Categorization Training Research Articles

Misperceptions of statin, metformin, and functional food efficacy by nutrition professionals (118.6)

An online survey was sent to 473 Registered Dietitians (74%) and other nutrition professionals (26%) (non‐RDs, health coaches, holistic practitioners, etc.) in Arizona. The purpose was to assess knowledge of the efficacy of functional foods and common medications prescribed to lower cholesterol and control postprandial hyperglycemia in persons with T2DM. Respondents were asked to rank: statins, dried beans, oatmeal, soy protein, and red wine for their effectiveness in lowering LDL cholesterol. Only 65% ranked statins first and 47% ranked oatmeal second. Beans are clinically more effective than oatmeal but were ranked 3rd by 38% with red wine and soy ranking 4th and 5th. Significant differences were observed by training category with RDs having more accurate knowledge than non‐RD nutrition professionals. A similar pattern was observed with responses for T2DM treatments. Overall, 71% ranked metformin 1st, with beans ranked 2nd, cinnamon 3rd, vinegar 4th, and red wine in 5th place for efficacy. Significant differences by professional category were seen for metformin (57% Non‐RDs vs. 76% RDs), beans (31% Non‐RDs vs. 50% RDs), and cinnamon (28% Non‐RDs vs. 38% RDs). Knowledge differences by professional training are not surprising, but it is cause for concern when only 71% and 76% of RDs think statins and metformin are the most effective options. RDs were more knowledgeable than non‐RDs, but large gaps and misperceptions about functional foods vs. medications for controlling hypercholesterolemia and postprandial hyperglycemia warrant greater outreach and education efforts by nutrition educators for clinicians as well as consumers.

Hourly cooling load prediction of a vehicle in the southern region of Turkey by Artificial Neural Network

In this study, Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) method for prediction hourly cooling load of a vehicle was implemented. The cooling load of the vehicle was calculated along the cooling season (1 May–30 September) for Antalya, Konya, Mersin, Mugla and Sanliurfa provinces in Turkey. For ANN model, seven neurons determinated as input signals of latitude, longitude, altitude, day of the year, hour of the day, hourly mean ambient air temperature and hourly solar radiation were used for the input layer of the network. One neuron producing an output signal of the hourly cooling load was utilized in the output layer. All data were divided into two categories for training and testing of the ANN. The 80% of the data was reserved to training and the remaining was used for testing of the model. Neuron numbers in the hidden layer from 7 to 40 were tested step by step to find the best matching ANN structure. The obtained results for different numbers of neurons were compared in terms of root mean squared error (RMSE), coefficient of determination (R2) and mean absolute error (MAE). The best matching results for the training and testing were obtained as 8 neurons for the minimum testing RMSE value for the prediction of cooling load by the ANN model on the 23rd day of each month along the cooling season. For the model with 8 neurons RMSE, R2 and MAE (Training/Testing) were found to be 0.0128/0.0259, 0.9959/0.9818 and 78.81/174.71W/m2, respectively. It is shown that the cooling load of a vehicle can be successfully predicted by means of the ANNs from geographical characteristics and meteorological data.

Educational Milestone Development for Transitional Year Residency Training

The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) Outcome Project has shifted the focus for accrediting residency training programs from structure and process to documented outcomes. A central part of the ACGME's Next Accreditation System (NAS) is “articulating milestones of competency development in each discipline.”1 Resident achievement of educational Milestones will be an indicator of the educational effectiveness of residency programs. Most specialties have developed their Milestones through a collaborative effort involving representatives from the ACGME, the pertinent American Board of Medical Specialties (ABMS) organization, the pertinent professional specialty society, and the pertinent program directors' association. In contrast, the approach was quite different for Transitional Year (TY) residency programs, which comprise only 1 year of accredited postgraduate medical education, where there is no corresponding ABMS board certification entity or professional specialty society. In addition, graduates of TY training programs are not expected to demonstrate sufficient competency to enter the independent practice of medicine, as is the case with other specialty (categorical) residency programs.

