Trained Soccer Players Research Articles

The Effect of Heavy Weight Training on Physiological Abilities of Soccer Players Under the Age 21 Years Old

SummaryThe objective of the study is to design a specialized training program in modern weighting methods for under-21 soccer players to develop muscular strength and to identify the effect of the training program on weighting exercises on some physiological variables (some aerobic and anaerobic abilities such as VO2max heartbeat and backstage). Researchers in this study that weight training for soccer players will have a clear impact on both the development of muscle capacity and improve some functional abilities. The experimental method was used to design two samples, a experimental sample and a control sample of under-21 soccer players who were selected by a team of Mustaganem teams. Each sample consisted of 18 players. The experimental sample was applied to the weight and control program. For four months. The study showed that the experimental sample achieved a significant increase in muscle strength measurements as well as some physiological variables in all measured tests compared to the control sample. This is the result of the proposed training program applied to the experimental sample.

Improvements in soccer-specific fitness and exercise tolerance following 8 weeks of inspiratory muscle training in adolescent males.

Inspiratory muscle training has been shown to improve exercise performance, however there is limited evidence for its effectiveness in soccer players. This study investigates the effect of inspiratory muscle training on soccer-specific fitness and exercise tolerance in adolescent male players. Thirty highly trained soccer players (16-19 y) were randomly assigned into one of three groups: experimental 1 (N.=10), experimental 2 (N.=10) and sham-control (sham, N.=10). All groups performed inspiratory muscle training twice per day and five times per week for 8 weeks. Experimental 1 performed 25-35 breaths at 55% maximal inspiratory pressure, experimental 2 performed 45-55 breaths at 40% maximal inspiratory pressure, whereas sham performed 30 breaths at 15% maximal inspiratory pressure. Measures before and after the intervention involved the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery test level 1, running-based anaerobic test, repeated high-intensity endurance test, maximal inspiratory pressure, and spirometry. Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery test level 1: distance increased for experimental groups 1 and 2 compared to sham (P=0.012 and P=0.031, respectively), with no difference between experimental groups. Fatigue index calculated from running-based anaerobic test improved for experimental groups 1 and 2 compared to sham (P=0.014 and P=0.011, respectively), with no difference between experimental groups. Exercise tolerance (i.e. blood lactate concentration, perceived exertion and perceived breathlessness) following the repeated high-intensity endurance test decreased in experimental groups 1 and 2 compared to sham (P <0.05), with no difference between experimental groups. Maximal inspiratory pressure increased for experimental groups 1 and 2 compared to sham (P=0.000), with no difference between experimental groups. There were no changes for the spirometry measures. Improvements in soccer-specific fitness and exercise tolerance can be achieved using inspiratory muscle training protocols of varying intensities and volumes.

Effect of listening to music on repeated-sprint performance and affective load in young male and female soccer players

The aim of the current study was to compare the effect of listening to music during warming-up on repeated-sprint performance and affective load in young male and female soccer players. 33 Tunisian highly trained soccer players [19 men (age: 17 ± 0.3 years, BMI: 21.9 ± 1.4 kg m− 2) and 14 women (age: 17 ± 0.2 years, BMI: 21.3 ± 3.5 kg m− 2)] took part in two experimental sessions with or without listening to music during warming-up. High-tempo music (> 130–140 bpm) was chosen. The players then performed a repeated-sprint test (six 40-m sprints with 180° direction change interspersed with a 20-s passive recovery period). Best and mean sprint times, performance decrement, as well as affective load scores were measured. The analysis of variance for repeated measures revealed a significant improvement in best and mean time only in females (P 0.05). Female academy soccer players seemed to derive the greatest benefit from motivational music during repeated-sprint exercise compared to their male counterparts.

