Train Station Research Articles

The Use of Serial Structures for Large-Span Frames

The development of engineering and design, the emergence of new materials (steel, concrete, aluminum, etc.) stimulated the emergence of new types of large-span structures. The structures became lighter, this made it possible to increase the size of the overlapping area. The use of large spans is due to the operational and architectural requirements in public buildings (markets, train stations, stadiums, concert and sports halls). In industrial buildings, large spans are subject to technological requirements. The space freed from supports, covered with a large-span structure, gives the building an emotional and plastic expressiveness. The use of large-span structures makes it possible to maximize the bearing qualities of the material and thereby obtain light and economical coatings. Reducing the mass of structures and structures is one of the main trends in construction. Less weight means less material, less material to be mined, processed, transported and installed.

At the train station: the self, suspended in collective trauma. Symbolic analysis with victims of childhood trauma caused by state terrorism.

This paper explores the consequences of a collective trauma on the individual psyche. The author aims to show the difficulties emerging in the process of working through an early trauma when the personal wound is merged with a family and cultural trauma. Referencing clinical dream material, the author also highlights the importance of including the objective and the subjective levels of analysis, because if the clinical work is solely focused upon the intrapsychic subjective dimension, this may tend to perpetuate the traumatic cycle based on the original denial. This process requires from the analyst sensitivity and receptivity to accept the reality of the collective trauma with all its overwhelming affects, without losing the capacity for imagination; thus, the horror of the non-representable may gradually find - within the analytic dyad - a symbolic way to be retrieved, metabolized, and elaborated.

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Research on calibration‐free fingerprinting positioning techniques based on terrestrial magnetism databases for indoor environments

Location-based services (LBSs) in such indoor places as museums, airport terminals, and train stations are becoming more and more popular among smartphone users. Hence, the research on indoor positioning technologies is increasing. Indoor positioning technologies using Wi-Fi or Bluetooth wireless signals have some problems that cannot be overcome, for example, inconsistent data caused by human body shadowing effects. Positioning accuracy and stability still need to be improved to provide higher quality LBS applications. Smartphones have built-in geomagnetic and acceleration sensors, and the Earth's magnetic field is not affected by human body shadowing effects, so it increases the appeal of using geomagnetism to enable indoor positioning with smartphones. This article proposed approaches in light of calibration-free fingerprinting positioning techniques with terrestrial magnetism databases for indoor environments. For the differences in measurements yielded by various mobile phone (MP) models and brands, adjustments can be made using the ratio of the total intensity of the magnetic field and its horizontal component to correct the discrepancies. Finally, with the arrangement of four landmarks, the average error distance of the research results in the experimental environment is 3.59 m. The average accuracy of the k-nearest neighbour (k-NN) mobile phones is 71.3%.

A Comparative Study of Flows Through Funnel-Shaped Bottlenecks Placed in the Middle and Corner

Upon exiting buildings, theatres, and stadiums, which house a great number of people, egress points can act as bottlenecks, resulting in crowded exits and decreased flows. Most studies investigating flow have been conducted in either narrow bottlenecks (doors) or funnel shape bottlenecks, with the latter investigating bottlenecks placed in the middle of the walkway. This study investigates, for the first time, crowd flow through funnel-shaped bottlenecks placed in the corner of the walkway and makes comparisons with similar bottlenecks of the same length, entrance and exit width placed in the middle of the walkway. The entry width and exit width of the bottlenecks were 3 m and 1 m respectively, with lengths varying from 1 m to 4 m; they continued into a 10 m corridor. Ninety-four participants of various ages were observed moving through each of the configurations. The results indicated that using funnel-shaped bottlenecks in the middle of the walkway increased the flow rate significantly compared to the corner in bottlenecks with 2 m and 3 m lengths. This is contrary to what some other researchers have found for narrow bottlenecks placed in the middle and corner of a wall, although it is recognised that the configuration of funnel-shaped bottlenecks makes the comparison more complex and further work is required in this area. Notwithstanding these results are considered valuable for consideration when designing egress points and corridors in complex buildings such as metro and train stations.

