Crew Training Research Articles

Main Results of Training and Activity of the Iss Crew for Expedition 63 When Carrying Out the Mission Plan.

The paper represents the ISS crew for Expedition 63, main training tasks, activ-ity of the crew aboard the Soyuz MS-16 manned transport vehicle (MTV) and the International Space Station (ISS). It also highlights the performance of EVA under the program of the US Segment and gives a preliminary analysis of the implementation of the Russian scientific-applied research and experiments.

Designing Procedure Execution Tools with Emerging Technologies for Future Astronauts

NASA’s human spaceflight efforts are moving towards long-duration exploration missions requiring asynchronous communication between onboard crew and an increasingly remote ground support. In current missions aboard the International Space Station, there is a near real-time communication loop between Mission Control Center and astronauts. This communication is essential today to support operations, maintenance, and science requirements onboard, without which many tasks would no longer be feasible. As NASA takes the next leap into a new era of human space exploration, new methods and tools compensating for the lack of continuous, real-time communication must be explored. The Human-Computer Interaction Group at NASA Ames Research Center has been investigating emerging technologies and their applicability to increase crew autonomy in missions beyond low Earth orbit. Interactions using augmented reality and the Internet of Things have been researched as possibilities to facilitate usability within procedure execution operations. This paper outlines four research efforts that included technology demonstrations and usability studies with prototype procedure tools implementing emerging technologies. The studies address habitat feedback integration, analogous procedure testing, task completion management, and crew training. Through these technology demonstrations and usability studies, we find that low- to medium-fidelity prototypes, evaluated early in the design process, are both effective for garnering stakeholder buy-in and developing requirements for future systems. In this paper, we present the findings of the usability studies for each project and discuss ways in which these emerging technologies can be integrated into future human spaceflight operations.

Performance-based on-board damage control system for ships

The most severe accidents in the maritime sector involve fire or stability loss due to flooding. Such accidents result in the loss of life and property as well as environmental pollution. The prevention of such severe outcomes of maritime accidents requires fast and effective responses. Hence, accurate accident information must be provided to decision makers to develop an emergency response. Furthermore, information regarding an accident's development over time must be provided to formulate a targeted response.This paper describes a performance-based on-board damage control system for ships instituted when a fire or flooding occurs. A sensor network is adapted to detect fires and flooding. The developed sensor network uses a digital inclinometer, CCTV network, and real-time locating system for the crew and wave radar system. Fire spread and ship behavior due to flooding in the time domain are simulated based on fire and flooding accident scenarios. Subsequently, the results are compiled into a system database as an important information source for decision makers. On-board accident conditions and response actions can be communicated to on-shore stations in real time via a long-term-evolution maritime network and satellite system. The system can be used as an evaluative tool for accident response crew training.

Simulation of Railway Lines with a Simplified Interlocking System

This paper deals with railway lines with low traffic intensity where trains are operated under simplified conditions. Those conditions are stated in a regulation, and there is no interlocking system on the line. The whole railway operation is organized according to a regulation in cooperation with the train crew. For the calculation of the throughput, we can use analytic or simulation methods. On those lines there is a big problem with the common working methods because of special circumstances on each line, which are influencing the technological times and reliability of the calculation. The simplified conditions are the transforming of regular interlocking systems on the administrative level. Therefore, it is very complicated to use a common simulation model. Most of the simulation tools are not able to work with it. The motivation of this paper is to prove that modern simulation tools are usable for that specific condition as well. The simulation model was built in SW OpenTrack which is able to modify its functions to figure out each technological action to ensure the correct function of the model. This functionality is described in the paper in general and implemented on a case study.

