Competitive Training Research Articles

A Preliminary Study of Pre-Season Taekwondo Preparation Strategy: Personal Isolation Training Effect for Elite Athletes.

Background: The global coronavirus disease pandemic (COVID-19) has had a considerable impact on athletic competition and team sports training. Athletes have been forced to train alone at home. However, the isolation training model effects are still unknown. Purpose: This study compared the effects of personal isolation training (PIT) and detraining (DT) on specific sport performances (flexibility, power, reaction time, acceleration, and aerobic capacity) and body composition in elite taekwondo athletes. Methods: Eleven elite taekwondo athletes were recruited as voluntary subjects. Athletes were randomly paired by weight into the personal isolation training group (PIT group: N = 5, age: 21.2 ± 0.4 years, BMI: 22.2 ± 0.8 kg/m2) or detraining group (DT group: N = 6, age: 19.8 ± 0.3 years, BMI: 23.1 ± 1.0 kg/m2). All subjects performed the same training content prior to the pre-test (T1). When the pre-test was completed, all subjects underwent 12 weeks of PIT or DT. Athletes were then administrated the post-test (T2). The athlete’s sport performances and body composition were measured to compare the differences between the two groups (PIT and DT) and two phases (T1 and T2). Results: There were no significant differences in kicking reaction time and flexibility in both groups (p > 0.05). The PIT showed significant improvements in 10 m (10M) sprint performance (p < 0.05), and displayed a progress trend in Abalakov jump performance. In addition, the PIT resulted in a better change response in 10M sprint performance (PIT: −4.2%, DT: +2.1%), aerobic endurance performance (PIT: −10.2%, DT: −18.4%), right arm muscle mass (PIT: +2.9%, DT: −3.8%), and trunk muscle mass (PIT: +2.2%, DT: −1.9%) than DT (p < 0.05). The fat mass percentage showed a negative change from T1 to T2 in both groups (p < 0.05). Conclusions: PIT showed a trend toward better body composition (arm and trunk muscle) and sport performances (10M sprint and aerobic capacity) compared to DT. This finding may provide information on the effectiveness of a personal isolation training model for optimal preparation for taekwondo athletes and coaches. It may also serve as a useful and safe guideline for training recommendations during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19).

Return to competitive gymnastics training in the UK following the first COVID-19 national lockdown.

Following the outbreak of COVID-19 (coronavirus), the UK entered a national lockdown, and all sport was suspended. The study aimed to explore the process of returning to gymnastics training after several months away from the gym, with a particular interest towards training load and injury. Twenty-six, national programmed gymnasts from Men's artistic, Women's artistic and Trampoline gymnastics recorded training load and injury whilst returning to training. At the end of data collection, three coaches were interviewed to further explore the experiences and practices of returning to training. Home-based training during lockdown was seen as beneficial in maintaining a level of fitness. Coaches described a gradual increase in training to reduce the risk of injury, and this partly explains a non-significant association between training load and a substantial injury (p=0.441). However, week-to-week changes in training load following periods of additional restrictions (additional lockdown, periods of isolation, or substantial restrictions) were not always gradual. There was a significant association between an injury in the preceding week (niggle or substantial injury to a different body part) and a substantial injury in the subsequent week (RR: 5.29, p=0.011). Monitoring training was described to be a useful practice during the process of returning to training. Coaches believed that although the short-term development of their gymnasts was affected, the long-term development would not be impacted from COVID-19. It is anticipated that learnings from this study can be applied to future practices and situations, particularly when gymnasts are away from the gym for an extended period.

Influence of Recruitment Practice on Lecturers’ Performance in Kenyan Public Universities