The effect of visual training on the rate of performance accuracy in girl soccer players

Aims: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of visual training on the performance of shooting skills of soccer girl players. Materials and Methods: The research method was quasi-experimental, in which the participants were assigned into experimental and control groups, with pre-test and post-test design. The participants were girl soccer players in Alborz province. In this study, among the community, 45 athletes with an average age of 19.3 ± 1.4 years were selected from club in Alborz province. The research tool was based on Raven and Gibor's vision exercises and a researcher-made exercise protocol (colored gates, colored caissons). Specific visual training and researcher-made sports vision exercises were performed for 2 weeks (three sessions per week and 12 min each session). The covariance analysis and Bonferron's post hoc test were used to analyze the data. Results: The results of the study showed that there was a significant difference between the rate of performance accuracy of soccer players in visual training, athletic-based visual training, and control groups (P = 0.000). It was also indicated that visual training had no significant effect on the performance of soccer girls' shots (P = 0.003). However, sports–visual exercises improved their shooting skills (P = 0.002). Conclusion: Specific visual training could be more beneficial in improving the performance of soccer girls' shots.

Movement Economy in Soccer: Current Data and Limitations.

Soccer is an intermittent team-sport, where performance is determined by a myriad of psychological, technical, tactical, and physical factors. Among the physical factors, endurance appears to play a key role into counteracting the fatigue-related reduction in running performance observed during soccer matches. One physiological determinant of endurance is movement economy, which represents the aerobic energy cost to exercise at a given submaximal velocity. While the role of movement economy has been extensively examined in endurance athletes, it has received little attention in soccer players, but may be an important factor, given the prolonged demands of match play. For this reason, the current review discusses the nature, impact, and trainability of movement economy specific to soccer players. A summary of current knowledge and limitations of movement economy in soccer is provided, with an insight into future research directions, to make this important parameter more valuable when assessing and training soccer players’ running performance.

The Underpinning of Technical Training in Soccer Players 10-12 Years Old

Journal of Physical Fitness, Medicine & Treatment in Sports is an interdisciplinary open access peer reviewed journal that publishes original research, reviews, short communication, case reports, news, commentaries etc., in the field of sports medicine, treatment and exercise medication.

Acute Effects of Active, Ballistic, Passive, and Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation Stretching on Sprint and Vertical Jump Performance in Trained Young Soccer Players.

Oliveira, LP, Vieira, LHP, Aquino, R, Manechini, JPV, Santiago, PRP, and Puggina, EF. Acute effects of active, ballistic, passive, and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching on sprint and vertical jump performance in trained young soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 32(8): 2199-2208, 2018-The aim of this study was to compare the acute effects of active (AC), ballistic (BA), passive (PA), and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) stretching methods on performance in vertical jumping, sit and reach, and sprinting in young soccer players. Twelve trained soccer players (17.67 ± 0.87 years) participated in the study. The jump height (H), peak power (PP), and relative power (RP) in the squat jump (SJ) and countermovement jump (CMJ), the range of motion (ROM), the rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and time (seconds) in 10-20-30-m sprints were evaluated. Significant differences (p < 0.05) in H were found in the comparisons between the PA and control (CO) condition for the SJ. For the CMJ, differences in H were observed between the PA and CO, and PNF with CO and BA, and in the PP between the PNF and CO, AC, and BA, as well as in the RP between the PNF and BA. Significant increases in ROM were found in the AC, BA, PA, and PNF compared with the CO. In relation to RPE, higher scores were reported in the PA and PNF conditions compared with the AC and BA. No significant differences were found in 10-20-30-m sprints. Therefore, the AC and BA methods can be used before vertical jump and sprint activities, with the aim of increasing flexibility. However, the PA and PNF methods should be avoided because of subsequent negative effects on vertical jump performance.

Influence of Cardio-Respiratory Fitness on Physical Performance in Elite Youth Soccer

The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between: Peak oxygen uptake (VO2max) and running economy (RE) with physical measures associated with elite youth soccer performance obtained during soccer match-play. Seventeen highly trained youth soccer players (age: 13.3±0.4y) volunteered to participate. Initially player’s ventilatory threshold (VT) and VO2max was established using a treadmill protocol. On the subsequent visit, players ran for 4 min, at three different speeds (8km/h, 80%VT and 95%VT). Physical soccer-based performance was assessed using a maximal Yo-Yo IR1 and via Global positioning systems (GPS) derived variables obtained during three, 2x20min, 11 v 11 soccer matches. Partial correlations revealed significant relationships between relative VO2max and measures of physical soccer performance (r = 0.54–0.88). Moreover, measures of ventilatory equivalent (VEVO2), a determinant of RE, at all sub-maximal exercise intensities were inversely related to the volume (m) and percentage (%) of very high intensity activities. Current findings emphasise the need for high levels of cardio-respiratory fitness in high level youth soccer players, with superior levels of fitness being associated with a greater amount of high and very high intensity activity during soccer match-play.