ТЕХНІЧНІ ЗАСОБИ НАВЧАННЯ І ПІДГОТОВКИ ВІЙСЬК. ОГЛЯД ТЕХНОЛОГІЙ

The article considers the problematic issues concerning the application of the latest training technologies in the training program of the Land Forces, the analysis of their influence on the level of combat training of mechanized and tank units. The problems of integration in the process of combat training of mechanized and tank units of the Land Forces of training means, namely complex training systems, which will provide an effective solution to a wide range of tasks, are considered. The direct influence of educational means on the level of training of personnel is determined. A generalized scheme of classification of training equipment and training and range equipment has been developed, according to which simulators of certain types of weapons and military equipment, as well as simulators of control and communication equipment are combined into a single training and modeling system of tactical training of crews, combat units and military units. A comparative analysis of the effectiveness of classes using traditional training tools and tools based on the latest training technologies. The advantages of the new generation of simulators are substantiated, which allows: to increase the capacity of personnel training; reduce electricity costs; reduce the number of forces and resources involved in training; to provide compact placement of a training complex; to reduce term of training of experts from 4-5 weeks to 2-3 weeks. Keywords: training tools, combat training, computer technology systems, training systems, training technologies.

Noise levels inside the coaches of Greater Cairo tunnel metro, line 3 tunnel

This paper investigates the noise inside a metro coach running through the most recent tunnel of Cairo. The study focuses on the effects of alignment profiles on the A-weighted noise level. Although the latest line has not been studied yet, noise levels inside the old lines attracted the attention of researchers due to their importance as the first mass transit system in Africa. Given that windows are usually kept open, measurements were conducted inside the empty cabin at the end of the train with open windows according to ISO 3381:2005. Results showed that noise emissions inside the running coaches are high and do not follow either international or general national legislation, which presents health hazards for drivers and commuters. Speech intelligibility is required for train radio units and driver consoles for voice communications, which provides a safe working environment for the train crew. The present study reveals that tight curves mainly contribute to high noise. The noise levels are further raised by the reflective surface of the tunnel with a circular cross-section and the unballasted track. Moreover, the noise level is affected by the location of the coach and window conditions (open/close) to some extent.

Multibody Dynamics Model and Simulation for the Totally Enclosed Lifeboat Lowered From Ship in Rough Seas

For the design of ship equipment and crew training, it would be useful to develop software for the three-dimensional simulation of a totally enclosed lifeboat. To improve the simulation accuracy and immersion of the software, we present a multibody dynamics model for a lifeboat lowered from a ship, accounting for the coupled motion among the ship, lifeboat slings, a cable-pulley system, and the lifeboat. The equations of the whole system are formulated using Kane’s method. The model of ship manoeuvring mathematical group is used to calculate the forces and moments acting on the hull of the ship. The hydrodynamic and wind loads on the boat are modeled using the strip theory. The impact force between the ship and the boat colliding is estimated using the contact theory of Hertz and an elastoplastic model. The method of lumped mass is used to model the lifeboat slings. For the cable-pulley system, we present an efficient model for the dynamics of the pay-out/reel-in process based on the framework of Kane’s method. The local load of each cable segment between two pulleys is calculated by the model of a linear spring on the basis of the amount of cable passages over pulleys and the variation of the pulley positions, conversely, the cable segment exerts force and moment on the pulleys. The motion equations of the whole system are solved using fourth–order Runge–Kutta. The model can simulate the lowering of the lifeboat, and obtain the three-dimensional motion parameters of the ship, the lifeboat, slings and pulleys, and the local tension load of the cable. The results show that the simulation curves are near the ones of the model experiment, and their trends are coincident. Thus, it can be concluded that our model is feasible. According to our model, the motion of the ship has a significant effect on the magnitude of the lifeboat’s oscillation when the sea state is above level 4; it is safe when the initial clear distance is greater than 1.5 times the width of the boat and the sea conditions are below level 5. Finally, the model is applied to the software for three-dimensional simulation.

STRATEGIES OF SHIPPING COMPANIES IN GREECE

The aim of the current study was to investigate the strategy that the shipping industry is implementing in Greece. The researcher implemented a survey research with the use of a closeended questionnaire. A convenience sample of 105 employees working in shipping companies in Greece was gathered to answer the research aims. According to the results of the study, most of the companies in which the respondents work were founded more than six years ago. For the most part, companies choose flags of countries with the lowest possible taxation. In relation to the strategy of the companies, most of them evaluate the satisfaction of their customers. Also most companies take care to immediately repair the damage / accidents and work with specific suppliers. Most companies also apply supplier evaluation procedures. The analysis also revealed that companies use environmental protection procedures and have a budget for training costs. They also apply an evaluation of the integrity of the training for all employees, but also an evaluation of the degree of organization of the company. Many of the companies use good working conditions (e.g. new ships), pay and education / training as an incentive to attract seafarers. In addition, the companies under study, as a strategy for their development, place great emphasis on crew training. Most companies also consider formal communication, business goals and financial goals, as well as informal communication, to be quite important. Finally, in almost all companies, formal control systems are used by senior management to gather information about the tasks they want to focus on, and managers maintain control in areas that do not require special attention of senior managers.