Public universities are key players in pursuit of Kenya Vision 2030’s mandate of providing globally competitive quality education, training and research to the citizenry. However, higher education stakeholders including the World Bank, Kenya’s Commission for University Education, employers and scholars have expressed misgivings regarding quality and relevance of these institution’s academic programmes. Declining quality is attributed to increased workload, reduced rigour in recruitment and promotion criteria, failure to attract and retain quality faculty, and alleged lecturers’ incompetence. Empirical studies relating recruitment practice (RP) to employee performance (EP) ignore both descriptors of RP like: examining vacancy; locating, making contact and attracting candidates as well as lecturers’ performance measures such as: quality of teaching and learning; research and publication; administration and other responsibilities; and community engagement and other contributions. The purpose of this study was to establish influence of recruitment on lecturers’ performance in Kenyan public universities. It was guided by Simon’s decision making theory and reinforced by Barney’s resource based view; Adam Smith’s human capital theory; and Herzberg’s two-factor theory. It adopted descriptive cross-sectional survey research design with a target population of 1,653 lecturers in 14 chartered public universities established between 2009 and 2019. Multi-stage purposeful sampling technique was used to finally take a census of 158 academic heads of departments (lecturers) from 13 out of the 14 universities, having used 20 in piloting. Public universities were targeted since they account for 72% of the teaching total university teaching faculty. Semi-structured questionnaires were used to collect primary data while secondary data were obtained from relevant secondary sources. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was used to examine the internal consistency at 0.796 (SD= 0.067). Whereas content validity was ascertained by reviewing literature within the domain of study concepts and corroborated by a panel of experts, construct validity was measured using Pearson’s r. Data were analyzed using Pearson’s r and regression analysis. The correlation between recruitment practice and lecturers’ performance was established to be positive and significant ( r =.324, p =.000). Recruitment practice accounted for 11.6% (Adjusted R 2 =.116) of the variation in the lecturers’ performance in Kenyan public universities. The findings are useful to the management of public universities and HRM practitioners in formulating and implementing recruitment strategies; researchers as well as organizational behaviourists and theorists. Keywords: Recruitment, lecturers’ performance, candidates’ assessment, choice and employment. DOI: 10.7176/EJBM/13-20-16 Publication date: October 31 st 2021

COMPARISON OF THE PERFORMANCE VALUES OF THE U-16 DEVELOPMENT LEAGUE FOOTBALL PLAYERS IN THE COMPETITION PERIOD

This study aims to compare the performance values of U-16 development league football players. The research was carried out according to the experimental research model. A total of 25 football players of a super league football team (age: 16, height: 170,36±7,31cm, weight: 56,89±8,88kg), all competing in the U-16 elite development league, participated voluntarily. The players wear Polar watches on the grass football field; Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Level 1 test was applied and aerobic endurance levels, maximal heart rate, and heart rate recovery times were measured. Tests and measurements were applied 1 week before the start of the league. After the first test, the competition period general training program was applied for 9 weeks, 4 days a week, and after that, the same tests and measurements were carried out again. After a 9-week competition training program, there were statistically significant differences in aerobic endurance levels and heart rate recovery times at the 1st minute (p&lt;0.01), no statistically significant differences were found in maximal heart rate and heart rate recovery times at the 2nd minute (p&gt;0.01). In conclusion, it can be said that the 9-week training program applied during the competition period is effective on the aerobic endurance level and heart rate recovery time in the 1st minute.&#x0D; &#x0D; &lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt; Article visualizations:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src="/-counters-/edu_01/0893/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

Competitive Para Surfing Athlete Training And Performance Ranking – A Correlational Study

<h3>Research Objectives</h3> To find the co-relation of surfing practice and quantity of people required to assist during para surfing practice sessions with final competition ranking. <h3>Design</h3> Correlational study. <h3>Setting</h3> Archived athlete data from a 2019 international para surfing competition. <h3>Participants</h3> Forty-seven para surfers with a variety of health conditions including, but not limited to, spinal cord injury, amputation, limb dysmelia, and cerebral palsy. <h3>Interventions</h3> No interventions. <h3>Main Outcome Measures</h3> Self-reported data on the number of surfing practice sessions per month, hours of surfing practice per month, number of people needed to assist for surf practice, and final competition ranking. <h3>Results</h3> The number of surfing practice sessions (Spearman ρ= -0.484; p=.001), and the hours of surfing practice (Spearman ρ= -0.496; p=.001) were significantly correlated with better competition ranking. The total number of people required to assist an adaptive surfer to or in the water was significantly correlated with a decreased number of surfing practice sessions (Spearman ρ=-0.619;p < .001), decreased surf practice time (Spearman ρ=-.609; p < .001) and worse final competition ranking (Spearman ρ=.433; p=.002). <h3>Conclusions</h3> Para surfers' number of practice sessions, as well as the number of practice hours per month, had a significant association with final competition ranking. A higher number of sessions and more practice hours were associated with a better final competition ranking. Accessibility to the ocean is challenging for para surfers with physical impairments. The number of people required to assist a para surfer to or in the water limits the number of practice sessions and hours per month for surf practice. Improving accessibility with environmental modifications and volunteer supported events may improve practice opportunities for para surfers and improve performance ranking in competition. <h3>Author(s) Disclosures</h3> No author disclosures to report.

