Occupational Health Training Research Articles

Prevalence of occupational respiratory symptoms and associated factors among industry workers in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Occupational respiratory diseases are major global public health problems, particularly for industry workers. Several studies have investigated occupational respiratory symptoms in various parts of Ethiopia. The findings have been inconsistent and inconclusive, and there is no nationally representative data on the subject. Therefore, this study aimed to estimate the pooled prevalence and factors associated with occupational respiratory symptoms among industry workers in Ethiopia (2010-2022). Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis framework Guidelines, search was conducted on several international databases including PubMed, CINAHL, African Journals Online, Hinari, Global Health, and Google scholar. The extracted data was analyzed using STATA 14. Random effect model was used to estimate the effect size. Egger regression test and I2 statistics were used to determine potential publication bias and heterogeneity, respectively among the reviewed articles. The meta-analysis included a total of 15 studies with 5,135 participants, revealing a pooled prevalence of 51.6% (95% CI: 43.6-59.6) for occupational respiratory symptoms among industry workers in Ethiopia. The absence of personal protective equipment (OR = 1.97, 95% CI: [1.17-3.32]), lack of occupational health and safety training (OR = 3.04, 95% CI: [2.36-3.93]), previous dust exposure (OR = 3.17, 95% CI: [2.3-4.37]), poor working environment (OR = 2.4, 95% CI: [1.7-3.2]), work experience greater than five years (OR = 4.04, 95% CI: [1.61-10.16]), smoking (OR = 6.91, 95% CI: [2.94-16.2]), and previous respiratory illness (OR = 4.25, 95% CI: [2.44-7.42]) were found to associate with the symptoms. The high prevalence of occupational respiratory symptoms among industry workers in Ethiopia underscores the urgent need for effective interventions. The provision of personal protective equipment and improvement of working environments by the government, industry owners, and other stakeholders are crucial in reducing occupational respiratory symptoms. Additionally, prioritizing occupational health and safety training for industry workers can help prevent and mitigate the impact of occupational respiratory diseases. This systematic review has been registered in the International Prospective Registry of Systematic Review (PROSPERO) with a specific registration number CRD42022383745.

The Effect of Occupational Health and Safety Education on Hazelnut Agriculture Workers' Knowledge Levels Related to Physical and Ergonomic Hazards

Objective: The study aimed at identifying dangers and risks encountered by hazelnut farm workers and exploring the effect of occupational health and safety training about hazelnut farming upon the workers’ knowledge level. 
 Materials and Methods: In this research, which was conducted as an intervention study, the pre-test post-test single-group research pattern was used. Training and brochures were given to 60 hazelnut agriculture employees selected using a random sampling method after the pretest. The change in the current knowledge score was examined statistically with the last test application two weeks later.
 Results: 53.3% of the participants were male and their average age was 43.0±14.4 years. 60.0% of the participants stated that they had accidents while they were engaged in hazelnut farming and 71.7% of them did not have any training about occupational health and safety previously. Participants’ score of knowledge about physical dangers and risks as to occupational health and safety was 62.7±17.8 before the training while it significantly increased to 79.3±16.3 after the training. It was seen that after the training held; having a previous training, having high educational status, having no accidents previously and being at a young age affected post-test scores significantly. 
 Conclusion: In the study, it was explored that hazelnut farming workers in Trabzon Province lacked knowledge about physical and ergonomic risks in relation to occupational health and safety. For the trainings of the workers; universities, provincial and district directorates of agriculture and agriculture cooperatives can be used.

Playground Facilities, Augmented Reality and K3L Training, As well as Making a Video Profile as an Effort to Develop the Potential of Educational Tourism in Kesiman Village

Kesiman Village is located in the Trawas District of the Mojokerto Regency in East Java. Kesiman Village possesses unrealized natural potential and is currently attempting to become a tourist village. Therefore, the Community Empowerment Program Team at the University of Surabaya (Ubaya) facilitated the idea. The service team provided Kesiman Village with children's play facilities, including a playground with quite comprehensive play equipment, including swings, suspension bridges, slurutans, and mini wall climbing. In addition, as a safety measure, the Ubaya Team provided supporting equipment such as information boards (posters) with Augmented Reality for playing equipment and medical equipment (P3K). The abstract contains. The Ubaya Team held Occupational Safety, Health, and Environment (K3L) training for staff and villagers in order to support the provision of safe and comfortable educational tours. The Ubaya Team provided separate bins for organic and non-organic waste as well as plastic bottles in addition to playground equipment. With the conclusion of this program, Kesiman Village is expanding and advancing, thereby increasing the villagers' standard of living.