Towards a Semantic Knowledge Base for Competency-Based Training of Airline Pilots

The acquisition and maintenance of non-technical skills by the pilots are fundamental factors for the prevention of aviation accidents. The aviation authorities are promoting that air crew training be carried out through simulator sessions using scenarios specifically designed to develop and assess the global performance of pilots in such skills. When designing custom flight training scenarios, choosing the correct events and conditions from the myriad of possible combinations with respect to their potential utility in training specific competencies is a costly task that depends entirely on highly specialized expert knowledge. In this paper, we present EBTOnto, an OWL DL ontology that allows to formalize this knowledge and other useful data from real cases, laying the foundations for a semantic knowledge base of scenarios for airline pilots training. Previous advances in this matter and possible applications of this system are reviewed. EBTOnto is built on top of a source validated by experts, the Evidence-Based Training Implementation Guide by the International Air Transport Association, and then checked using an automatic reasoner and a database of 37,568 aviation safety incidents, extracted from the widely regarded Aviation Safety Reporting System by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The results suggest that it is possible to classify real aviation scenarios in terms of non-technical competencies and filter useful incident reports for design and enrichment of these training scenarios. EBTOnto opens up new possibilities for interoperability between incident databases and training organizations, and smoothes the path to represent, share and generate custom simulation training scenarios for pilots based on real data.

Оценка действий экипажа самолёта по данным видеоокулографии

Mathematical models and methods for crew training level assessing based on video oculography data are presented. The results obtained are based on comparing the studied fragments of oculomotor activity of pilots with comparable patterns of video oculography data of various types and performance quality contained in a pre-formed specialized database. To obtain estimates, a complex combination of random process analysis and multivariate statistical analysis is used. The “intelligence” of diagnostic tools is contained in empirical data and can flexibly change as they accumulate. The considered example of determining the flight mode and pilot qualification based on video oculography data allows us to talk about the possibility of significant discrimination of the gaze movement trajectories of pilots at different flight phases and significant discrimination of the gaze movement trajectories of experienced and inexperienced pilots at certain phases of flight. An important new component of the presented results is a discriminant analysis for solving the problem of flight exercises classification, based on the principles of quantum computing. The scope of the considered approach is not limited to aviation applications and can be extended to tasks that are similar in content.

벌링게임사절단과 이와쿠라사절단이 경험한 미국과 영국의 해양문명

This manuscript will be mainly dealing with civilization of the U.S. and Europe, especially of the United States and Britain experienced by Burlingame and Iwakura missions that are the representative overseas missions of Qing and Japan during the modern times. In the first half, this paper looked into the naval civilization of the United States and Britain. Among the representative marine civilization symbolizing the modern times are steamship powered by steam engine, warship equipped with large guns etc., Especially, warship and cannon of the West which is memorized as ‘strong warship and sharp cannon (船堅炮利)’was considered a marvelous one. The area that commanded the most attention from the bureaucrats and intellectuals of Qing and Japan was military weapon sector, and steamboat, armored battleship, torpedo, gun ship, guncotton, munitions factory, artillery unit and navy training were major concerns appeared all over the travelogue and diary. The aforementioned enables us to assume how the missions of the two countries observed warship and cannon and how much they were obsessed with construction of navy.<BR> In the latter half, this paper examined marine culture of the United States and Britain. Marine culture that missions of the two countries admired on the spot includes rationality (closed season, crew training etc.) in the administration of fishery and ships, maritime law and the International Law(萬國公法), marine technologies (undersea tunnel, recovery from the seabed, submarine cable etc.), amazing fish (whale etc.) in zoo and aquarium. Here, difference of perception of Qing and Japan overlooking marine civilization due to the difference in geographic environments of continent and island is partially revealed. The process that they realized marine civilization of the United States and Britain shows the situation that conventional China-centered world order was disintegrated, and is worth analyzing as it implies construction of a modern nation-state.