Technological Aspects of Introduction of 8-Week Model at the Phase of Direct Training for Competitions of Highly Qualified Multi-Sport Athletes in Track-And-Field Athletics

The purpose of study was to develop and to substantiate experimentally the efficiency of the 8-week model of the stage of direct training for main competitions of highly qualified multi-sport athletes in track-and-field athletics. &#x0D; Material and Methodology. 5 highly qualified multi-sport athletes having a sports qualification of the Master of Sports of Ukraine took part in the pedagogical experiment. The average age of the participants was 25.2±1.79 years. The technological basis for introduction of combined events competitions of track-and-field athletes into the requirements of the 8-week model of the phase of direct training for main competitions was constituted by: an algorithm of the individual program for training multi-sport athletes for competitions, which reflects the consistency of actions for the purpose of preparing the athletes to perform given tasks; programming of the training process, which shows the directions of performance of tasks during specific mesocycles while taking into account the feasibility of the development of components of technical and physical preparedness and types of combined events competitions in track-and-field athletics; structuring the process of straining and recovery, which determines the permissible levels and intensity of training loads during separate sessions and microcycles.&#x0D; Results. We reduced the magnitude of training loads (up to 3233 min) and increased their intensity (up to 6.51 points·min-1) during the forming experiment at the phase of direct training for competitions, which allowed to achieve peak sports form and evoke additional resources in the organism of athletes.&#x0D; The introduction of the developed 8-week model of the direct training stage contributed to a statistically significant improvement in the indicators of physical preparedness of the studied multi-sport athletes in running tests by 2.3-3.1%, while it made 4.4-4.9% in the tests representing speed and strength qualities and 4.5-4.9% in strength control exercises (p &lt; 0.05). The improvement of the results of most disciplines in the range of 1.7-5.3% (p &lt; 0.05) confirms the efficiency of the developed 8-week model of the phase of direct training.&#x0D; Conclusions. Solution of specific tasks during final weeks before the main starts requires the establishment of optimum volumes of training work and load dynamics, combining training sessions with training loads of various orientation and magnitude, using rest and recovery means as a whole complex, ensuring operative and current control over the course of recovery and adaptation processes. Taking the aforementioned problems into account, we have developed an 8-week model at the phase of direct training for competitions, in which three mesocycles were determined with strictly defined tasks and corresponding training content.

OBSTACLES TO THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CROWN LAW ON THE SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISE BUSINESS IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

In the world economy, small and medium sized entreprises (SMEs) dominate in the number of overall enterprises (90-99% of all enterprises, depending on the definition used) and in economic contributions (GDP growth, productivity, job creation, innovation, level of competition, etc.) (Lundström i Stevenson, 2001). Because small businesses generate jobs, tax revenue, functional products, charitable donations, technological development, and social contributions to communities, their success and sustainability are important for social and economic development. In addition to the impact on public health, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused a major economic shock and the greatest consequences were felt by the small and medium-sized enterprises. Due to the crisis caused by the Covid-19 pandemic, countries and their companies are facing major problems of human and business capacities sustainability. Although governments have enacted private sector policies, there are constraints that have direct implications for economic growth potential. In this paper, we investigate the impact of COVID-19 on SMEs in Bosnia and Herzegovina, focusing on the impact of the Law for mitigation negative economic consequences, better known as the Crown-Law. We first examined how the companies performed this year compared to the previous year, and then we examined whether there were barriers to the implementation of the Crowv-Law and if so, whether they were internal or external. The results of this research point to the fact that the Crown-Law is not good enough. The measures are not in line with the strategic needs of SMEs, there is a time limit and the measures are short-term. The SME development strategy should be coordinated based on the mechanism of public-private dialogue. SMEs need business services to improve their competitiveness (information, consulting, training, accounting, legal services, advertising, marketing, technical and technological services, including testing standards and certification requirements abroad, product upgrades, etc.). The results of this research provide some information of the business results and expectations of SMEs in times of crisis, while offering insight into measures designed to aid recovery. The results highlight the role that the length of the crisis will play in determining its final impact, which policymakers should consider when considering the scale of interventions needed. On the other side, the Covid-19 pandemic has opened up new challenges, but also opportunities for SMEs, such as technological advances that create new products and transform almost every phase of the business from manufacturing to marketing, procurement and logistics. Currently, only a small part of the SME sector is able to recognize and seize these opportunities and meet the challenges.

