Tragic Period Research Articles

Cinema, poesia e história: uma leitura do filme El espíritu de la colmena de Victor Erice

O filme El espíritu de la colmena (1973) de Victor Erice é considerado um dos mais belos do cinema espanhol dos anos 1970. O filme, além de articular internamente a complexa rede de significados que a Guerra Civil e o franquismo desempenharam na história e na cultura espanhola, permite que nosso olhar perceba outras sutilezas e estratégias utilizadas pelo diretor para construir sua narrativa. Uma delas é a poesia. E como muitas das imagens do filme nos reportam para alguns dos poemas de Antonio Machado, proponho para esta resenha o exercício de ver como Victor Erice entrelaçou imagens e poesias para falar de um dos períodos mais trágicos da história espanhola.

The Development of Bandura Music Art Between the 1920s and 1940s

Abstract Bandura art is a unique phenomenon of Ukrainian culture, inextricably linked with the history of the Ukrainian people. The study is dedicated to one of the most tragic periods in the history of bandura art, that of the 1920s–1940s, during which the Bolsheviks were creating, expanding and strengthening the Soviet Union. Art in a multinational state at this time was supposed to be national by form and socialist by content in accordance with the concept of Bolshevik cultural policy; it also had to serve Soviet propaganda. Bandura art has always been national by its content, and professional by its form, so conflict was inevitable. The Bolsheviks embodied their cultural policy through administrative and power methods: they created numerous bandurist ensembles and imposed a repertoire that glorified the Communist Party and the Soviet system. As a result, the development of bandura art stagnated significantly, although it did not die completely. At the same time, in the post-war years this policy provoked the emigration of many professional bandurists to the USA and Canada, thus promoting the active spread of bandura art in the Ukrainian Diaspora.

«В те блокадные годы»: воспоминания Т.А. Козупеевой.

The author of the memoirs «In thatblockade years» candidate of agricultural Sciences, Director of the Polar-Alpine Botanical garden of the Institute in 1962–1986 Tatyana Alekseevna Kozupeeva. She worked in the Kola branch of the USSR Academy of Sciencesfrom 1953 to 1986. In her memoirs, she tells about the Leningrad blockade, which she endured from the beginning to the end and was among those who endured all the horrors of hunger, bombing and shelling. Through the eyes of a young girl, a tragic period of her life is viewed with its difficulties, losses and belief in victory. She describes the workdays of the blockaders and their daily life, paying attention to what especially shocked and hurt her, remembered for its unusual and dramatic character. Her story is an answer to the question «How could we survive?»

POST-CATASTROPHIC CITY TEXT: THE CITY READING IN THE CITY IN THE POSTWAR EAST AND CENTRAL EUROPE

In the material, the author addresses a multidimensional memory problem - not only as a constituent of social life but also as a feature of its functioning in urban space. The author presents the interpretations of memory against the background of urban transformations. The complexity and multidimensionality of this phenomenon are emphasized not only in the usual methodological field but also in literary practice. Literature acts as a means of accumulating memory despite the disappearance or destruction of one or the other in urban space. The traumatic experience is of particular importance. The example of the twentieth century reflects the various cases of the existence of memories of the tragic past. Kyiv, Lviv, Wroclaw, Kaliningrad and several other cities during the Second World War have faced the transformation of the usual landscape. That was both the realities of time and the policies against certain groups who have been harassed and destroyed. The practice of work and interaction with one or another component of the past, measures of governmental bodies are analyzed. After these tragic periods, the memory in a peculiar manner was lost. The cities in the region in one way or another came to return and actualization of this experience in the modern world. Critical in this process is the literary practice that "returns" and "opens" the memory of urban space. Complex topics require the involvement of a large number of disciplines in order to form an objective vision of the urban past.

«Команда молодости нашей…»

The author shares his memories of the events of the 70s of the last century, which he became an eyewitness and participant. He talks about the work of the Committee of Youth Organizations, meetings with world-famous leaders of the communist movement, youth solidarity in the tragic periods of life in different countries.