Impact assessment of e-trainings in occupational safety and health: a literature review

BackgroundImplementing workplace preventive interventions reduces occupational accidents and injuries, as well as the negative consequences of those accidents and injuries. Online occupational safety and health training is one of the most effective preventive interventions. This study aims to present current knowledge on e-training interventions, make recommendations on the flexibility, accessibility, and cost-effectiveness of online training, and identify research gaps and obstacles.MethodAll studies that addressed occupational safety and health e-training interventions designed to address worker injuries, accidents, and diseases were chosen from PubMed and Scopus until 2021. Two independent reviewers conducted the screening process for titles, abstracts, and full texts, and disagreements on the inclusion or exclusion of an article were resolved by consensus and, if necessary, by a third reviewer. The included articles were analyzed and synthesized using the constant comparative analysis method.ResultThe search identified 7,497 articles and 7,325 unique records. Following the title, abstract, and full-text screening, 25 studies met the review criteria. Of the 25 studies, 23 were conducted in developed and two in developing countries. The interventions were carried out on either the mobile platform, the website platform, or both. The study designs and the number of outcomes of the interventions varied significantly (multi-outcomes vs. single-outcome). Obesity, hypertension, neck/shoulder pain, office ergonomics issues, sedentary behaviors, heart disease, physical inactivity, dairy farm injuries, nutrition, respiratory problems, and diabetes were all addressed in the articles.ConclusionAccording to the findings of this literature study, e-trainings can significantly improve occupational safety and health. E-training is adaptable, affordable, and can increase workers’ knowledge and abilities, resulting in fewer workplace injuries and accidents. Furthermore, e-training platforms can assist businesses in tracking employee development and ensuring that training needs are completed. Overall, this analysis reveals that e-training has enormous promise in the field of occupational safety and health for both businesses and employees.

MINING-VIRTUAL: A comprehensive virtual reality-based serious game for occupational health and safety training in underground mines

Mining is a multi-disciplinary engineering activity considered as having risks that are related to workers and equipment. The mitigation of these risks and preparedness for the possible risk factors are commonly based on traditional training that is nowadays enriched with new training materials, simulations and serious games. In this study, a detailed and realistic serious game —MINING-VIRTUAL— developed in Unity3D for computer and virtual reality environments is introduced. The game enables users to experience an underground coal mine in a virtual environment for training purposes. Hazard detection and knowledge about critical information about occupational health and safety are evaluated by interactions and questions within the game. Target groups of 30 participants from mining engineers and game developers were invited to test MINING-VIRTUAL, and the technology acceptance and usability aspects were evaluated by questionnaires. As a result, both mining engineers and game developers assessed the game as excellent based on system usability scores and agreed on the fact that the game has a considerably high technology acceptance level. Paired t-tests were performed to evaluate the effects of experience in using gaming technology and the frequency of gaming on technology acceptance. The evaluation revealed that the developed game could serve as an efficient tool in occupational health and safety training for the mining industry.

The Effect of Occupational Health and Safety Training on Knowledge Levels of Hospital Staff

Bu çalışma, iş sağlığı ve güvenliği eğitimlerinin hastane personelinin bilgi düzeyindeki etkisini araştırmak için gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışmada ön test son test yarı deneysel desen kullanılmıştır. Çalışmanın örneklemi Hatay Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Sağlık Uygulama ve Araştırma Hastanesinde çalışan 702 personelden oluşmaktadır. Örneklem grubuna eğitime başlamadan önce 20 çoktan seçmeli sorudan oluşan, her doğru cevabın 5 puan olduğu ve yanlış cevabın doğru cevabı götürmediği temel iş sağlığı ve güvenliği ile ilgili bir test uygulanmıştır. Eğitim bittikten 15 gün sonra aynı sorular katılımcılara tekrardan verilerek yanıtlamaları istenmiştir. Yapılan istatistiksel değerlendirme sonucunda katılımcıların eğitim öncesindeki not ortalaması 60.48±13.55 iken eğitim sonrasında bu oran 79.34±11.89’a çıkmıştır. Katılımcılardan 37 tanesinin eğitim öncesi almış olduğu puan eğitim sonrasından almış olduğu puandan daha yüksektir. 629 katılımcının eğitim sonrası almış aldığı puan eğitim öncesinden daha yüksek bulunmuştur. 36 katılımcının ise eğitim öncesi ve sonrası almış oldukları puanlar eşittir. Eğitim öncesi ve eğitim sonrası arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir fark bulunmuştur (p<0.05). Bu araştırma bulgularına dayalı olarak uygulanan eğitimin, katılımcıların bilgi düzeylerine pozitif etki yarattığı söylenebilir.