Simulation of Electric Vehicle Charging Points Based on Efficient Use of Chargers and Using Recuperated Braking Energy from Trains

Electric vehicles represent an innovation in mobility that can help significantly reduce greenhouse emissions and mitigate climate change. However, replacing internal combustion with electric vehicles is not enough. This replacement needs to be complemented with a change in the energy mix of individual countries towards renewable energy sources and efficient use of electricity generated as a secondary product. Recuperative braking energy from trains can serve as one source of such secondary energy. Following an analysis of recuperative energy generated and analysis of charging requirements of individual electric vehicles, the paper proposes a model of a charging site near train stations. Using this energy to charge electric vehicles helps to reduce energy consumption from the electricity grid and thus reduce carbon emissions. Compared to other articles, the proposed model ensures the efficient use of recuperative braking energy from trains by using the variable charging power function; thereby, the installation of additional battery storage is eliminated. Our model results show that the benefits of a car park with a reservation system near train stations increase the car park efficiency, provide a sufficient number of private charging points, contribute to efficient use of recovered energy, and reduce carbon emissions.

Recognition of Human Face Regions under Adverse Conditions—Face Masks and Glasses—In Thermographic Sanitary Barriers through Learning Transfer from an Object Detector

The COVID-19 pandemic has detrimentally affected people’s lives and the economies of many countries, causing disruption in the health, education, transport, and other sectors. Several countries have implemented sanitary barriers at airports, bus and train stations, company gates, and other shared spaces to detect patients with viral symptoms in an effort to contain the spread of the disease. As fever is one of the most recurrent disease symptoms, the demand for devices that measure skin (body surface) temperature has increased. The thermal imaging camera, also known as a thermal imager, is one such device used to measure temperature. It employs a technology known as infrared thermography and is a noninvasive, fast, and objective tool. This study employed machine learning transfer using You Only Look Once (YOLO) to detect the hottest temperatures in the regions of interest (ROIs) of the human face in thermographic images, allowing the identification of a febrile state in humans. The algorithms detect areas of interest in the thermographic images, such as the eyes, forehead, and ears, before analyzing the temperatures in these regions. The developed software achieved excellent performance in detecting the established areas of interest, adequately indicating the maximum temperature within each region of interest, and correctly choosing the maximum temperature among them.

Passengers preferences for using emerging modes as first/last mile transport to and from a multimodal hub case study Delft Campus railway station

Emerging access/egress transport modes to and from railway stations may play a vital role in the future performance and usage of public transport. To learn about these modes, their acceptability, and attractiveness, we performed a case study at Delft Campus train station in the Netherlands, using a stated preference experiment. We investigated travellers’ preferences towards shared bicycles, shared e-steps, shared e-scooters, automated vehicles (individuals and shuttles), and the importance of time, costs, and availability of these modes to access or egress this small-sized hub. Furthermore, we studied the impacts of two contextual situations: weather conditions and carrying luggage, affecting mode choice.The results indicate that travel costs have much higher importance than travel time for accessing or egressing from a small hub, and Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) usage is positively valued as first/last mile transport modes compared to other alternatives. Increasing 10% time and cost of all modes indicate that the demand for individual and collective AVs falls sharply, whereas the change in demands of shared bikes is negligible. A significant impact of context effect variables in the utility of travellers was also observed when these variables interacted with the leading travel attributes. The potential market share of the modes indicates that shared bike usage will continue to be strong, and automated vehicles will find their position at future stations. These findings could provide critical criteria for designing future small/medium multimodal hubs.