Brain changes depending on head impacts over one season of semi-professional soccer: A resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging study

Soccer is the most popular sport in the world, but soccer players are exposed to repetitive head impacts (RHI) when heading the ball. While heading is repeated thousands of times over a player's career, a possible brain cumulative effect might lead to neurodegenerative diseases. However, the lack of evidence explains the absence of prevention or protection for players. Our objective was to determine if playing soccer is associated with functional brain connectivity changes, depending on the exposure to RHI. In this longitudinal study, a cohort of 16 semi-professional male soccer players, aged between 18 and 26 years old, were recruited from 2 clubs in Bordeaux city which participating in a French regional championship. Twenty age-matched male controls without a concussion history and which don’t practice any contact sport were also recruited for comparison. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) data were acquired for both groups before and after the 2016–2017 soccer season. A follow-up of the exposure to RHI in soccer group was realized thanks to the video of the games. Soccer players demonstrated an increase of functional connectivity particularly between bilateral precentral region and fronto-temporal regions, in comparison with controls. Over the soccer play season, these increasing of functional connectivity was higher. The median of head impacts per player was 56 over the season, with no concussion. Exposure to RHI was associated with changes in functional connectivity between frontal and cerebellum regions. Our data demonstrate changes of multiple brain networks at the resting state in trained soccer players, with greater changes over one play season. RHI effect or training effect could be implicated. Other imaging modalities are required to study possible microstructural and microvascular anomalies post RHI in soccer.

Changes in the Level of Motor Preparation of Professional Soccer Players in Training

Abstract Introduction . Since the competition period has been prolonged in modern football, it is important to know if a shortened preparatory phase is enough to improve motor fitness preparation. This study analysed the changes in the level of physical fitness in second-league soccer players with respect to training conducted during the preparatory period. Material and methods . Speed (5-m and 30-m sprint), endurance (progressive test), and power (Counter Movement Jump) were tested in 21 players at the beginning and at the end of the preparatory phase. Results . The results obtained indicate a significant improvement in physical capacity parameters as well as speed and strength abilities measured using 5-m and 30-m running speed tests and the CMJ test for muscle power. In the progressive test measuring anaerobic threshold speed, the players active in the central section of the pitch (centre-backs and central midfielders) achieved the best results, while in the speed trials and explosive strength trials, side-backs and side midfielders achieved the best results. Conclusions . During the winter preparatory season, the most significant changes in the physical fitness of soccer players were observed in aerobic endurance expressed as threshold speed (an increase of 1.2 km/h) and running speed measured as the time needed to cover a distance of 5 m (time reduced by 0.04 s) and 30 m (time reduced by 0.07 s). These traits are crucial in the preparation of soccer players for league matches and have the greatest impact on their performance in sports competitions.

Pre-Training Hydration Status of Well- Trained Soccer Players in Moderate Temperature Autumn and Cool Winter