Application of Adaptive Virtual Reality with AI-Enabled Techniques in Modern Sports Training

Virtual reality technology has many characteristics, such as high immersion, dynamic interactive response, and multidimensional information digitization. These characteristics are needed by the combination of modern sports development and scientific and technological progress. The introduction of virtual reality technology into the field of sports will be conducive to the scientific training of sports competition and the digital research of technical theory and to the rapid development of modern sports. This paper constructs the framework of sports training based on virtual reality technology and designs a motion capture data algorithm based on behavior string, which successfully improves the advantages of virtual reality technology. In addition, the training experiment method is used to verify the effectiveness and superiority of the system, focusing on the high-school students learning tennis for the first time as the experimental object to study the differences in training effects between the traditional training method and the training method using virtual reality technology. The training effect of tennis is better than the traditional training method, and the difference is significant; the internal motivation of training psychology is better than the traditional training method, and the difference is significant. Compared with the traditional training method, this training method can stimulate students’ interest in training, improve students’ training effect, and promote students’ psychological internal motivation to continue training. This study provides useful enlightenment for the further application of virtual reality technology and in the modern sports training for various sports events.

Psychotherapy Reduces Self Esteem Scizophrenic Patients: Literature Review

Low self-esteemis all the thoughts, beliefs and beliefs that an individual knows about him self and affects his relationships with others. This study aims to determine what interventions can be given to over come chronic low self-esteem problems. The method used in this research is descriptive review by conducting literature reviews both from within and outside the country. Literature searches were carried out through several databases, namely Google Scholar, Pubmed, and Science Direct. The strategy used to search the literature is touse the keyword "chronic low self-esteem, psychotherapy, schizophrenia/schizophrenia". Based on the search, we found 839.112 articles, but after filtering the articles peryear,the complete articles and the suitability of keywords and article contents, it became 10 articles. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that several interventions that canbe given to reduce chronic lowself-esteem in patients with early psychotic symptoms and schizophrenia are CBT (Cognitive Behavior Therapy), EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing). GAT (Group Activity Therapy). Perceptual stimulation; told, therapy as usual (TAU) and Competitive Memory Training (COMET)/ Competitive Memory Training. Family involvement as care giver at home in the process of psychotic patient therapy can help the patient's recovery process.)

Influence of Human Resource Planning Practices on Lecturers’ Performance in Kenyan Public Universities

Kenya Vision 2030 envisions provision of globally competitive quality education, training and research to citizens. Despite public universities’ contribution to this mandate, stakeholders such as World Bank, Commission for University Education, employers and scholars fault the quality and relevance of some academic programmes. The decline in quality is attributed to increased workload, reduced rigour in recruitment and promotion criteria, inability to attract and retain quality staff, and lecturers’ alleged incompetence. Previous studies relating human resource planning (HRP) practices to employee performance (EP) do not use descriptors of HRP like business plans, scenario planning, demand and supply forecasting, forecasting future requirements and action planning in entirety in addition to exhibiting mixed findings. This study intended to establish influence of HRP on lecturers’ performance in Kenyan public universities. It is anchored on Simon’s Decision Making Theory and supported by Barney’s Resource Based View; Adam Smith’s Human Capital Theory; and Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory and implemented using descriptive cross-sectional survey research design. Target population comprised 1,653 lecturers in 14 chartered public universities established between 2009 and 2019. Multi-stage purposeful sampling technique was adopted to finally take a census of 158 academic heads of departments (lecturers) from 13 out of the 14 universities, having used 20 in piloting. Public universities account for 72% of the total university teaching staff hence the interest. Primary data were collected using semi-structured questionnaires while secondary data obtained from relevant secondary sources. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was used to examine the internal consistency at 0.796 ( SD = 0.067). While content validity was ascertained by reviewing literature within the domain of study concepts and corroborated by a panel of experts, Pearson’s r was used to measure construct validity. Data were analyzed using Pearson’s r and regression analysis. The correlation between human resource planning (HRP) practice and lecturers’ performance was established to be positive and significant (r =.528, p =.000) HRP practice accounted for 38.0% (Adjusted R 2 =.380) of the variation in the lecturers’ performance in Kenyan public universities implying that it can predict their performance. The findings are useful to the management of public universities, HRM practitioners, researchers, organizational behaviourists and theorists. Keywords: Business plans, scenario planning, demand forecasting, supply forecasting, forecasting future requirements. DOI: 10.7176/EJBM/13-18-13 Publication date: September 30 th 2021