Risk Analysis and Risk Assessment of Laboratory Work by Fine Kinney Method

In this research, risk analysis and evaluation have been carried out using Fine Kinney method within the scope of occupational health and safety. In the risk analysis made in the laboratory, a total of 50 risks are identified. Accordingly, 10 (20 %) are very high risk, 7 (14 %) high risk, 17 (34 %) significant risk, 15 (30 %) probable risk, and 1 (2 %) acceptable risk degree. It is aimed to take these risks under control in laboratory studies and to minimize their effects. Thus, a culture of occupational health and safety should be established and the rules of occupational health and safety should be implemented without compromise. For these reasons, the rules to be observed in laboratory studies are listed below. Employees or researchers involved in laboratory studies should receive occupational health and safety training and this training should be repeated periodically. Emergency plans that may arise from laboratory studies or that may arise from external sources should be prepared, training should be given to team members who are in charge of emergencies, and drills should be carried out periodically. The chemicals used in the laboratory studies should be stored according to their degree of impact, and necessary records should be taken in cases such as use and transportation. Adequate physical environment conditions should be provided for the personnel working in the laboratory studies. Chemical hygiene programs and accident prevention plans should be implemented to prevent accidents.

"It's Just a Checklist": Examining the Needs of Occupational Health and Safety Training for New Immigrant Workers in Canada.

New immigrant workers (NIWs) are overrepresented in hazardous workplaces. Sufficient Occupational Health and Safety (OH&S) training could minimize workplace injuries. This study aims to identify the current status of OH&S and training for NIWs in Canada. Generic qualitative research was conducted. Seven NIWs and nine service providers were interviewed to understand OH&S issues, perceptions on rules and regulations, and expectations for training. Thematic analysis was used for data analysis. Four themes that affect OH&S for NIWs include attitudes toward safety and training, personal barriers, Canadian workplace culture, and macrolevel interconnected systems. Three needs on OH&S training are increasing accessibility, ensuring full understanding, and building confidence. Current training does not mitigate safety risks in workplaces, and NIWs do not feel empowered to exercise their rights. New training protocols would be beneficial to equip NIWs to enter the workforce.

Protecting workers in the temporary staffing industry.

Workers hired through temporary staffing companies have a high rate of severe and fatal injuries despite the legally mandated, shared responsibility of the temporary staffing company and the host company to assure safe work. The aim of this study was to elucidate the perspective of temporary staffing personnel on approaches to mitigating injury risk among the workers they hire. Based on a conceptual model representing the interplay between work and health, we conducted a 'brainstorm' of temporary staffing personnel regarding perceived barriers to protecting temporary workers. A content/context analysis used standard qualitative methods, and the findings were triangulated with notes taken during the discussion. Temporary staffing employers describe loss of control of the working conditions once workers are placed at host/client companies. Further, they describe a contentious relationship between temporary staffing and host companies, where it is difficult to hold host companies to account. Other barriers to providing temporary workers with a safe work environment include the temp companies' lack of knowledge of site-specific hazards, the poor quality of onsite Occupational Safety and Health training, and ignoring Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) requirements. The perspective of temporary staffing companies should be considered to address the lack of cooperation and shifted responsibility described in this study. Policy and practice changes could include requiring contract language, implementing communication about safety, either sharing workers' compensation purchase or removing exclusive remedy protections from hosts, and prescribing safety training, such as an OSHA 10-h programme. Suggested interventions need further study.

Türkiye'de İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliği Eğitimlerinin Elektrik Dağıtım Sektörü Açısından Değerlendirilmesi

Occupational health and safety constitute an important part of today's working life and labor law. When the measures taken in line with the relevant laws and regulations in workplaces are implemented with a strict approach, it is possible to reduce work accidents and occupational diseases. As a result of these practices, important results are obtained in terms of the sustainability of workers, employers and social security systems.
 In this study, it is aimed to determine the effects of occupational health and safety training. Therefore, the training given to ÇEDAŞ AŞ employees was evaluated with the questionnaires applied before and after the training. As a result of this evaluation, it will be proven that occupational safety training has provided a significant success.