Background. Pre-training hydration status is considered a factor influencing efficacy of training. Research literature does not contain data regarding the potential impact of natural alternation of seasons on pre-training hydration status in athletes. The purpose of this study was to assess and compare pre-training hydration status in well-trained male soccer (football) players in moderate temperate autumn and cold winter.Methods. Research participants were 57 male soccer players from two Latvian First League teams, who were studied prior to their ordinary training session. Participants provided a midstream urine sample for analysis of urine specific gravity (USG), and their body mass (kg), body fat percentage and total body water percentage were measured. Results. Pre-training hydration status did not differ in moderate temperature autumn (mean USG 1.020 ± 0.010; mean total body water 64.2 ± 2.9%) in cold winter (mean USG 1.020 ± 0.008; mean total body water 64.8 ± 2.7%; for both parameters p &gt; .05). Prevalence of hypohydration and serious hypohydration (defined as USG 1.021 – 1.030 and USG &gt; 1.030, respectively) was similar in moderate temperate autumn (47.4%) and cold winter (60%), (χ 2 = 1.50; p &gt; .05). Significant correlation between the within-subject USG values measured in moderate temperate and cold environment was observed (r = .60, p = .009). Conclusion. In well-trained soccer players pre-training hydration status does not differ in moderate temperature autumn and cold winter. Individual-related factors such as nutritional behaviour (including pattern of voluntary fluid intake) may have stronger impact on hydration status than environment-related factors like natural alternation of seasons.Keywords: hydration status, football, environmental temperature, autumn, winter.

Impact Of The Fractioned Distance On Endurance Training In Soccer Players

Impact Of The Fractioned Distance On Endurance Training In Soccer Players

Carbohydrate Intake in Mexican Soccer Players in Different Training Sessions

PURPOSE: To investigate if carbohydrate intake in professional soccer players is the same during moderate and high intensity training and whether intake is within the recommended range established by the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) (30-60 g/h). METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in professional soccer players (17-37 years old) of four Mexican First Division teams (N=123) in which carbohydrate (CHO) intake in grams per hour was determined by drinking ad libitum a sports beverage with 6% of CHO or water, or any other source of CHO (gels, fruit) preferred by the player during moderate training intensity (CHI n=24, Wet Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT) 23 °C, humidity 51%, duration 100 min; RAYm n=25, WBGT 34°C, humidity 42%, duration 80 min) and high intensity (SAN n=22, WBGT 32 °C, humidity 41%, duration 125 min; XOL n= 25, WBGT 25°C, humidity 13 %, duration 90 min; and RAYh n=27, WBGT 17°C, humidity 69%, duration 80 min), determined by their coach. Moderate intensity versus high intensity CHO intake comparisons were analysed by Student’s T test for independent samples. RESULTS: CHO intake of soccer players in moderate intensity training was (mean ± SD) 17 ± 14 g/h and in high intensity was 14 ± 13 g/h. For moderate intensity training sessions, only 14% of the players met the CHO intake recommendations and for high intensity training sessions only 12% of the players met the recommendations When comparing moderate intensity versus high intensity between RAYm versus Rayh there was not significant difference in the ingestion of CHO (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Soccer is a high intensity intermittent sport that requires a large supply of energy from the glycolytic pathway; thus, CHO intake is important to have a constant fuel supply during training sessions with moderate to high intensity beyond 60 minutes and games. We observed that Mexican professional soccer players do not consume the minimum recommended CHO intake for moderate-high intensity training exercise (30-60 g/h) as recommended by ACSM for exercise lasting 1-2 hours. Therefore, it is important to educate soccer players about the importance of consuming the recommended amount of CHO during training sessions and games.

High Intensity Interval Training Does Not Improve Cardiorespiratory Parameters In Trained Young Soccer Players