The Governance of the Surabaya’s West Shipping Channel

The governance regarding shipping safety in the Surabaya's West Shipping Channel is very important because it affects the smoothness of movement of ships, which carry goods and passengers to the ports in Surabaya City. Due to the frequent occurrence of ship accidents in the channel, there is a possibility that these were caused by several factors related to the governance in the shipping channel. The required data was obtained from relevant informants, while other supporting information was obtained by direct observation in the field. Then the data was analyzed using descriptive qualitative method. From this analysis, it was found several findings concerning the factors causing the accident of ships in the shipping channel, namely: the technical condition of the ships, the level of professionalism of the ship's crews, natural factors, the condition of navigation aids, and installation of infrastructures in the sea. The next findings were about things that have not been achieved by the government, such as law enforcement regarding the ships’ maintenance, education and training for the ship's crew especially in handling ships’ accidents at sea, law enforcement regarding the installation of undersea infrastructures, and the installation of proper navigation aids along the shipping channel.

Incidental capture of seabirds in Argentinean side-haul trawlers

SummaryBetween April 2008 and July 2015, we conducted a total of 18 trips on five different side-haul trawlers fishing within the Argentine Exclusive Economic Zone, monitoring 486 hauls. We observed 100% of the hauls and monitored trawl cables for 136.7 hours, about 5% of the trawl effort, to identify the levels of seabird bycatch from net entanglements and collisions with trawl cables. A total of 35 net entanglements of White-chinned Petrels Procellaria aequinoctialis, Great Shearwaters Ardenna gravis, Black-browed Albatrosses Thalassarche melanophris and Southern Royal Albatross Diomedea epomophora were recorded, all of which occurred during the autumn and winter. Additionally, 656 seabird collisions against trawl cables were recorded including 39 heavy, 96 medium and 521 light. Further, we recorded nine Black-browed Albatrosses and two Great Shearwaters potentially dead. Although in the study fishery the number of deaths in the trawl cables could surpass the number of birds incidentally killed in nets, the mortality rate caused by the latter type of interaction far exceeds those observed in nets from other trawl fisheries operating in the Patagonian Shelf. Fortunately, 26% of the seabirds entangled in the net were recovered and released alive, which indicates that awareness and training in safe bird handling and release may improve captured seabird survival rates. The main objectives of this work is to highlight a little-studied source of seabird mortality by entanglement, to generate discussion on potential technical mitigation measures for side-haul trawl fisheries, and to propose crew training in safe handling and release of seabirds as an immediate mitigation measure.

Mechanical ventilation of patients in helicopter emergency medical service transport: an international survey

BackgroundMechanical ventilation in helicopter emergency medical service (HEMS) environments is a procedure which carries a significant risk of complications. Limited data on the quality and performance of mechanical ventilation in HEMS are available in the literature.MethodWe conducted an international survey to evaluate mechanical ventilation infrastructure in HEMS and collect data of transported ventilated patients. From June 20–22, 2019, the participating HEMS bases were asked to provide data via a web-based platform. Vital parameters and ventilation settings of the patients at first patient contact and at handover were compared using non-parametric statistical tests.ResultsOut of 215 invited HEMS bases, 53 responded. Respondents were from Germany, Denmark, United Kingdom, Luxembourg, Austria and Switzerland. Of the HEMS bases, all teams were physician staffed, mainly anesthesiologists (79%), the majority were board certified (92.5%) and trained in intensive care medicine (89%) and had a median (range) experience in HEMS of 9 (0–25) years. HEMS may provide a high level of expertise in mechanical ventilation whereas the majority of ventilators are able to provide pressure controlled ventilation and continuous positive airway pressure modes (77%). Data of 30 ventilated patients with a median (range) age of 54 (21–100) years and 53% male gender were analyzed. Of these, 24 were primary missions and 6 interfacility transports. At handover, oxygen saturation (p < 0.01) and positive end-expiratory pressure (p = 0.04) of the patients were significantly higher compared to first patient contact.ConclusionIn this survey, the management of ventilated HEMS-patients was not associated with ventilation related serious adverse events. Patient conditions, training of medical crew and different technical and environmental resources are likely to influence management. Further studies are necessary to assess safety and process quality of mechanical ventilation in HEMS.Trial registrationThe survey was prospectively registered at Research Registry (researchregistry2925).