Safety measures among workers occupationally exposed to ionizing radiation in hospitals in AL-Muthanna Governorate, Iraq

Background: Health professionals working in the radiological departments of Al-Muthnia Hospital are at high risk of radiation exposure due to a lack of personal protective equipment (PPE) such as thyroid shields, genital shields, and lead glass in all radiological departments, as well as a lack of staff awareness of the need to use these PPI. A study of the extent of the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) for radiation workers in hospitals. Method: To determine the scope of radiation workers' obligations in hospitals about wearing personal protective equipment, a cross-sectional investigation was carried out among participants in All Radiation Units in Hospitals in the AL-Muthana Governorate. Results: This study involved 95 participants from radiological units 95 people responded overall. Their average age was 37 years, 70.5 percent of them were men, 33.0 percent of them worked as radiographers in x-ray units, the majority of them were married, and 41.1% had diplomas or other credentials. According to the study, only 45.4 percent of staff members wear PPE(lead coat) when dealing with radiation, while 50.9-92 percent of staff members report that additional PPI, including lead glasses, genital shield, and theroid shield, are unavailable. Occupational health and safety training is only provided to 63.2 percent of the staff. At a P value of 0.05, all questions are statistically significant. Study objective: Identify the extent of the obligations of radiation workers in hospitals in terms of wearing personal protective equipment.

Investigation of the Efficiency of Occupational Health and Safety Education of Agriculture Department Students in Vocational High Schools

The basis of occupational hazards and risks in agriculture, which is a high-risk sector, is due to the behavior of farmers based on a lack of knowledge. In this sense, farmers are required to have knowledge of occupational health and safety (OHS) in agriculture and to carry out their work with the following health and safety measures. The easiest way to achieve this is to implement these measures by making a habit of them together with technical experts working with the farmers in the field. In this context, it is important that agricultural, food, and laboratory technicians, who play an important role in ensuring soil and animal health and safety, acquire this information during their training. This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of occupational health and safety training prepared for students studying in the relevant departments of vocational high schools. Occupational health and safety training in agriculture was given to students from the agriculture and laboratory department of İstanbul Mehmet Akif Ersoy Vocational and Technical Anatolian High School, which was determined as a pilot school in Ankara, and the awareness of high school students in the field of occupational health and safety was measured and especially on OHS in pesticide use. The tests applied at the beginning and end of the training were analyzed at the end of the study and it was concluded that they gained the awareness to a large extent. While the awareness score was 55 in the test performed at the beginning of the training, the awareness score increased to 95 after the training.

The prevalence and determinants of SARS-CoV-2 infections among healthcare workers, results of a cross-sectional study in the Silesian Voivodeship.

A significant proportion of healthcare workers (HCWs) had been infected with SARS-CoV-2, which complicated the organization of patient care during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the exact scale of infection prevalence among the group of HCWs is not known, therefore this study aimed to assess the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection among HCWs in the Silesian voivodeship, Poland, and to define its determinants. The cross-sectional study was conducted in 2 multidisciplinary hospitals in the Silesian voivodeship during the period October 2021-February 2022. The standardized WHO questionnaire Surveillance protocol for SARS-CoV-2 infection among health workers was completed by 242 HCWs. To assess the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection and its determinants, such as personal, occupational, and work environment-related conditions and preventive behaviors, the collected data were subjected to statistical analysis. For this purpose, descriptive and analytical statistics (significance of differences in χ2 test) were used. Almost half (42.6%) of subjects were infected with coronavirus, most frequently care assistants (57.1%) and paramedics (50%). People suffering from chronic diseases were infected significantly more often (p < 0.001). The majority of the infected HCWs declared previous contact with COVID-19 patients (56.3%). Unfortunately, 10.3% of respondents refused to be vaccinated against COVID-19, most often care assistants (38.1%) and nurses (10.6%). The determinants such as sex, age, occupation, place of work (ward), participation in occupational safety and health training, use of personal protective equipment (PPE), or preventive behaviors did not significantly affect the risk of infection (p > 0.05). Even though the PPE was used and the percentage of fully vaccinated HCWs against COVID-19 was high (89.7%), the frequency of SARS-CoV-2 infected HCWs remains high at 42.6% (95% CI: 40.7-44.5%). The main determinants of SARS-CoV-2 infection risk among HCWs were previous contact with infected individuals and the presence of chronic disease. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2023;36(2):201-13.