Lesões desportivas e seus fatores de risco em adolescentes praticantes de natação

Introdução: a natação é uma modalidade popular entre os adolescentes, no entanto, sua prática pode conduzir às lesões. Objetivos: caracterizar as lesões desportivas e associá-las com fatores de risco em adolescentes praticantes de natação de diferentes níveis de competitividade. Método: foram entrevistados 251 nadadores, com média de idade de 12,43±2,10 anos, ambos os sexos, recrutados ao acaso, classificadas em três níveis competitivos: categoria de iniciação, aperfeiçoamento e treinamento. Foi utilizado o inquérito de morbidade referida adaptado com as características da natação como instrumento de coleta que continha informações pessoais e de treinamento dos voluntários, como: idade, variáveis antropométricas e variáveis de treinamento e informações referentes às lesões ocorridas durante 12 meses. Todas as conclusões foram descritas no nível de 5% de significância. Resultados: Foram observadas 0,11 lesões por atleta e 1,03 lesões por atleta lesionado. Foi constatada associação entre presença e ausência de lesão com a variável estatura e tempo de treinamento. O mecanismo causal mais frequente foi o sem contato para as categorias de iniciação e treinamento. Os locais anatômicos mais acometidos foram os MMII e MMSS para todos os níveis de competitividade, assim como a gravidade leve, o treinamento e a ausência de recidiva predominaram. O retorno assintomático foi mais frequente para a iniciação, enquanto que o retorno sintomático prevaleceu na categoria de treinamento. Conclusão: a taxa de lesão nos adolescentes nadadores foi baixa. As variáveis estatura e tempo de treinamento foram associadas à ocorrência dos agravos. As características das lesões dependeram do nível de competitividade dos nadadores.

Facilitating representation change in insight problems through training.

Our aim in this article is to elaborate the role of training in representational change theory (RCT), particularly in terms of Ohlsson's (2011) spread of activation explanation (named redistribution theory), and to develop novel training manipulations that effect the re-encoding mechanism proposed by RCT (Ohlsson, 1992). Two experiments are reported that aim to help solve verbal insight problems and to enable some constraint to be relaxed. In Experiment 1, participants were trained to use heuristics to solve unseen problems from the same category that shared the same representational obstacle, namely, ambiguous word and ambiguous name problems. Concurrent verbal protocols were collected and analyzed in terms of the hypotheses proposed by participants. Training improved solution rate of unseen problems from the trained categories and, as expected, positive transfer was specific to the trained category of problem. Analysis of the incorrect hypotheses proposed during problem solving provided supplementary evidence of the effectiveness of training at inducing representation change. In Experiment 2, a similar approach to training was developed to help solve functional fixedness problems. Solution rate increased with training, although transfer was specific to the trained category of problem. Theoretical and methodological issues are discussed.

Short-term Trained Lexical Categories Cause a Shift of Color Categorical Perception from Right Hemisphere to Left Hemisphere

Zhou et al.(2010) demonstrated that newly trained lexical categories produced lateralized categorical perception(CP) of color, suggesting that color CP can be a result of learned categories. However, since the way in which participants learned the name of a color in their study different from the one in actual life, the ecological validity of this study can be challenged. In actual life, a color name is connected with a color category. For example, the word "blue" refers to all kinds of blue. Can the training used by Zhou et al.(2010) induce participants to learn such a connection between the color name and a color and therefore produce color CP? In order to reveal the relationship between lexical categories and color CP more exactly, the present study probed into this question. Moreover, the present study also aimed at investigating the cognitive mechanism in acquired category effects. Six colors were used in the present study. B1 and B2 were light blue and dark blue. By making B1 and B2 lighter and darker, we obtained B11 and B12, B21 and B22 respectively. B11,B12, B21 and B22 formed a graded series from light to dark blue. Participants were trained to name B1 and B2 with two meaningless syllables duān and kěn, respectively, in six training phases. Given that participants may connect the color name to a color category after training, we expected B12B21 to be between-category color, but B11B12 and B21B22 to be within-category color pairs. Participants also completed a visual search task before and after the training, in which they were asked to search a target color from a ring of 12 colored squares surrounding a fixation marker, and indicated whether the target was on the left or right side of the circle by making button-press responses. The data showed that, in the visual search task before training, reaction times to targets were faster for between-category color pair candidate than for within-category color pair candidates. Moreover, this effect was more significant when the targets were presented in the left visual filed. In the visual search task after training, reaction times to targets were also faster for between-category color pair candidate than for within-category color pair candidates, but the effect was more significant when the targets were presented in the right visual filed. In conclusion, the findings of the present study suggested that(1) when perceiving different colors shared the same lexical category, participants may distinguish them into different sub-categories, which produced a right hemisphere color CP;(2) trained lexical categories can produce a left hemisphere color CP, and also cause a shift of color CP from right hemisphere to left hemisphere;(3) participants can learn a connection between color name and color category even when only a specific color was presented;(4) category learning may occur automatically even when participants learn only one example.