Историзм в современном мире

The article dedicated to the anniversary XXV Sheshukovsky readings, held annually in the Institute of Philology of Moscow Pedagogical State University, presents the concept of the conference. Special attention is paid to the personality of an outstanding scholar after whom the conference is named – Stepan Ivanovich Sheshukov; the range of scientific problems that become the subject of special reflection at the Sheshukovsky readings is outlined, a new understanding of historicism as a fundamental category of literary research is revealed. The distinctive feature of Sheshukovsky readings is the reliance on historicism and on text as the basis of all scientific interpretations. Within the framework of the scientific school of S.I. Sheshukov, whose monograph “Frantic Devotees. Excerpts on the history of literary struggle of the 20s”, became a milestone in the development of the Russian literature studies, historicism is considered as a general methodological principle, allowing to avoid fractional analysis of historical and literary process, to explore literature as a whole, to see a continuous process, rather than individual phenomena. Hence the constant connection of all conferences held within the framework of the Sheshukovsky readings, in which mythological, historical, documentary and fantastic, personal and public, etc., are united by the movement of the Russian literature in historical times. In 2020, the dominant feature of the anniversary conference was an appeal to the moral and philosophical-historical problem of literature, thematically connected with the Great Patriotic War, the question of the correlation of documentary, historical and philosophic components in the Russian literature of the XX–XXI centuries was raised. The conference summed up the results of the quarter-century reflections on the analysis of the movement of the Russian literature of the past century through the tests that fell on our people during the most tragic period of its history, but managed to preserve and transfer to descendants the unshakeable moral and ethical values that determine the existence of human and the world, as well as the further motion vector of the Sheshukovsky readings.

Seizure of church property in Ukraine according to periodicals of 1921 – 1923

A historical analysis of the seizure of church property in Ukraine on the pages of periodicals of this period. The Soviet anti-religious policy of confiscating church property in the fight against hunger as a consequence of influencing the consciousness of the population through the prism of the Soviet and Lviv press is studied. Forms and methods of church confiscation are revealed, damages to churches and national culture of Ukraine are calculated. The Soviet press of 1921-1923 has an important historical significance, because it is with the help of these historical materials that one can explore a rather interesting, but at the same time tragic period in the history of the Orthodox Churches.The analysis of the press of that time gives an opportunity to find out what were the reasons and methods of confiscation of church values. It was investigated and established from the press that the Soviet authorities mass confiscated church property and conducted a census of property. Under the influence of famine, the Soviet government could do anything with the churches and their values, confiscating all church property en masse. After analyzing the periodicals of 1921-1923, there was not a single line of the newspaper that did not mention the seizure of church property.

Subcarpathian Ruthenia in conditions of pre-war international crisis of 1938 and territorial encroachments of neighboring states (on regional press materials)

Through the prism of the Subcarpathian press of the first third of the twentieth century, the tragic period of establishment of the Ukrainian statehood on the eve of World War II, the struggle for the free development of the Ukrainian nation on the territory of Subcarpathian Ruthenia due to the Munich Agreement and the dangerous political game of England, France, Germany and Italy, as well as Poland and Hungary, in the epicenter of ambitions of which Transcarpathia was caught, is delineated. Further development was given to the issues of struggle of the Ukrainians in Transcarpathia for the realization of the “peoples’ right to self-determination” in the course of the forceful formation of the joint Polish-Hungarian border after the Second Czechoslovak crisis of 1938, which had given rise to the actual division of Czechoslovakia on the one hand, and the intensification of Ukrainians’ national aspirations - on the other. The geopolitical aspects of the game of the Central Powers, as well as of Poland and Hungary in the process of “redrawing Europe”, the international peculiarities of the policy of appeasement of an aggressor of 1938 as a process of concessions and losses, in which the Transcarpathian lands remained as currency and the government of the autonomous Subcarpathian Ruthenia had to struggle alone against imperial revisionism, aggressive propaganda and destructive armed sabotage, were analyzed. Based on the Transcarpathian periodicals, the development of relations between the Carpathian Ukraine and practically the only foreign-policy partner - Germany - is shown in the context of the formation of the Hitler’s strategy of the “Eurasian Axis”, where the Ukrainian lands had a significant role. Factors of influence on the formation of the new European political reality and the role of the Ukrainian country in it are investigated. When using the press as a key source of historical data, a comprehensive picture of the Central Powers’ encroachments and aspirations and their practical intentions in an international crisis is reflected.