IMPLEMENTATION OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY TRAINING FOR DOCTORS AT OHS TRAINING CENTER MEDAN

This study aims to find out the implementation of Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) training for company doctors at OHS Training Center Medan.; the obstacles in the implementation of OHS training of corporate doctors in OHS Training Center Medan.; the efforts implemented on the company's OHS doctor training. This research is a qualitative descriptive research and data collection techniques including, interviews, observations, and documentation. The subjects in the study were 10 people and the data validity technique used was source triangulation. The results showed that the implementation of OHS for company doctors at The OHS Training Center Medan has been carried out; the obstacles to the implementation of OHS from the human factor such as there are still participants who do not comply with the rules. Obstacles from environmental factors are; the amount of Personal Protective Equipment has not met the needs of trainees, there has been no OHS warning in the practice room, lack of instructor supervision during practice in the field; the efforts to overcome obstacles in the implementation of OHS, such as providing socialization, the availability of personal protective equipment and work safety equipment for participants, reprimanding participants who violate the rules and imposing strict sanctions for violators of the code of conduct who commit repeated violations.

Risk Analysis and Risk Assessment in Laboratory Studies

In this study, risk analysis is investigated by using 5X5 L Type Matrix Method in laboratories determined within the scope of occupational health and safety. In the risk analysis, 50 risks are identified, of which 30 (60 %) have a high risk level, 18 (36 %) have a medium risk level, and 2 (4 %) have a low risk level. Occupational health and safety rules are applied to control these risks in laboratory research and to minimize their effects. In this context, the things to be done in laboratory studies are listed as follows. Students, lecturers, and laboratory staff working in the laboratory should receive occupational health and safety training. Emergency plans, teams, and drills should be made for situations that may occur during laboratory studies. Chemical use, transport, and storage must be recorded in laboratory research. Physical inadequacies such as ventilation in the laboratory and work area should be eliminated. Chemical hygiene and an accident prevention program are recommended. This study, it is aimed to raise awareness about occupational health and safety in laboratory conditions.

Local health department engagement with workplaces during the COVID-19 pandemic-Examining barriers of and facilitators to outbreak investigation and mitigation.

To document local health department (LHD) COVID-19 prevention or mitigation activities at workplaces in the United States and identify facilitators for and barriers to these efforts. We conducted a web-based, cross-sectional national probability survey of United States LHDs (n = 181 unweighted; n = 2,284 weighted) from January to March 2022, collecting information about worker complaints, surveillance, investigations, relationships and interactions with employers/businesses, and LHD capacity. Overall, 94% LHD respondents reported investigating workplace-linked COVID-19 cases; however, 47% reported insufficient capacity to effectively receive, investigate and respond to COVID-19-related workplace safety complaints. Prior relationships with jurisdiction employers and LHD personnel with formal occupational health and safety (OHS) training were predictors of proactive outreach to prevent COVID-19 spread in workplaces (p < 0.01 and p < 0.001). LHD size predicted OHS personnel and sufficient financial resources to support workplace investigation and mitigation activities (p < 0.001). Differences in LHD capacity to effectively respond to communicable disease spread in workplaces may exacerbate health disparities, especially between rural and urban settings. Improving LHD OHS capacity, especially in smaller jurisdictions, could facilitate effective prevention and mitigation of workplace communicable disease spread.

Perceived Benefits and Barriers to Implementing Occupational Health Recommendations Among Immigrant-Owned Nail Salons in the Greater Philadelphia Region.

Introduction. Immigrant nail salon owners and employees face multiple barriers to accessing occupational health training and services. We formed an academic-community-based organization-business owner partnership-unique in that all partners were culturally congruent-to develop a pilot intervention program for the nail salon community. Methods. Eighteen individuals (nine salon owners and nine employees) from the Greater Philadelphia region received the training in their native language and provided feedback through in-depth qualitative interviews. Interview guide was developed using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR). Themes of perceived benefits and barriers were identified and aligned with relevant CFIR constructs to gain better understanding of the implementation challenges. Results. Reported benefits of program were improved knowledge of the workplace hazards and safety practices, and the potential to attract more customers and retain employees. Perceived barriers to implementing recommended practices were limited availability of safer products and high cost, challenges communicating with customers, lack of engagement from some owners, organizational management practices affecting employees' motivation, and limited partnership with local government to assist small immigrant-owned businesses. Conclusions. Our study revealed multiple factors that pit long-term health protection of nail salon workers against the economic viability of the businesses that employ them. Our research highlights the need to (1) advocate for federal policies making safer products to be more accessible to the masses, (2) establish local policy and culturally appropriate technical support programs that engage community-based organizations, and (3) develop economic opportunities and mentorship for immigrant entrepreneurs to operate profitable healthy salons.