Soccer performance is the result of technical, tactical, physiological and psychological attributes of the players. PURPOSE: The present study investigated the effect of high- intensity interval training (HIIT) and continuous moderate intensity training (CONT) on selected parameters of the cardiorespiratory function in young trained soccer players. METHODS: Thirty Greek amateur soccer players (mean ± sd, age 19 ± 2,21y, Body mass 71.19 ± 2.5 kg) were randomized into a high-intensity interval training group (HIIT, n = 10), a continuous moderate intensity training group (CONT, n = 10) and a control group (Control, n = 10). The intervention for HIIT and CONT groups was 16 more training sessions, 2 per week while CONTROL group continued regular soccer training routine. The HIIT group training sessions consisted either of 15s sprints interspersed by 15s of recovery at 120%VO2max with 8 min total exercise time or they played 4x4 min (16 min total time) small-sided games (4v4) followed by 2 min recovery interval. The CONT group training sessions consisted either of 40 min continuous running at 70% VO2max or 10v10 full field soccer game for 40min. RESULTS: Mean values ± sd pre and post-training for Body weight, (HIIT: 69.49 ± 8.39 v 69.0 ± 8.8; CONT: 71.2 ± 10.93 v 70.2 ± 11.01 kg), %fat, (HIIT: 13.02 ± 2.41 v 12.12 ± 2.49, CONT: 13.75 ± 2.19 v 13.82 ± 2.21), VO2max, (HIIT: 55.08 ± 4.43 v 57.75 ± 5.63, CONT: 56.46 ± 4.61 v 58.41 ± 5.24 ml.kg-1.min-1), vVO2max (velocity at VO2max, HIIT: 15.9 ± 0.70 v 16.5 ± 0.52, CONT: 16.5 ± 1.51 v 16.7 ± 1.19 km.h-1) and vVT (velocity at ventilatory threshold, HIIT: 11.8 ± 0.87 v 12.5 ± 0.69, CONT: 12.4 ± 1.03 v 12.5 ± 1.13 km.h-1). VO max, vVO2max and vVT improved 4.6, 3.6 and 5.6% only after HIIT training but the difference didn’t pass statistical significance due to large sd of the sample. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, the combination of the training regiments of this study did not improve cardiorespiratory parameters of endurance performance in already trained young soccer players. There was, though, a tendency for better adaptations favors the time efficient HIIT training.

EFFECT OF GAME FORMAT ON THE INTENSITY OF SOCCER TRAINING

ABSTRACT Introduction: During training in games, it is essential to know how to correctly manipulate the formats of the games (size of field and number of players). Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of three different game formats on the kinematic variables of training in soccer players. Methods: For this purpose, eleven U-20 soccer players participated in three games formats, Gr+3vs3+Gr, Gr+6vs6+Gr and Gr+10vs10+Gr in two conditions (experimental and conceptual). Through videogametry, it was possible to determine the range of speeds covered by the players during the games and to correlate with the ventilatory threshold (VT) evaluation individually to establish four different intensity zones (low intensity, moderate intensity, moderate/high intensity or high intensity). Results: It was verified that in the experimental games, when increasing the size of the field there were significant increases in the intensity of the game. In the conceptual games, there were only significant increases of the field Gr+10vs10+Gr for the games Gr+6vs6+Gr and Gr+3vs3+Gr. Conclusion: It is concluded that the format of the games has a significant effect on the movement of players. Level of Evidence III; Case-control study.

Differences In Male Collegiate And Recreationally Trained Soccer Players On Balance, Agility, And Vertical Jump Performance

Objective: The purpose of this investigation was to determine the differences in collegiate and recreationally trained soccer players in sprint, vertical jump, and balance performance. Methods: Twenty-one soccer players, twelve Division II collegiate and nine recreationally trained volunteered to participate. Session one acted as a familiarization day, where the participants were familiarized with testing day protocols. During testing day, participants performed a dynamic warm-up, followed by balance measurements, three countermovement vertical jumps, and pro-agility shuttle test. Results: There were no significant (p&gt;0.05) differences between groups in the all balance variables. Collegiate soccer players had a significantly (p&lt;0.05) greater peak velocity in vertical jump then recreationally trained soccer players. There were significant differences (p&lt;0.05) between groups for maximum for split velocities, where collegiate soccer players were greater than recreationally trained soccer players. There were no significant (p&gt;0.05) differences in groups in all other variables. Conclusion: These results indicate that collegiate, Division II, soccer players had greater vertical jumping and sprinting velocities when compared to recreationally trained soccer players. These results may have been impacted by the lack of resistance training background in either of the two groups. With the addition of more time on a collegiate resistance training program, it is very likely the Division II athletes will see a significant increase in all balance, sprint, and vertical jump performance measures compared to recreationally trained players who receive little to no specialized resistance training.