Rare pulmonary barotrauma after explosive decompression: a case report

BackgroundPneumothorax as a consequence of pulmonary barotrauma during explosive decompression military crew training in a hypobaric chamber is an extremely rare and sparsely diagnosed complication. Extensive bilateral tissue damage is even more unexpected.Case presentationA 26-year-old active duty Air Force pilot was performing an explosive decompression simulation from 8000 ft. (2438.4 m) to 25,000 ft. (7620 m) in a 1.5 s interval. The training was interrupted due to the pilot’s apparent health complications. After transfer to the emergency department, a CT scan showed bilateral lung barotrauma with emphysema.ConclusionsThe case report shows extensive emphysema and pneumothorax after a rapid decompression done for training purposes. It is a possible but rare complication. The cause remains unclear, with suspicion of a predisposed lung disease.

Modeling of Marine Asynchronous Shaft Generator and Simulation of Subsynchronization State

The new type of marine asynchronous shaft generator has the advantages of adjustable excitation and power factor, compared to the traditional synchronous shaft generator, and has been widely used. However, the traditional synchronous shaft generator simulation system is still used in domestic ship power station simulators, which seriously restricts the renewal of crew training. In order to overcome the shortage of the simulation system of doubly fed shaft generator for ship power plant simulator, in this paper, the mathematical model of marine doubly fed shaft system is established for the first time, according to the characteristics of doubly fed machine and marine shaft generator. This paper realizes power decoupling by stator flux orientation and simulates and analyses the asynchronous shaft generator under subsynchronous working conditions. The changing trend of each physical quantity in the simulation waveform meets the mathematical relationships of the actual physical quantity, which proves the correctness of the mathematical model and lays a theoretical foundation for the development of the simulation system of asynchronous shaft generator.

Closing the Gap in Human Factors Everybody Has a Role To Play

Human factors is a broad technical discipline focused on enhancing people’s performance in complex organizations where people interact with equipment and processes over time and across levels of hierarchy. Despite this relatively clear definition, human factors is still poorly understand and doesn’t yet yield the full potential that the practical insights and actions can produce. Despite a substantial effort on the part of many industry bodies, including the UK Energy Institute (EI) and the International Oil and Gas Producers Association (IOGP), to raise awareness of human-factors principles, with some exceptions in a few organizations, progress on implementation has been slow. Momentum is now finally building with the formation of the Human Performance Oil and Gas Group (HPOG), which is designed to be an industry membership organization modeled on the highly successful Dropped Objects Prevention Safety initiative, DROPS. Its purpose is to embed human factors concepts into practical organizational processes and operational procedures. There is a common misconception that human-factors skills are solely for frontline employees and once suitably trained, their behavior will change and performance will improve. This approach rests on the belief that the behavior of frontline operators is the source of all problems, which is wide of the mark. Human factors is a challenge for the organization as a whole and extends beyond simply understanding how the human brain works or silver-bullet solutions such as training crew resource-management skills.

Methods and results of evaluating the dual-power electric train crew elements service life

The article assesses the long-term strength of the vibration damper assembly of a double power transmission of electric trains manufactured by «Hyundai-Rotem Company». The technique is described and the analysis of the service life of the elements of the chassis of the electric train is made. The presence and nature of micro cracks in the loaded elements of the vibration damper assembly was evaluated after a full cycle of vibration bench tests. The influence of vertical vibrations of the electric train body on the level of dynamic load and the service life of the bearing elements of the vibration damper assembly is considered. The service life of the vibration damper at the end of the service life has been estimated by comparing working hours and “statistical playback”. The calculation of the resource by the method of “statistical reproduction” confirms the possibility of operating the vibration damping module (second modernization) for 50 years from the date of construction. The influence of the vibration damper position on its dynamic loading is checked. The main stages and sequence of tests for estimation the resource of the longitudinal vibration damper module of a double-fed electric train are also considered, including methodological, calculated and experimental confirmation of the reliability and durability of the unit, which was studied as part of a comprehensive work.