Form Follows People? – Copenhagen’s Ny Nørreport as a Post-Participatory Project

Following the dictum: “Form Follows People” two Danish offices used patterns generated from pedestrian movement to create the infrastructural layout when redesigning Copenhagen’s Nørreport train station. A choice that was praised by a unanimous jury and municipal client who were eager to present the winning proposal as being shaped by “the people.” However other readings are possible, the design can also be seen as a striking architectural gesture where the public is both framed as a vital prerequisite yet at the same time as the unaware producers of space. In order to understand this reasoning, this essay looks at the “human oriented approach” the offices adopted for the Nørreport project. This entails discussing the project as somewhat participatory and tracing its references back to the research on pedestrian movement done by Danish architect and urbanist Jan Gehl in the 1960s. An approach that now 50 years later can be seen coinciding with a shift in city planning where municipalities and planning offices readily embrace designing for more loosely defined subjects such as pedestrians or simply “people.” As the argument for the design only formally maintains the social agenda of participation, this essay asks whether the project could instead be read in terms of system design and its participatory practice understood in a cybernetic sense as feedback and input, and as such, if the project ultimately could be perceived as a “post-participatory” project.

Evaluation of wheelchair accessibility in train stations using a spatial network

The universal design of public transportation is a crucial task worldwide, especially in aging societies. For this reason, public agencies and train operators have advocated for universal architectural design for train stations, for instance, installing elevators and designing step-free routes. However, the location of elevators is often decided on an ad-hoc basis, and wheelchair users are often forced to take unnecessary detours and collision risks. This is because few methodologies are available for making an integrated evaluation of spatial structure and wheelchair accessibility. This paper introduces an evaluation framework based on network analysis to evaluate wheelchair accessibility from the aspect of the spatial structure at train stations. Specifically, we first develop weighted network data that describe the spatial structure of train stations in detail to represent the mobility restrictions of wheelchair users and pedestrians. We next propose several indices to evaluate each station in terms of its wheelchair accessibility using these data: “reachable time indices,” which measure the time to the train doors from the ticket gate, and “level of path independence,” which describes the low risk of collisions on paths. This evaluation framework was applied to nine train stations in Tokyo, Japan, as case studies to examine the relationship between spatial structure and wheelchair accessibility. As a result, we found three important relationships. First, placing an elevator in the center of a platform narrows the range of the reachable times for wheelchair users. Second, the proximity of elevator doors to stairs or escalator entrances tends to increase the risk of collisions with pedestrians. Third, a wheelchair stairlift installed in place of elevators increases the minimum reachable time and increases the risk of collisions on designated paths. These insights will be useful for finding facilities that require improvement in the wheelchair accessibility of step-free routes. • Train-station spatial-structure network analysis reveals wheelchair accessibility. • Elevators at platform centers reduce the reachable time range of wheelchair users. • Elevator doors near stairs or escalators increase the risk of collisions. • Wheelchair stairlifts increase both the minimum reachable time and collision risk.

Tracts or Vasily Shchukin’s Semiotic Journeys (Rec. Ad. Op.: Shchukin V. G. Gorod i mif: Issledovaniya v oblasti geopoetiki. –– M.: LENAND, 2021)

The author of the book under review is the famous Slavic researcher Vasily Georgiyevich Shchukin (Krakow, Poland), whose works occupy a leading place in the development of the «estate» and «city» myths in human culture. The new monograph is a detailed and multifaceted development of the mythopoetic of the city. The view of the researcher is turned on the one hand, to the typical texts of Russian literature («The Storm» by Alexander Ostrovsky, «Oblomov» by Ivan Goncharov, «Crime and Punishment» by Fyodor Dostoevsky etc.), on the other hand, to empirical spaces refracted through the prism of artistic creations («Simonovo», «the Field of the Maiden», «Maryina Roshcha», «Lefortovo» etc.). A special place in the monograph is given to the study of the real loci of modern urban space (train stations, metro, Leninsky Gory, architectural buildings). The authors of the review note that in «Gorod i mif», the scientific interests of V. G. Shchukin go beyond the field of philology, linking with cultural studies, history, philosophy and art history. For the modern world and modern science, the «humanitarian» component of the reviewed work is extremely important. The study introduces the concept of «humanitarian geography», which is important for modern culture, it makes possible not only to perceive the world as a text («the world as a text»), but also to realize the dialogic nature of the space facing a person. Summarizing the huge and multifaceted material related to the semiotics of the city, V. G. Shchukin, according to the authors, creatively resurrects the «myth of the city».