“COUNTER-REVOLUTIONARY CRIMES” IN AGRICULTURE OF UDMURTIA IN THE 1930s

The article is devoted to one of the tragic periods in the history of Udmurtia and the whole country. The repressions of the 1930s affected many people in one way or another. Of particular importance was the law enforcement of state crimes, especially the so-called counter-revolutionary crimes. The actual material of that time showed a violation of human rights. Everyone could be declared and condemned as a counter-revolutionary, regardless of his or her position. As a result of repressions, first of all wealthy peasants suffered. They were declared counter-revolutionaries, the main opponents of all actions of the Soviet power in the village. The failures of the collective and state economy were attributed to the enemies of the people, the activities of counter-revolutionary organizations. Protection from mythical criminals turned into punitive actions, into organized Big Terror. The Udmurt regional material shows that repressions against rural residents and other segments of the population on counter-revolutionary crimes did not differ from other regions of the country.

Greater Lebanon: The Problems of Integrating a Religiously and Ethnically Diverse Population

Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies Vol. 42, No.4, Summer 2019 Greater Lebanon: The Problems of Integrating a Religiously and Ethnically Diverse Population Kail C. Ellis* Background The State of Greater Lebanon was declared on 1 September 1920. It became the Lebanese Republic in May 1926, and is the predecessor of modern Lebanon. The state had its antecedents in the violence of the civil of war of 1860 and the subsequent formation of an autonomous Ottoman province or mustasarrifiyya that ushered in a new, peaceful stage for Lebanon. By design, the areas included in the mustasarrifiyya did not include the coastal towns of Beirut, Tripoli, Sidon and Tyre and their respective hinterlands and the administrative divisions of Baalbek, the Beqaa, Rashaya and Hasbaya. The mustasarrifiyya ushered in what was appropriately called “the long peace.” Mount Lebanon experienced unprecedented political stability for fifty years during which it was able to develop culturally, politically and economically, especially in the areas of public works, utilities, public schooling, agriculture and industry. The feudal economy declined, as members of the old feudal class entered government service, while commercialization and urbanization grew. Culturally, several newspapers and journals appeared and a literate and a mobile middle class emerged. Predominately Maronite in religious 1 *Kail C. Ellis is an associate professor in the department of Political Science at Villanova University. He received his PhD from the Catholic University of America, Washington D.C. His area of interest is Lebanon and the Middle East. In his area of specialization Ellis published three edited volumes: The Vatican, Islam and the Middle East, (Syracuse, 1987); Lebanon’s Second Republic, Prospects for the Twenty-First Century, (University Press of Florida, 2002) and Secular Nationalism and Citizenship in Muslim Countires: Arab Christians in the Levant (Palgrave Macmillan, 2018). 2 affiliation, intellectuals and writers in the mustasarrifiyya began to expand the concept of “the Maronite nation,” putting forward the theory of Lebanon as an essentially Christian country, destined to govern itself under the perpetual protection of Christian Europe. By the beginning of the twentieth century, the intellectual centers of the province, regardless of religious affiliation, were affected by the currents of nationalism that appeared shortly after the Young Turk revolution of 1908. The Young Turks introduced programs that imposed the modernization of the Ottoman Empire and a new spirit of Turkish nationalism. The Turcification (the process of turning culturally, linguistically, or ethnically non-Turkish areas into a cultural, linguistic, or Turkish area), and centralizing policies of the Ottomans alienated their Muslim subjects and contributed to the rise to the Arab nationalist movement. Significantly, the nationalist movement was initially inspired and led by Christian secularists who regarded Arab nationalism as a way to relieve their marginalized status. However, as Muslims began to assume the leadership of the movement, it became increasingly difficult to disassociate Arabism from Islam. Despite its initial secular predispositions, Arabism triggered the suspicions of the Maronite and Greek Catholic nationalists who wanted to preserve the autonomy and special privileges they had come to enjoy under the Christian mustasarrifiyya. However, with the outbreak of World War I, the Ottomans dissolved the mustasarrifiyya in 1914 and imposed a brutal domination that had disastrous consequences for the people. Foreign nationals of the belligerent powers, Great Britain and France, especially the religious orders and missionaries who had opened schools and other social welfare institutions, were expelled or forced into internal exile, their buildings confiscated by the Turks to be used for military purposes. At the same time, the Ottoman’s imposed their own blockade on Lebanon, forbidding crops from entering the country from other regions of the Empire. Adding to the disaster was the arrival of a swarm of locusts to the region in 1915 that lasted for three months, resulting in widespread starvation and destitution. A third catastrophe occurred in 1918 when the Great Influenza pandemic struck Lebanon. Throughout this tragic period, 200,000 Lebanese, half of the population of Mount Lebanon perished. Greater Lebanon—1920 As a result of the natural and man-made disasters that afflicted Lebanon, in 1916 the focus of Arab nationalism shifted temporarily to the Arabian Peninsula and British support for the Arab Revolt of the Hashemites...