Promoting Occupational Health and Safety among Nurses of a Philippine Tertiary Healthcare Institution

Health and safety of workers are the most important factors in the workplace. However, studies show that many nurses do not practice the standards despite being exposed to various hazards. The study aimed to determine the extent of work-related hazards and practice occupational health and safety standards among nurses. The study used a quantitative-qualitative approach using descriptive correlational design. Total enumeration was used. Data gathered through the administration of the researcher made survey questionnaires, then interview and observation were done to supplement the data. Weighted mean, percentage, and frequency were used. The Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient was used to establish the significant relationship between and among the extent of occupational health and safety standards and work-related hazards among nurses. The study concludes that nurses of the Region II Trauma and Medical Center repeatedly practice/experience the Occupational Health and Safety Standards and work-related hazards. Age and number of years of experience are found to influence other work-related factors and salient findings are instrumental in the crafting of the protocol. The study recommends the nursing administration should conduct occupational health and safety standards training and seminars for nurses to strengthen their awareness of the practice of occupational health and safety. Nurses should always adhere to and comply to practice all safety policies, protocols, and procedures to prevent and eliminate work-related hazards, and regardless of their age, sex, educational attainment, and years of experience should promote health and safety standards. Future studies need to be conducted with a larger and different sample.

Effect of Occupational Safety and Health Training on Performance of Cement Manufacturing Firms in Kenya

Purpose: This study sought to establish the effect of Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) training on occupational accidents on performance of cement manufacturing firms in Kenya. The study further sought to examine the moderating effect of management support on the relationship between employee training on occupational accidents and performance of cement manufacturing firms in Kenya.&#x0D; Methodology: The study was informed by entropy model and human factor theory. The study adopted the descriptive research design which used both quantitative and qualitative approach to determine the relationship between employee training and performance of cement manufacturing firms in Kenya. The unit of analysis was the six cement manufacturing firms in Kenya while the unit of observation was five cement manufacturing firms. Stratified random sampling was used to obtain the sample size of 344 respondents drawn from human resource management, production department and marketing department.&#x0D; Findings: The study established that occupational safety and health training had a significant and positive effect on performance of cement manufacturing firms in Kenya. The study also established that management support had significant moderating effect on the relationship between occupational accidents and performance of cement manufacturing firms in Kenya.&#x0D; Conclusion: OSH training on occupational accidents had a positive and significant effect on the performance of cement manufacturing firms in Kenya. Through continued OSH training there was drastic decline in the number of accidents at the work place which was associated with straining of resources and low productivity.&#x0D; Recommendation: The study recommend that manufacturing firms should implement control measures which include safety videos, audios, regular OSH training and pamphlets on safety among others. The stakeholders should ensure regular inspection of safety control measures. The government should ensure timely review of safety policies by organizations and compliance to Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Act (2007) Laws of Kenya.

Evaluasi Risiko Kesehatan dan Keselamatan Kerja dengan Metode Hirarc pada Proyek Pembangunan Sistem Penyediaan Air Baku Bendungan Pengga Kabupaten Lombok Tengah

AbstractThe construction of Pengga Dam bulk water supply system in Central Lombok district has considerable complexity that requires health and safety risk evaluation management, that include part of the project plan and control. This construction consist of several working stage: intake work, jetty work, galvanized pipe connection work, HDPE pipe connection work and pipe bridge construction work. This study uses HIRARC (Hazard Identification Risk Assessment and Risk Control) method consisting of risk identification, risk assessment, and risk control. Risk assessment is explored through field observations and job supervision. Result of the study identifies risks on 7 working stages in which there are any identified potential hazards with multi-levels of risk, in which are low risk, medium risk, up to high risk level. The hazard risk is caused by the absence of occupational safety and health training, inadequate work methods and equipment, the absence of safety signs and complete standardized PPE, also the absence of supervision carried out by the job executor. Risk control should be undertaken in the form of administrating Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) and appropriate use of PPE when carrying out job activities and when in site. Keywords: Hazard Identification Risk Assessment and Risk Control, Bulk Water