his judgement," Anselm confided years later, "that if he had told me to go into the forest above Bee and never come out, I would have done it without hesitation." Anselm's teacher at Aosta had been "a tyrant who brought him to the verge of madness." Lanfranc , a logician and jurist, of whom it was said that he "relit the light of the arts in the West," was a master of Scripture, philosophy and poetry. He ferreted out the logic in the epistles of Paul and brought prosperity to Bee by opening its school to outsiders for study of grammar and logic, vital to the trades of law and administration. Even when Lanfranc wanted only to ponder scripture and theology, he was ordered by the Pope to train young men, sent for the purpose, in rhetoric and logic. For such clerks would be vital to the aggressive Papal jurisprudential and political program in the coming years. From Lanfranc Anselm learned exegesis, theology, the lively art of controversy , and the identity of truth and justice. To Lanfranc Anselm brought energy and a lambent mind, needing only to be directed. He was set to work, teaching, editing , correcting manuscripts. In time he would write a textbook of logic and grammar, opening up the questions of metaphysics that underlie such studies, and, like Lanfranc , relying on the newly available Latin Aristotle. Still later, citing Aristotle's discussion of future contingency in De Interpretatione, Anselm would make what seems to be the first explicit medieval reference to Aristotle in a Latin theological work. Salvaged from rootlessness and formlessness, Anselm found within himself devotion and ability that more than paid his way at Bee. But as he grew to intellectual REVIEWS 425 maturity he was torn. To stay on might mean sinking into obscurity, a mere adjunct to Lanfranc's busy projects and polemics. Should he follow his childhood dream of a monastic life, say at Cluny, the rigors of the Benedictine rule might leave no time to think. He longed for fame and knew now that thought alone would bring it to him. But was this mere hubris and temptation? Perhaps he should simply go into the forest, as a hermit, seeking God's peace. Or should he found a hospital? As...

Body composition of healthy sedentary and trained, young and older men and women

This study examined the effects of age and physical activity on body composition and fat distribution by comparing differences between young and older endurance trained men and women with differences between young and older sedentary people. Although indices of total body adiposity (fat mass, percent body fat) were higher in the older than in the young people in both the trained and the sedentary groups, the magnitude of the difference was markedly less in the trained group (P less than 0.01). The average differences in fat mass between young and old sedentary men and women were 10.1 kg and 12.2 kg, respectively, but only 4.3 kg and 5.5 kg in trained men and women. Skinfold thicknesses were approximately 24% and approximately 47% larger at all sites (triceps, thigh, subscapula, pectoralis, umbilicus, suprailiac) in the older than in the young trained men and women, respectively. Similar differences were found between young and older sedentary people except at central, upper body sites, where the relative differences in skinfold thicknesses between young and older sedentary people were 2- to 6-fold greater than in trained people. Thus, people who exercise regularly appear to accumulate less adipose tissue in upper, central body regions as they get older, potentially reducing the risk for the metabolic disorders associated with upper body obesity.

Changes in serum magnesium concentration after strenuous exercise.

Serum magnesium concentration (S-Mg) was measured in 20 highly trained young men (mean age 19.5, +/- 0.5, range 18-20.5) before, and at 1 hour, 24 hours, 72 hours, and 3 months after a 120 km hike. As found in previous studies, S-Mg was significantly decreased at the end of the hike (p less than 0.001, [corrected] Student's t-test). In this group S-Mg had risen significantly after 24 hours in relation to the value at 1 hour (but not to starting value); yet, at 72 hours and 3 months later, it was once more significantly lower than the starting value (p less than 0.001 and p less than 0.05, respectively, Student's t-test). A marked elevation in serum creatine kinase activity (CK) suggests that the rise in S-Mg observed at 24 hours is the result of either exertional rhabdomyolysis or loss of membrane integrity, as a result of the strenuous exertion, since the CK had fallen sharply by 72 hours after the hike. The biphasic, statistically significant, lowering of S-Mg which persisted after 3 months suggests that strenuous exertion induces magnesium deficiency.

Radiology of the Future in Developing Countries. May 19, 1983

Radiology of the Future in Developing Countries. May 19, 1983Published Online:28 Jan 2014https://doi.org/10.1259/0007-1285-57-681-851SectionsPDF/EPUB ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail AboutAbstractThis meeting is the result of the stimulus and enthusiasm of Sir Howard Middlemiss. Sadly Howard is no longer with us. He hoped that by bringing together people who are interested in the delivery of radiological services to countries less rich than our own he might stimulate dialogue which would make us all more conscious of our responsibilities.The influence of Howard Middlemiss on British radiology has been immense. In Bristol he set up one of the earliest academic departments of radiology and from there his drive and enthusiasm were concentrated on the maintenance of standards and on the training of young men and women to reach the high standards he himself set. He was at one time a Member of the Council of this Institute and a Chairman of the Medical Committee. But he will be remembered mainly as the President of the Faculty of Radiologists and later the first President of the College and of course his role in establishing the College needs no emphasis here. His interest in medical education led him all round the world and amongst other things he became President of The European Commission of Medical Education, He travelled very widely and I don't think any of us can imagine a better ambassador not only for radiology but for this country. Previous article Next article FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited byRadiology in developing countriesHuo Daijei28 January 2014 | The British Journal of Radiology, Vol. 58, No. 693 Volume 57, Issue 681September 1984Pages: 765-B44 © The British Institute of Radiology History Published onlineJanuary 28,2014 Metrics Download PDF

International Marketing and Public Policy: A Necessary Option in the M.B.A. Curriculum

The increasing importance of the overseas operations of U.S. firms, foreign firms operating in the U.S., the expectations of governments that their commercial enterprises conduct business within the confines of foreign policy objectives, and of businesses which demand various forms of aid to compete in international or U. S. markets, all point to a continuing and more closely defined relationship between the international business executive and the government. The purpose of the curriculum suggested in this article is to train young men and women to operate successfully in an area where close business and government cooperation will be a necessity.