DISTANT MOTOR EFFECTS OF DISCONTINUATION OF RHYTHMIC GYMNASTICS

Introduction Rhythmic gymnastics is a discipline intended only for women with above-average motor skills such as speed, coordination and jumping ability. Advanced training begins in early childhood, and the selection of candidates is motivated by innate predispositions required by coaches, i.e. appropriate physical conditions, adaptation of the body to exercise and sense of rhythm. Selected gymnasts train by learning to perfectly perform routines with devices such as a ball, ribbon, rope, clubs or hoops. Aim The aim of the study is t show distant motor effects of discontinuation of rhythmic gymnastics. Material and methods Two groups of female gymnasts were compared in the study. The first of them consisted of current training, competitive gymnasts, while the other – female athletes who stopped practicing this discipline. The study checked, among others, the occurrence of possible injuries, pain and their location as well as the consequences of discontinuation of training. All of the obtained results were compared between the groups. Results Currently, training gymnasts suffer from less pain than former female gymnasts, however, already at such a young age, they experience first problems both in the spine and lower limbs. In both groups, the most common conditions are hypermobility, spinal overload syndromes and ankle sprains. Conclusions The results of former female gymnasts clearly show that problems with former female gymnasts are a consequence of practicing rhythmic gymnastics, and their intensity increases over time, leading to long-term effects of practicing this discipline. Keywords: rhythmic gymnastics, sports injuries, consequences of competitive sports, early competitive training.

RESEARCH ON SCIENTIFIC SPORTS TRAINING OF STUDENTS MAJORING IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION

ABSTRACT Introduction: The organization of high-level sports teams in colleges and universities is an important measure for my country's competitive sports to break the traditional monopoly and monopoly pattern and go to the market and society in an all-around way. It helps to improve the cultural quality of Chinese athletes and cultivate new sports talents for comprehensive development. It can make full use of universities’ multidisciplinary and high-tech advantages, increase the technological content of competitive training, and accelerate the improvement of sports level. Objective: This article intends to take the diving team as an example to explain the role and significance of scientific training in developing competitive sports in my country's ordinary colleges and universities and put forward suggestions for the establishment, organization, and implementation of scientific training. Methods: The scientific research support system used in the thesis includes: physiological and biochemical monitoring, health and sports injury monitoring, nutrition and weight monitoring, psychological consultation and monitoring, technical training support system, training quality management system, physical training support system, and athlete training database. Results: The in-depth research on diving training focuses on: (1) the detection and evaluation of diving technique training; (2) the training of divers’ specific strength qualities; (3) the monitoring of nutrition and weight of female athletes; (4) Pre-match psychological training for outstanding diving athletes. Conclusions: The diving team's training shows that scientific and systematic training is an important guarantee for high-level student-athletes training in ordinary universities in my country. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment results.