The Siege. From Pereiaslav to the Present

In the article, the author analyses the book of memoirs of a veteran of the diplomatic service, Volodymyr Chornyi. “The siege from Pereiaslav to this day” – under this significant name, with the assistance of the Directorate-General for Rendering Services to Foreign Missions and the creative team of the Advertising and Publishing Department of the “Mediacenter” Directorate, the long-awaited book was published. The book presents author’s reflections on the difficult past and present not only of our Ukraine and its people, but also of an individual who has suffered and cooled down over many years. The author claims that this work of his colleague is impossible to read without accompanying personal reflections and memories. It is noted that the book started with a story about Volodymyr Chornyi’s native village – Ivanhorod in Cherkasy region – which then goes into the context of Ukrainian history. The book contains many unknown or little-known facts. The author claims that the book pays great attention to the sad and tragic periods of social life in Ukraine in different years – wars and famines. Volodymyr Chornyi also mentions the negative consequences of a strategic partnership with post-Soviet Russia. It is noted that under the leadership of the current President, the Russian Federation is increasingly becoming an outspoken successor of the totalitarian ideology of the former Soviet “Evil Empire”. The author of the article described the publication as a collection of memoirs, interviews and documents about the Soviet reality from the personal Latvian, Kazakh and Yakut experience of the author of the book. It is important that the book presents for the first time all available lists of victims of political repression, the Second World War and the Holodomor of 1932-1933. It is mentioned that the lead in the story has an opinion about the extremely important role of parents in everything that the author has achieved over the long years of his life. He dedicated this book to them and his countrymen. Keywords: Volodymyr Chornyi, memories, Ukraine, World War II, Holodomor.

Criminal Acts of the Nazi Germany Occupation Regime in the Territory of the Vyazma District of the Smolensk Region in 1941-1943

When numerous myths are circulating around the Great Patriotic War on the whole and around the Vyazma Pocket in particular, there is the necessity to study the specific disclosures concerning the tragic period of the occupation of the Smolensk Region by Nazi Germany that can be proved with documents. This determines the topicality of this paper. In our research, we rely on the documents kept in the Central Archives of the Russian Defense Ministry, the Governmental Archives of the Smolensk Region, as well as on the witness memoires. The purpose of this research is to study the Nazi Germany war crimes committed by the occupation regime in the territory of the Vyazma District of the Smolensk Region in 1941-1943. The results of the research demonstrate that in 1941-1943 in the territory of the nowadays Vyazma District of the Smolensk Region, Nazis and their accessories committed the full range of war crimes as defined in the four Geneva Conventions (1949): murder of all kinds, mutilation, cruel treatment and torture; humiliating and degrading treatment; public arbitrary executions; cruel and degrading treatment of prisoners of war, including the wounded and sick. For civilian persons, the whole system of horrification and oppression was created to break down their resistance; the punitive actions were taken regularly. Special cruelty and cynicism were inherent to numerous cases of burning villages together with their residents, who in the war time were mainly the old, women, and children.