A Study Assignment Approach to Training

National Westminster Bank, in common with all organisations which “grow their own managers”, is required to train certain of the staff to attain a wide ranging knowledge of the specialised fields of its work. This is particularly so of the International Division, where at the present time a “long course” has been organised to train young men and women, who have already reached junior management, in the work of departments that deal with the processing side of international business. Eventually as many as 12 people at any one time will be attached to this two‐year course and they will stay one month, three months—whatever time is necessary—in a department on a “working attachment”. This actual “doing” of the work will create a firm understanding of the procedures and give a very broad and solid basis to their banking careers.

Acclimatization in a hot, humid environment: energy exchange, body temperature, and sweating.

Four trained young men, worked for 4 h/day at 43-50% of their maximum aerobic capacity for 3 days at 25 degrees C db, 18 degrees C wb and then for 10 consecutive days at 45 degrees C db, 32 degrees C wb. Their thermal status was assessed using direct calorimetry. As a group, the men showed classical acclimization responses, but there were marked individual differences. The calorimetric analysis revealed that reductions in strain were associated with minor changes in heat balance confined to the first and last hours of exposure. Events occurring within the first 4 days appeared to have little effect on body temperatures. Significant decreases in body temperature took place only when sweat and evaporation rate increased. A 10% increase in evaporation rate was accompanied by a 30% increase in sweat rate and a 200% increase in unevaporated sweat; thus, there is a wasteful overproduction of sweat. By the 10th day skin temperature was confined to the level necessary to evaporate sufficient sweat to achieve thermal balance with a fully wet body surface. The efficiency of heat transport within the body did not change with acclimatization.

Reflections on the Contemporary World Mission

We come together today as a new Unit Committee of the Division of Overseas Ministries (DOM) at the beginning of the 1976–1978 triennium of the National Council of Churches. During this meeting, and in the months ahead, we will face important decisions which, given the magnitude of both the problems we confront and the resources we can tap, will be pressing and fateful. It would be foolish to exaggerate our role — there is very real sense in which our ecumenical vehicle is fragile and weak, far less influential on the world, national, ecclesiastical, scenes than we are prone to admit — but it would be folly as well to underrate the realistic and timely role we can assume in the exercise of the Christian stewardship expected of us in our day. Allow me to commence with a very personal recollection — perhaps unduly personal. Exactly fifty years ago this year – in 1926 — my father and mother sailed out of New York harbor bound for Buenos Aires, Argentina. I was three years old at the time and they took me along. They were setting out on an overseas ministry in the year of our nation's sesquicentennial though I doubt that they gave that fact much importance. I now look back on this ministry from the year of our nation's bicentennial and wonder at the immense changes in the context of mission and ministry between 1926 and 1976. My father was quite clear about one purpose in 1926, a clarity he never lost however unclear he might have felt in other areas of his work — he was determined to do what he could to train young men and women for the fulltime

Acclimization in a hot, humid environment: cardiovascular adjustments

Four trained young men worked for 4 h/day at 40-50% of their maximum aerobic capacity first for 3 days at 25 degrees C db, 18 degrees C wb, and then for 10 consecutive days at 45 degrees C db, 32 degrees C wb. This portion of the study was mainly concerned with central circulatory changes during acclimatization. The central circulatory adaptation to work in heat could be divided into four distinct phases: phase I (day 1) was characterized by a progressive fall in stroke volume (SV) during heat exposure but cardiac output (CO) was maintained above control values by high heart rates. Phase II (days 2 and 3) was marked by increases in SV ande decreases in heart rate but with little change in CO from phase I. During phase III (days 4-8 of acclimatization), CO increased due to increases in SV. Phase IV (days 6-8) was associated with decreases in rectal and skin temperature towards control levels. SV and HR both decline in this phase so that CO was not elevated greatly above control levels. The results indicated that central circulatory and temperature regulating events are not casually associated in acclimatization.

Laboratory Methods: An Emphasis on the Re-Education of the Socially Disadvantaged Negro

The following paper is a discussion of the techniques and value of laboratory learning methods when utilized in groups of economically and socially deprived Negroes. The methods and objectives of the thirty-six-week program are to -train young men to become paraprofessionals in the expanding Social Service field (e.g. social workers, probation officers, teacher-aides, recreation aides), in addition to enhancing a natural means of learning through human interaction.

Cardiovascular dimensions and moderate physical training in young men.

Cardiovascular dimensions and moderate physical training in young men.

ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS OF MEDICAL ASSISTANTS*

AbstractAn outline is given of the experience at Duke University with training young men for the manpower category of Physician Assistant. The selection of candidates, the two‐year training course and the post‐certification duties are described. Despite the stated problems and dangers, the results to date have been most encouraging.