Left atrial enlargement in competitive athletes and atrial electrophysiology

Introduction and objectivesThere are scarce data on left atrial (LA) enlargement and electrophysiological features in athletes. MethodsMulticenter observational study in competitive athletes and controls. LA enlargement was defined as LA volume indexed to body surface area ≥ 34mL/m2. We analyzed its relationship with atrial electrocardiography parameters. ResultsWe included 356 participants, 308 athletes (mean age: 36.4±11.6 years) and 48 controls (mean age: 49.3±16.1 years). Compared with controls, athletes had a higher mean LA volume index (29.8±8.6 vs 25.6±8.0mL/m2, P=.006) and a higher prevalence of LA enlargement (113 [36.7%] vs 5 [10.4%], P <.001), but there were no relevant differences in P-wave duration (106.3±12.5ms vs 108.2±7.7ms; P=.31), the prevalence of interatrial block (40 [13.0%] vs 4 [8.3%]; P=.36), or morphology-voltage-P-wave duration score (1.8±0.84 vs 1.5±0.8; P=.71). Competitive training was independently associated with LA enlargement (OR, 14.7; 95%CI, 4.7-44.0; P <.001) but not with P-wave duration (OR, 1.02; 95%CI, 0.99-1.04), IAB (OR, 1.4; 95%CI, 0.7-3.1), or with morphology-voltage-P-wave duration score (OR, 1.4; 95%CI, 0.9-2.2). ConclusionsLA enlargement is common in adult competitive athletes but is not accompanied by a significant modification in electrocardiographic parameters.

SCIENTIFIC PHYSICAL EXERCISE TO PREVENT MUSCLE INJURY IN COMPETITIVE SPORTS

ABSTRACT Introduction: Various factors cause many sports traumas in groups engaged in mass sports activities, amateur sports training, and professional sports training in China that must be called to our attention. Objective: Scientific Sports Therapy is a scientific and reasonable systemic sports training program formulated for competitive athletes based on their physical and disease characteristics. Methods: This article conducted scientific sports therapy interventions on tennis elbow patients and analyzed multiple physiological indicators such as muscle endurance before and after the intervention. Results: There are significant differences in the athletes’ muscle strength and muscle endurance data after physical exercise therapy. Conclusion: We analyzed the causes of muscle damage and adopted scientific and practical sports therapy. In this way, coaches and athletes can find effective ways to prevent and manage muscle injuries, thereby improving competitive sports training. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment results.

THE PREVENTION METHOD OF SPORTS MEDICINE IMAGING MODELING

ABSTRACT Introduction: Sports injury is an important reason to interfere with sports training and physical exercise since it will not only bring unnecessary pain to the injured body, but also bring out negative emotions in athletes. Objective: To study the sports injury characteristics of high level competitive aerobics athletes in China. Methods: Literature data, questionnaire survey, expert interviews, field observation, mathematical statistics and physiotherapy tracking were used. Results: Wrists, ankles, waist and knees were the most frequently injured parts in high level competitive aerobics athletes in China. The main type of injury was acute injury, but chronic injury (48.18%) could not be ignored. Ninety percent of active high-level competitive aerobics athletes train with injuries, and 10 percent of them completely stop training because of injuries. Conclusions: Athletes should pay attention to their physical reserve and strengthen physical training. They must also be attentive to self-supervision, their own subjective feelings, and control the amount of exercise done. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment results.

Effect of Knee Joint Angle on Regional Hamstrings Activation During Isometric Knee-Flexion Exercise.

Each hamstring muscle is subdivided into several regions by multiple motor nerve branches, which implies each region has different muscle activation properties. However, little is known about the muscle activation of each region with a change in the knee joint angle. Understanding of regional activation of the hamstrings could be helpful for designing rehabilitation and training programs targeted at strengthening a specific region. To investigate the effect of knee joint angle on the activity level of several regions within the individual hamstring muscles during isometric knee-flexion exercise with maximal effort (MVCKF). Within-subjects repeated measures. University laboratory. Sixteen young males with previous participation in sports competition and resistance training experience. The participants performed 2 MVCKF trials at each knee joint angle of 30°, 60°, and 90°. Surface electromyography was used to measure muscle activity in the proximal, middle, and distal regions of the biceps femoris long head (BFlh), semitendinosus, and semimembranosus of hamstrings at 30°, 60°, and 90° of knee flexion during MVCKF. Muscle activity levels in the proximal and middle regions of the BFlh were higher at 30° and 60° of knee flexion than at 90° during MVCKF (all: P < .05). Meanwhile, the activity levels in the distal region of the BFlh were not different among all of the evaluated knee joint angles. In semitendinosus and semimembranosus, the activity levels were higher at 30° and 60° than at 90°, regardless of region (all: P < .05). These findings suggest that the effect of knee joint angle on muscle activity level differs between regions of the BFlh, whereas that is similar among regions of semitendinosus and semimembranosus during MVCKF.