Художественное пространство в романе Е.Г. Водолазкина «Брисбен»: имагологический аспект

The article considers the spatial opposition in the novel Brisbane by Eugene Vodolazkin. The spatial opposition “Russia - other countries” for the character first appears in Leningrad, when he studies at university. This opposition is at first somewhat illusory in its nature. The “Russia - Germany” opposition is an invariant of the “Russia - other countries” spatial opposition and also appears in the story during Gleb’s studies at university. The so-called “German” for Gleb is primarily associated with Katarina, later Katya - the name she took out of respect for the Russian roots of Gleb, as well as with the echoes of World War II, which sound muted, sometimes conciliatory. The “German” in the novel is also embodied in cultural onomasticon. The spatial opposition “Russia - Italy” occupies a somewhat more modest place than the opposition “Russia - Germany” in the plot, but it is significant for the national and civil self-determination of the character. Contemporary Italy appears in the novel closer to its end and is associated with the second storyline - the plane of the present. The comparison of Russia and Italy takes place symbolically, on the border of eternity, in timeless space. The “Italian” in the novel is also associated with the world of music. Finally, another spatial opposition, “Russia - Ukraine,” plays an important role in both the plot and the description of the main character of the novel, and organically combines the two national identities, without separating them, as well as the cultural and historical space of Russia and Ukraine. The article also analyzes the oppositions “Kyiv -Petersburg” and “Kyiv - Moscow.” A detailed topography in the novel appears when describing a non-alien space. The motifs of topophobia and to-pophilia when mastering someone else’s space are distinguished. The art world of the novel also includes images of a liminal space. These are train stations and airports, a kind of a gate of the city (or country), the state border, the Berlin Wall. In Slavic mythology, there is another, invisible ontological boundary - between this-being and that-being, the visible symbols of which are the church and the cemetery, separating the world of the living from the kingdom of the dead. These loci are also presented in the novel. In a sense, Brisbane is also a liminal space, since Australia in ordinary consciousness is often perceived as the edge of the world. Brisbane is a metaphor for a little paradise, heaven on Earth, an unattainable dream desired by Arcadia. Brisbane is a metaspace characteristic of neomodernism, which connects all the plot nodes of the novel. The author declares no conflicts of interests.

The COVID-19 pandemic from a One Health perspective

The "One Health" approach is essential to better understand and manage a pandemic of animal origin. Sensitive geopolitical considerations seem to hamper the investigations into the origin of the pandemic, but everything points to the Rhinolophus bat as the starting point of this devastating pandemic. Through a phenomenon of reverse zoonosis, several hundred cases of contamination of animals by SARS-CoV-2 have been identified worldwide, involving about twenty species of mammals. The virus has also passed from animals to humans in the case of infected mink farms in Denmark or through contact with hamsters in Hong Kong. For the development of vaccines and treatments and to help detect COVID-19 in train stations or airports, the animal has confirmed its role as a valuable auxiliary resource for humans in the fight against the pandemic.

Chai as a Colonial Creation: The British Empire’s Cultivation of Tea as a Popular Taste and Habit Among South Asians

For Indians, chai, or spiced black tea, is a sign of hospitality, served within families, workplaces, and at train stations. While most Indians now perceive chai to be an essential and unquestionable part of daily life, this was not the case until the early twentieth century. While today, masala tea (or masala chai) is seen as a traditional South Asian custom, my findings suggest that the habit of drinking tea was actually thrust upon Indians through a colonial apparatus of the British Raj that utilized indentured labor, plantations, and exploitative trade practices. In this research, I deconstruct the misunderstanding that tea is native to India by gathering records of the first tea plantations and advertisements designed to popularize tea in India. I also present evidence of British establishment of tea and sugar plantations, which preceded the mass production and distribution of chai for export and internal use. Lastly, I analyze advertisements that were used in the British campaign to popularize chai in India. The tea trade exemplifies the short and long-term inequalities that resulted from British occupation in South Asia, as it was a key factor in motivating and funding colonial expansion and in solidifying colonial control. Beyond colonizing land and bodies through tea, the British succeeded in colonizing Indians’ aesthetics and taste.