Category labels induce boundary-dependent perceptual warping in learned speech categories

Adults tend to perceive speech sounds from their native language as members of distinct and stable categories; however, they fail to perceive differences between many non-native speech sounds without a great deal of training. The present study investigates the effects of categorization training on adults' ability to discriminate non-native phonetic contrasts. It was hypothesized that only individuals who successfully learned the appropriate categories would show selective improvements in discriminating between-category contrasts. Participants were trained to categorize progressively narrow phonetic contrasts across one of two non-native boundaries, with discrimination pre- and post-tests completed to measure the effects of training on participants' perceptual sensitivity. Results suggest that changes in adults' ability to discriminate a non-native contrast depend on their successful learning of the relevant category structure. Furthermore, post-training identification functions show that changes in perceptual categories specifically correspond to their relative placement of the category boundary. Taken together, these results indicate that learning to assign category labels to a non-native speech continuum is sufficient to induce discontinuous perception of between- versus within-category contrasts.

Epidemiología lesional del balonmano de elite: estudio retrospectivo en equipos profesional y formativo de un mismo club

ObjectiveTo evaluate the injury incidence and pattern of injuries in elite handball by different ages. MethodA retrospective, cross sectional study, was conducted over 5seasons (2007-2012), analyzing a total of 496players, 29teams (from different categories separated by age and performance level) of the same club in southern Europe. The same medical team has assessed the injuries and exposure time by teams. Epidemiological criteria according to UEFA and consensus OSICS-10 diagnostic coding were followed. ResultsA total of 57injuries were recorded during 117,723hours of total exposure. There was a mean team injury incidence of 4.9injuries/1000hours of total exposure. For the SeniorA (Professional Senior) it was was 4.3 (SD1.8), SeniorB (Amateur 18-28years) 3.4 (SD1.6), Youth (U-18year) 5.6 (SD1.4), CadeteA (U-16year) 5.5 (SD2.5), CadeteB (U-15year) 5.7 (SD3.2) and Infantil (U-14year) 4.9 (SD1.9). There were no statistically significant differences between categories, although seniors teams had more hours of exposure compared to other teams (P<.001)The most frequently affected sites were ankle (18.1%), knee (15.3%), thigh (12.9%) and lumbar region (10.6%). The most common type of injury to all teams was the sprain (27.3%) and non-traumatic muscle injury (20.5%). Muscle injuries were more common at SeniorA (Professional) level, but in lower level teams it was the sprain, although there is no significant differences between them.Conclusion The pattern and incidence of injury in elite handball is uniform between teams from different categories at the same club; with a few differences between each other that you should take this into account to optimize a preventions programs in each category of elite handball training.

The Effect of IT knowledge and IT Training on the IT Utilization among External Auditors: Evidence from Yemen

This study aimed to investigate the level of IT utilization and the factors that influence the IT utilization among the audit practitioners in Yemen. The proposed model investigates the impact of IT knowledge, IT training and firm category on the IT utilization. The researchers use a survey questionnaire, the data were collected from 197 external auditors representing Big-4 and non-Big-4 firms operating in Yemen. The Partial Least Squares (PLS) Structural Equations Modeling Approach was employed to analyze the data and test the proposed model. The results showed that IT knowledge and IT training significantly contributed to IT utilization among the external auditors. The originality of this paper comes from the way it contributes towards understanding the joint effect of IT knowledge and training in understanding the IT utilization. In addition, it enhances the current understanding of the moderating effect of the firm category, Big 4 and Non-Big 4, on the relationship between the IT Training and the IT utilization among external auditors.