The Realization of Sports Intelligence Based on the Perspective of Students’ Physical Fitness

Intelligent technology is widely used in all aspects of life. The use of modern information technology to promote the development of sports intelligence to improve the physical health of students is an important way to reform school sports. As the development of school sports is facing problems such as insufficient attention and insufficient teachers, it is recommended to establish a dynamic monitoring system of student physique, school sports teaching and competition training management mechanism, construct a school sports culture network platform, and build a “cloud” by means of network technology such as big data. “Platform sports education new model and other paths to achieve the intelligent development of school sports.

Development significance and structure analysis of sports video image analysis system based on VR

Modern science and technology is highly differentiated and concentrated, and has also entered a new stage of multidisciplinary comprehensive utilization. Especially, VR technology has played a great role in competitive sports training. Intelligent video analysis system is a key point of modern video development. With the development of computer technology and the gradual progress of video technology, intelligent video analysis system has broad development space. In this paper, a key algorithm SISA (Sports Image Segmentation Algorithm) is designed. The algorithm improves and optimizes the semantic segmentation algorithm by using hole convolution, pyramid pooling and trainable conditional random field structure, and uses key node detection algorithm to enhance the segmentation effect of small objects. The common methods to realize virtual human animation are manual marking, motion capture and automatic recognition. In order to reduce the workload of manual marking, avoid the high cost of motion capture and make up for the precision error of automatic recognition, it can be practically applied to the guidance of physical training.

Model characteristics of competition performance in terms of athletes’ functional fit-ness

Introduction. Nowadays, the theory of sports does not contain clear criteria for assessing sports fitness, which would reflect the model characteristics of competition performance. The article presents the research results on the functional state of athletes with different training process specifics as model characteristics of competition performance. The aim of the research is to identify and describe the model characteristics of competition performance as the main criterion for evaluating sports training in the theory of sports. Materials and Methods. Energy component of athletes’ functional fitness was studied in 80 qualified athletes (Candidates for Master of Sports, Masters of Sports, International Masters of Sports), specializing in running short, medium and long distances during the period of training for competitions. The study of the energy component was conducted using the inventory developed by B. F. Vashlyaev et al. (‘A method for evaluating physical performance based on minute volume of breathing dynamics ratio to increasing load power’). This method allows to identify which source of energy is used by the athlete while taking a cycle ergometer testing. Results. The authors identified the model characteristics of functional fitness in athletes with different training specifics, based on the energy component. The study provides physiological grounding from the point of view of appropriate interaction of energy supply systems. The key regulatory mechanisms associated with the metabolic reactions activation of adenosine triphosphate molecules production are described. Conclusions. Model characteristics of athletes' competition performance, obtained in this research, can be used by coaches in order to manage sports training effectively. Moreover, the identified model characteristics can be used as the main criteria for evaluating sports training in sports theory.

Dilatación de la aurícula izquierda en deportistas de alta competición y electrofisiología auricular

Introduction and objectivesThere are scarce data on left atrial (LA) enlargement and electrophysiological features in athletes. MethodsMulticenter observational study in competitive athletes and controls. LA enlargement was defined as LA volume indexed to body surface area ≥ 34mL/m2. We analyzed its relationship with atrial electrocardiography parameters. ResultsWe included 356 participants, 308 athletes (mean age: 36.4±11.6 years) and 48 controls (mean age: 49.3±16.1 years). Compared with controls, athletes had a higher mean LA volume index (29.8±8.6 vs 25.6±8.0mL/m2, P=.006) and a higher prevalence of LA enlargement (113 [36.7%] vs 5 [10.4%], P <.001), but there were no relevant differences in P-wave duration (106.3±12.5ms vs 108.2±7.7ms; P=.31), the prevalence of interatrial block (40 [13.0%] vs 4 [8.3%]; P=.36), or morphology-voltage-P-wave duration score (1.8±0.84 vs 1.5±0.8; P=.71). Competitive training was independently associated with LA enlargement (OR, 14.7; 95%CI, 4.7-44.0; P <.001) but not with P-wave duration (OR, 1.02; 95%CI, 0.99-1.04), IAB (OR, 1.4; 95%CI, 0.7-3.1), or with morphology-voltage-P-wave duration score (OR, 1.4; 95%CI, 0.9-2.2). ConclusionsLA enlargement is common in adult competitive athletes but is not accompanied by a significant modification in electrocardiographic parameters.