Facemask Wearing Alert System Based on Simple Architecture With Low-Computing Devices

The Covid-19 epidemic has been causing heavy losses to humanity in terms of population, economy, and political stability. To deal with outbreaks of the pandemic, countries have been racing to develop vaccines and issue many regulations for people in daily life. Wearing a facemask in public is mandatory and will be severely punished if violated. In addition to the above mandatory regulations, it is necessary to develop tools for early warning when the human does not wear the facemask in public places such as offices, schools, supermarkets, train stations, etc. This paper proposed a facemask wearing alert system based on a simple convolutional neural network (CNN) operating on low-computing devices. This system works in two stages: face detection and facemask classification. In the first stage, it uses a face detection network with the main benefit of convolution, separable depthwise convolution, and double detectors layer to extract face region of interest (RoI). Then, this image area will go through a facemask classification network that exploits the advantages of convolution, separable depthwise convolution, and skip connection layers to classify facemask wearing (Mask or NoMask). The proposed networks are trained and evaluated on benchmark datasets. Along with simple designs, optimizing network parameters without ignoring accuracy, the system works in real-time at 33.17 and 26.18 frames per second (FPS) on an Intel Core I7-4770 CPU &#x0040; 3.40 GHz (Personal Computer - PC) and a Nvidia Maxwell GPU (Jetson Nano device), respectively. The demo video can be found here <uri>https://bit.ly/3yUgb8f</uri>.

Towards a climate neutral future with Deutsche Bahn: Analysis of company policy until 2050

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the state of current knowledge and tools needed to move the German company Deutsche Bahn AG towards climate neutrality. Both literary sources and statistical data were used in the preparation of the paper. The main questions addressed in the paper are: how the concept of climate neutrality applies to Deutsche Bahn AG, what experience the company has in planning carbon-neutral operation and what tools can be used. As greenhouse gas emissions rise, so does the need to find solutions for reducing carbon dioxide emissions. Deutsche Bahn AG is aiming for climate neutrality by 2050. To achieve this goal, it is primarily relying on the use of renewable energy to power overhead cables and train stations. In addition, alternative engine options are being developed to replace the existing fleet of diesel locomotives on non-electrified sections. Improving the energy efficiency of both rolling stock and railroad stations is also becoming increasingly important.

Arhitektura kao gest savremene kulture poslovni objekat, kampus multinacionalne kompanije "NCR", Novi Beograd

The NCR campus is the first facility completed within the newly-planned unit of Block 42, according to an urban and architectural competition from 2014, which includes the design of a bus and train station, with an accompanying complex of business facilities and towers. The building in question is a business facility, positioned directly next to the platforms of the railway station, which leans on the existing physical structure with accentuated horizontality, and which has space in front of it reserved for a square, green areas and urban elements. The structure of the building is linear, longitudinal, and defi ned by the functional and technological conditions of the program and urban parameters, and the public square planned in front of it is an important integrative element in the composition. All of the floors in the facility are exclusively for business use, with offices, and rooms for meetings and presentations, and the necessary accompanying amenities. The facade is characterized by free, sculptural access to glass planes and aluminium brise soleils, and segmenting of the extremely long facade front into smaller units reduces the impression of the size of the building, introducing it to measurable urban dimensions. On the northeastern facade, facing the square, glass panels of different reflections have been placed at different depths and are intersected with a frame of horizontal and vertical metal brise soleils, creating an impression of spontaneity and irregularity. The facade oriented towards the railway platforms has a more industrial character and accentuated horizontal elements. The quality of the final aesthetic experience of the building was achieved by carefully applying the technical characteristics of the materials and functioning of the adopted details.