Perspectivas de pedagogía y currículo con relación a la intencionalidad formativa de la educación

&lt;p&gt;El presente texto pretende problematizar, a la luz del di&amp;aacute;logo de saberes entre el campo conceptual de la pedagog&amp;iacute;a y las teor&amp;iacute;as curriculares, el tema de la intencionalidad formativa de la educaci&amp;oacute;n. Para tal fin, se traen a colaci&amp;oacute;n las categor&amp;iacute;as formaci&amp;oacute;n, educaci&amp;oacute;n y la intencionalidad formativa del curr&amp;iacute;culo de los seres humanos.&lt;/p&gt;

Características das lesões desportivas e fatores associados com lesão em iniciantes de ginástica artística do sexo feminino

A ginástica artística é uma modalidade que combina arte a gestos biomecânicos e tem se destacado entre crianças e adolescentes. Sua prática pode conduzir a lesões desportivas, por isso é importante conhecer os fatores inerentes ao traumatismo para formulação de modelos preventivos. Desse modo, objetivou-se caracterizar as lesões desportivas e verificar os fatores associados com lesão em praticantes de ginástica artística de diferentes níveis de competitividade. Foram entrevistadas 46 ginastas, com média de idade de 10,1±2,0 anos do sexo feminino, classificadas em dois níveis competitivos: iniciação e treinamento. Utilizou-se o inquérito de morbidade referida adaptado com as características da modalidade para reunir dados pessoais, de treinamento e da lesão. Foram observadas 0,3 lesões por atleta e 1,4 lesões por atleta lesionado, em que ginastas da categoria de treinamento apresentaram maior frequência de lesão (83,3%; n=10) do que as de iniciação (10,5%; n=4). Para ambos os níveis, o momento treinamento e a gravidade leve foram os mais relatados. No mecanismo, o sem contato foi mais prevalente na categoria de treinamento (90%; n=9) e o contato direto foi o mais frequente na iniciação (75%; n=3). As variáveis antropométricas e de treinamento foram consideradas fatores associados com lesão para as ginastas. Conclui-se que ginastas da categoria de treinamento possuem maior frequência de lesão. As variáveis antropométricas e de treinamento foram fatores associados com lesão. As características das lesões dependem do nível de competitividade das ginastas.

Educating and Training the Workforce to Work with People with Dementia: Two Projects from the United Kingdom

Educating and training the dementia workforce is a global challenge, given the expected increasing number of people living with dementia across the world as the population ages. Two projects from the UK (one regionally and one locality based) investigated courses available to the workforce and mapped the content of identified courses against a locally developed dementia care pathway. The locality project included a survey of what percentage of staff time was spent with people living with dementia, and what percentage of staff caseloads were devoted to people living with dementia. There was a great variation in the extent of education and training available, with some stages of the dementia care pathway poorly addressed. An educational strategy for the dementia workforce in the UK might include four categories of education and training: basic dementia awareness, intermediate level, advanced level, and dementia awareness for managers. Staff requiring education and training might be divided into three groups: those employed to work specifically with people living with dementia and their families; those working with people who have other conditions but some of whom will have a coincidental dementia; those working with other conditions but in settings where a high proportion of their patients have a comorbid dementia. To improve workforce skills in dementia care will require actions across the whole of education and training for professionals and untrained workers who provide services to this group.