Імітатор повітряно-завадової обстановки з використанням системи “Віраж-РД” для оглядових аналогових радіолокаційних станцій

Для якісного навчання бойових обслуг радіолокаційних станцій радіотехнічних військ доцільно використовувати імітатори повітряно-завадової обстановки, яка була б максимально наближена до реальної. Запропоновано імітатор, модель нальоту в якому програмується в персональних електронно-обчислювальних машинах, а відображення обстановки здійснюється на штатних індикаторах кругового огляду радіолокаційних станцій. Для їх зв’язку з комп’ютером розроблені пристрої спряження, які здійснюють синхронізацію роботи та перетворення цифрової інформації у аналогову з подальшою передачею її на радіолокаційну станцію. Для створення повітряно-завадової обстановки використовується система оперативно-тактичних розрахунків та імітаційного моделювання бойових дій “Віраж-РД”. Пристрій спряження виконаний з використанням COTS-технологій на базі сімейства плат Arduino, що дає змогу зробити імітатор низьковартісним. Розроблений імітатор доцільно використовувати в якості тренажно-імітаційного комплексу при навчанні бойових обслуг радіолокаційних станцій.

Аналіз динамічної навантаженості екіпажів моторвагонного швидкісного поїзда з системою пасивної безпеки при його зіткненні з вантажним вагоном

The performance characteristics of the cars of a modern home high-speed motor-car train must meet Ukrainian State Standards DSTU EN 12663 and DSTU EN 15227 now in force in Ukraine, which regulate its crashworthiness and passive safety in emergency collisions. An integral part of new cars must be passive safety systems (PSSs) with energy-absorbing devices (EADs), which save the lives of the pasengers and the train crew and reduce car damage in a collision with an obstacle. The aim of this paper is to evaluate dynamic loads on the cars of PSS-equipeed motor-car train in its collision with a freight car according to Scenario 2 of DSTU EN 15227. The scientific novelty of the paper is a mathematical model for the study of a collision of a motor-car train with a freight car based on the authors’ model of a collision of identical motor-car trains (Scenario 1 of DSTU EN 15227) with account for the force characteristic of head car – freight car interaction in an emergency. The proposed mathematical model allows one to obtain the average values of the car accelerations and plastic deformations to compare them with their admissible values according to DSTU EN 15227. The paper presents the results of a study of dynamic loads on the cars of a PSS-equipped motor-car train in its collision at 36 km/h with a 80 t freight car for a reference train with a 80 head car and four intermediate cars of mass 50 t, which is the mass of the majority of cars on the 1,435 mm European railways, and 64 t, which is the typical mass of inremediate cars used in the 1,520 mm Ukrainian railways. The following protective devices developed at the Institute of Technical mechanics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and the State Space Agenccy of Ukraine are proposed for passive protection: EAD 1 devices of energy capacity 0.95 MJ to be mounted at the coupler level at the head car front end, EAD 2 devices of energy capacity 0.25 MJ and EAD 3 devices of energy capacity 0.3 MJ to be mouned at the coupler level at the head car rear end and at the ends of passenger cars of mass 50 t and 64 t, respectively, and EAD UL upper-level energy-absorbing devices of energy capacity of 0.12 MJ to be mounted at the head car front end under the window. It is shown that by the criteria of DSTU EN 15227 for a train with 50 t intermediate cars it is advisable to use the passive protection according to Scenario 1 (the front end of the head car is equipped wuth two EAD 1 and two EAD UL devices, its rear end is equipped with two EAD 2 devices, and the intermediate cars are equipeed with two EAD 2 devices at the front and at the rear), while for a train with 64 t intermediate cars it is advisable to use the passive protection according to Scebario 2 (the front end of the head car is equipped wuth two EAD 1 and two EAD UL devices, its rear end is equipped with two EAD 3 devices, and the intermediate cars are equipeed with two EAD 3 devices at the front and at the rear). The proposed mathematical model and the results obtained may be used in designing head and intermediate cars for a home motor-car passenger train in accordance with the DSTU EN 15227 requirements.