Поэтический текст как способ организации пространства города

Since the sixties of the twentieth century, different algorithms for using poetic texts in the transformation of urban space have emerged. Poetic discourse is being increasingly contextualized in space, whose role in the contemporary cultural system and specific tasks of urbanism has been growing. In the urban context, poetry may acquire different forms — street performances, advertisements, murals and other types of visual poetry. It may turn the city into a venue for a festival of urban poetry. The poetic text interacts with urban objects (monuments, train stations, airports, bus stops, and benches), including QR codes and other technical means. The article explores the process of integrating poetic texts into urban space using the example of the Netherlands, Belgium, Russia, Spain and countries of Latin America. Urban poetry contributes to overcoming the linearity and elitism of the poetic text, shifting the emphasis from verbal to the visual or performative component of the text, and strengthening the function of the addressee. As a result, poetry acquires an applied character. The city becomes an instrument of mediated poetic communication and can be used for the representation of the city.

Assessing transportation system efficiency in its relationship with urban housing: A data envelopment analysis

Urban housing and transportation are strongly related systems. However, few studies have explored the balance between urban housing and transportation systems. Excess investment in transportation systems puts intense pressure on local governments' budgets, especially in shrinking urban areas. In this study, we measured the spatial efficiency of Sapporo city's transportation system using data envelopment analysis. Our results highlight that two-thirds of the urban area were running below capacity. Among them, car parking sites and car parking areas had the highest surplus capacity at 27.81% and 15.86%, respectively. Meanwhile, bus stops, road density, and train station service areas exceeded the demand by about 12%–16%. The results also show that the shortfall in the filling rate of housing was high at 3.82%. Finally, based on our analysis, we introduced recommendations for city policymakers to improve the city's overall efficiency.

ARCHETYPICAL SYMBOLISM IN S. ZHADAN’S NOVEL «BOARDING SCHOOL»

The article is devoted to archetypal images in the novel of the modern Ukrainian writer S. Zhadan. The scientist identified and analyzed various variations and projections of archetypes, characterized the features of the most significant and important ones. In particular, it is noted that the writer revealed several archetypes in the text, which can be grouped as spatial-energy, time-space, zoomorphic and plant. Among the first, the researcher proposes to include the archetype of the House-dwelling, a dwelling with the ancestral memory of several generations, and its variations of the House as a temporary shelter – these are the locations of the train station and the boarding school building. They can be considered a somewhat binary opposition, that is, "non-House" to the archetype of a stable House. Among the temporal and spatial ones, the author examines the toponym of the road, and also analyzes through two projections – the physical path of the hero and his inner-metaphysical path of self-discovery and character evolution. The author of the article also draws attention to the fact that the state of crisis and dichotomy, the existential amnesia of the characters is also reflected in the zoomorphic plane through the images of animals, in particular, a dog/dogs/puppies. These images are transformed in the same way: to the primary interpretations as an archetype of the spirit, they acquire the additional functions of assistant animals, whose behavior and consciousness are consistent with the heroes of the novel. Plant images also change in the work, in particular, the sunflower from the traditional symbol of the sun, work and prosperity, strength and well-being acquires the meaning of loss of moral and value orientations and the meaning of being, uselessness, futility of hopes and hopes. Through the prism of modifications of the archetypes presented in the work, the researcher also analyzed the behavior patterns of the characters, revealing their characters. As a result, the idea is postulated that the archetype of the Home in the novel is not just through and through, but the main one, it also acts as a kind of framing of the work: the plot revolves around it, and finding one’s true Home – a physical residence and an inner metaphysical one – is the main goal of the novel’s heroes. Because only such a return is the guarantee of the healing of society and its successful future.