Analysis and comparison of initial breakdown pulses for positive cloud-to-ground flashes observed in Beijing and Guangzhou

In order to further understand the initiating mechanism of positive cloud-to-ground flashes, the characteristics of initial breakdown pulse trains are investigated and compared by using the data of electric field observed in Beijing and Guangzhou. According to the difference in initial polarity between initial breakdown pulse and the first return stoke, three types of initial breakdown pulse trains, including the same polarity (type I), the opposite polarity (type II) and the composite polarity (type III), have been identified. The categories of initial breakdown pulse trains in Beijing are the same as those in Guangzhou. However, in Beijing and Guangzhou, the percentages of the types are obviously different, which may be caused by different charge configuration. In Beijing, the percentages of type I, type II and type III are 55%, 39% and 6%, respectively. In Guangzhou, the percentages of type I, type II and type III are 81%, 15% and 4%, respectively. By comparsion of the pulse train parameters, it can be found that the width of individual pulse and the interval of adjacent pulses are larger in Guangzhou than those in Beijing. The difference may be caused by different discharge distance. At the same time, both in Beijing and Guangzhou, the value of pulse train duration and the ratio of the maximum peak amplitude of initial breakdown pulse train to the amplitude of first return stroke peak for type II are smaller than those for type I. However, the value of the interval between initial breakdown pulse train and first return sroke for type II is larger than that for type I. We also find that, for type II, the ratio of the maximum peak amplitude of initial breakdown pulse train to the amplitude of first return stroke peak is obviously larger in Beijing than that in Guangzhou. We believe that the intensity of initiation breakdown process as type II is larger in the region with higher latitude. It can be speculated that the intensity of initial breakdown pulse train preceding positive first return stroke is further affected by the strength of lower positive charge region. Some possible causes of the differences have been discussed.

Electrophysiological evidence for modulation of lexical processing after repetitive exposure to foreign phonotactic rules

In two experiments we investigate how repeated exposure to native and non-native phonotactic regularities alters the N400, an event-related potential related to lexico-semantic access. Participants underwent a Passive Listening (Experiment 1) or a Categorization Training (Experiment 2) for monosyllabic pseudowords over 3 days. During Passive Listening participants solely listened to the stimuli while for Categorization Training they learned to assign items to two arbitrary categories by feedback. Notably, this task did not rely on phonotactic regularities. Before training, N400 was larger for legal compared to illegal items. Over the 3-day exposure Passive Listening yielded a significant decrease in N400-amplitude for illegal pseudowords, however, this effect was abolished and partially inverted by the Categorization Training. We suggest the decrease in N400-amplitude indicates more efficient discrimination between native and non-native pseudowords since only the former are potential lexical candidates. On the contrary, Categorization Training introduces a ‘protosemantic’ context overriding prelexical selection processes.

Influence of gait training and prosthetic foot category on external work symmetry during unilateral transtibial amputee gait

Prosthetic foot prescription guidelines lack scientific evidence and are concurrent with an amputee's concurrent with an amputee's Medicare Functional Classification Level (K-Level) and categorization of prosthetic feet. To evaluate the influence of gait training and four categories of prosthetic feet (K1, K2, K3, and microprocessor ankle/foot) on Symmetry in External Work for K-Level-2 and K-Level-3 unilateral transtibial amputees. Randomized repeated-measures trial. Five K-Level-2 and five K-Level-3 subjects were tested in their existing prosthesis during Session 1 and again in Session 2, following 2 weeks of standardized gait training. In Sessions 3-6, subjects were tested using a study socket and one of four randomized test feet. There was an accommodation period of 10-14 days with each foot. Symmetry in External Work for positive and negative work was calculated at each session to determine symmetry of gait dynamics between limbs at self-selected walking speeds. K-Level-2 subjects had significantly higher negative work symmetry with the K3 foot, compared to K1/K2 feet. For both subject groups, gait training had a greater impact on positive work symmetry than test feet. Higher work symmetry is possible for K-Level-2 amputees who are trained to take advantage of K3 prosthetic feet designs. There exists a need for an objective determinant for categorizing and prescribing prosthetic feet.