Effect of acupuncture on heart rate variability during prolonged high-intensity training in soccer players

ObjectiveTo investigate the effects of acupuncture therapy compared with sham acupuncture on heart rate variability (HRV) in 24 elite soccer players during 4-week, high-intensity training sessions. MethodsThe subjects were randomly divided into two groups: acupuncture group (AG) and sham acupuncture group (SG). In addition, AG had been implemented two times/week to stimulate Zusanli (ST 36), Hegu (LI 4), Shenshu (BL 23), and Chize (LU 5). While SG, had been applied to utilize a special “placebo-needle” technique on the same sites. What's more, the HRV parameters were calculated before and after interventions, respectively. ResultsFirst, stress index (SI) had a significantly increased in SG (P = 0.031) compare pre-test with post-test, however, no significantly difference in AG (P = 0.102). Secondly, standard deviation of N-N intervals (SNDD) have enormously significantly higher in AG when comparing baseline with post therapy (P = 0.001), while, declined in SG (P = 0.827). Meanwhile, the root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD) were significant differences in AG (P = 0.023). What's more, when the high-frequency (HF) were significantly higher in AG (P = 0.047) after receiving the acupuncture therapy, the lowe-frequency (LF) power were decreased but no significant in AG and SG. Comparing with pre-experiment, the ratio of LF/HF was lower in AG, but higher in SG. Furthermore, it was significant difference when compare the post-experiment parameters of AG with SG (P = 0.015). And HF parameters have significance (P = 0.005) compare between two groups during the post-experiment. ConclusionBased on evidence, acupuncture therapy on special acupoints could strengthen the parasympathetic nervous activity and modulates the balance between parasympathetic and sympathetic activity in soccer players while they engage in high-intensity training.

Solitary papillary muscle hypertrophy in young athletes

The underlying mechanisms of inverted T-waves on electrocardiograms (ECGs) in athletes are constantly under investigation. We describe solitary papillary muscle hypertrophy as a possible cause of inverted T-waves on ECG in two young trained soccer players.

Beetroot Juice Supplementation Improves High-Intensity Intermittent Type Exercise Performance in Trained Soccer Players.

It has been shown that nitrate supplementation can enhance endurance exercise performance. Recent work suggests that nitrate ingestion can also increase intermittent type exercise performance in recreational athletes. We hypothesized that six days of nitrate supplementation can improve high-intensity intermittent type exercise performance in trained soccer players. Thirty-two male soccer players (age: 23 ± 1 years, height: 181 ± 1 m, weight: 77 ± 1 kg, playing experience: 15.2 ± 0.5 years, playing in the first team of a 2nd or 3rd Dutch amateur league club) participated in this randomized, double-blind cross-over study. All subjects participated in two test days in which high-intensity intermittent running performance was assessed using the Yo-Yo IR1 test. Subjects ingested nitrate-rich (140 mL; ~800 mg nitrate/day; BR) or a nitrate-depleted beetroot juice (PLA) for six subsequent days, with at least eight days of wash-out between trials. The distance covered during the Yo-Yo IR1 was the primary outcome measure, while heart rate (HR) was measured continuously throughout the test, and a single blood and saliva sample were collected just prior to the test. Six days of BR ingestion increased plasma and salivary nitrate and nitrite concentrations in comparison to PLA (p < 0.001), and enhanced Yo-Yo IR1 test performance by 3.4 ± 1.3% (from 1574 ± 47 to 1623 ± 48 m; p = 0.027). Mean HR was lower in the BR (172 ± 2) vs. PLA trial (175 ± 2; p = 0.014). Six days of BR ingestion effectively improves high-intensity intermittent type exercise performance in trained soccer players.

Repeated sprint ability is not enhanced by caffeine, arginine, and branched-chain amino acids in moderately trained soccer players.

The aim was to investigate the effect of a dietary supplementation on the repeated sprint ability (RSA) performance in recreationally trained team sports athletes. Twelve young men underwent a RSA exercise protocol in five trials, in which participants ingested carbohydrates (CHO) plus caffeine (Caf), CHO plus arginine (Arg), CHO plus branched-chain amino acids (BCAA), CHO plus Caf, Arg, and BCAA (ALL), and CHO only. Heart rate, oxygen saturation, hematic lactate, ratings of perceived exertion, average sprint time, total time, best sprint time, peak power, and average power were taken. Data revealed no significant effects neither on physiological nor performance parameters with any of the supplements.