An analytical approach to calculate the capacity of a railway system

Railway capacity is a concept that is not easily defined or quantified. Difficulties include the numerous interrelated factors present in the already complex structure of the railway layout. In this paper capacity is defined as the maximum number of trains that can traverse the entire railway in a given period of time, subject to management constraints (such as junction capacity, track capacity, line capacity and interference probability between trains). The proposed method is based on defining and solving an optimization problem which aims at finding out the capacity value of a railway system. It is not based on timetables and moreover it can indirectly take into account priorities between trains and possible delays; it is able to give the time occupation percentage in each component for each train category. It has been applied to a real-life case study showing the range of its validity and the possibility of application for any generic railway scheme.

A study of a two phases medium in pipe vessel using gaussian filter method and k-NN classifier

In this paper we present the existence and uniqueness of solutions to the stochastic problem to determine two phase level of gas and water in the industrial pipeline. In order to distinguish the level phase in a vessel such as high, medium, and low a mechanism of Gaussian Filter Method was proposed in this study. The k-weights of the statistical features were adjusting by the k-NN Classifier and separate the categories for training from the various parameters. Within this study, 6 statistical used features were employed for training. In addition, a time-frequency parameter obtained by continuous signal was also used to identify the pulse during the recognition process. For the classification of all phase level, the average accuracy was higher than 90.0% for the whole data set. Finally, in order to provides the opportunity of obtaining quantitative and real time data on two phase media within a full scale industrial process, such as filtration, without the need of processes interruption, tomography methods answer it all.

МодернизированныЙ метоД составлениЯ грАфикА движениЯ поездоВ С учетоМ потерЬ электроэнергИИ

Вдосконалений метод складання графіка руху поїздів, який відрізняється від існуючого застосуванням евристичного алгоритму для визначення раціональної послідовності відправлення і інтервалів між поїздами. Використання даного методу дає можливість мінімізувати втрати електроенергії в тягової мережі

Resident Selection Protocols in Plastic Surgery

Plastic surgery training programs draw applicants directly from medical school (the "integrated path"), and they may also draw applicants who have completed other categorical training (the "independent path"). Much of the literature on applicant selection focuses on the integrated path. The authors sought to characterize the selection process of independent path programs and how they compare with the integrated path programs. An anonymous, 42-question, multiple-choice, online survey was designed for program directors of the independent training path; it was mirrored to the previously designed survey of the integrated training path. Surveys were sent to all independent path program directors in the United States. Fifty of the 51 qualifying program directors (98 percent) completed the survey. Fewer exclusively independent programs (30 percent) used a United States Medical Licensing Examination step-1 cutoff for interviews than did programs using both training pathways (71 percent; p=0.015). Letters of recommendation were deemed the most important academic criteria. The attrition rate for independent residents was 3 percent. The combined rate of the adverse outcomes of probation and attrition was statistically lower for independent programs (30 percent) than for integrated programs (43 percent; p=0.033). These results may answer some questions regarding what programs are looking for. The low rates of probation, dismissal, and attrition compared with those of the integrated path would support maintaining the independent path as a viable option for those who meet selection protocols, as these candidates may have already been preselected for success through their previous training programs.

Effects of Category Learning on Neural Sensitivity to Non-native Phonetic Categories

Categorical perception, an increased sensitivity to between- compared with within-category contrasts, is a stable property of native speech perception that emerges as language matures. Although recent research suggests that categorical responses to speech sounds can be found in left prefrontal as well as temporo-parietal areas, it is unclear how the neural system develops heightened sensitivity to between-category contrasts. In the current study, two groups of adult participants were trained to categorize speech sounds taken from a dental/retroflex/velar continuum according to two different boundary locations. Behavioral results suggest that for successful learners, categorization training led to increased discrimination accuracy for between-category contrasts with no concomitant increase for within-category contrasts. Neural responses to the learned category schemes were measured using a short-interval habituation design during fMRI scanning. Whereas both inferior frontal and temporal regions showed sensitivity to phonetic contrasts sampled from the continuum, only the bilateral middle frontal gyri exhibited a pattern consistent with encoding of the learned category scheme. Taken together, these results support a view in which top-down information about category membership may reshape perceptual sensitivities via attention or executive mechanisms in the frontal lobes.