The screen performance as an instrument of propaganda (on the example of Ivan Kavaleridze’s film «Koliivshchyna», 1933)

The myth-making processes in the communicative space are the «cornerstone» of ideology at all times of mankind’s existence. One of the tools of the effective impact of propaganda is trust in information. Today this come round due to the dissemination of information on personalized video content in social networks, including through converged media. New myths and social settings are creating, fate of the countries is being solved, public opinion is being formed. It became possible to create artificially a model of social installation using the myths (the smallest indivisible element of the myth) based on real facts, but with the addition of «necessary» information. In the 20–30 years of the XX century cinematograph became the most powerful screen media. The article deals with the main ideological messages of the Ukrainian Soviet film «Koliivshchyna» (1933). In the period of mass cinematography spread in the Soviet Ukraine, the tape was aimed at a grand mission – creation of a new mythology through the interpretation of the true events and a con on the public, propaganda of the Soviet ideology. This happened in the tragic period of Ukrainian history (1933, the Holodomor) through the extrapolation of historical truth and its embodiment in the most formative form at that time – the form of the screen performance. The Soviet authorities used the powerful influence of the screen image to propagate dreams, illusions, images, stereotypes that had lost any reference to reality. I. Kavaleridze’s film «Koliivshchyna» demonstrates the interpretation of historical events and national ideas, the interpretation of a relatively remote past through the ideology of the «Soviet-era». The movie is created as a part of the political conjuncture of the early 1930s: the struggle against Ukrainian «bourgeois nationalism» and against the «Union of Liberation Ukraine», the repressive policies against the peasants, the close-out of the «back to the roots» policy. The movie, on the one hand, definitely addresses to the Ukrainian ideas, on the other hand it was made at the period of the repressions against the Ukrainian peasantry. In the movie «Koliivshchyna», despite the censorship, I. Kavaleridze manages to create a national inclusive narrative that depicts Ukrainian space as multi-ethnic and diverse, but at the same time nationally colorful.

THE HOLOCAUST AS AN ETERNAL LESSON FOR MANKIND (Education of resistance to racism and xenophobia on the basis of contemporary foreign fiction and cinema)

The theme of the Second World War and the Holocaust is one of the topical themes of contemporary fiction and cinema. Outstanding writers and directors of our time are turning to the embodiment of this tragic topic. They set themselves the task of comprehending the past and giving the third millennium generation spiritual experience that will help young people combat the manifestations of racism and xenophobia in the modern world. The article deals with the novel “Schindler’s Ark” by Th. Keneally, “The Children of Noah” by E.-E. Schmitt, “The Boy in the Striped Pajamas” by J. Boyne, “The Book Tief” by M. Zuzak and movies that are based on these books. In the genres of a historic novel and psychological story based on the documents, the writers revealed the complicated social processes in Europe during 1930-1940. The writers described the historic events within the life of ordinary people who lived in the terrible circumstances of the totalitarian system. The symbols playedthe main role in revealing the subject of the Holocaust in the novels and films about the Second World War and the Holocaust. Thomas Keneally continued the traditions of romantic irony and added to it some social, psychological and philosophical meanings. The irony in the novel by Thomas Keneally “Schindler’s Ark” plays an important role in the investigation of European society in the tragic period of the 20thcentury. In the novels by Thomas Keneally irony takes place on the different levels such as plot, composition, imagology, time and space, style and language. T. Keneally broadens the meaning of irony and its function in the documentary and historic novel. The irony in the novel “Schindler’s Ark” maintains some main functions: social for explaining the anti-humanistic essence of fascism, war, racial hatred, research in investigating the tragedy of the Holocaust and its consequences, psychological in revealing the psychology of people of different social class, philosophical in discussing the important issues of human life in the word, axiological dealing with the values of mercy, morality, the ability to resist violence. T. Kenealy represents different forms of irony such as the irony of the narrator, the irony of the author, the combination of controversial documentary facts, the contradiction of phenomenon and notions, the comparison of the different points of view, self-irony, irony as inner enlightenment, catharsis. In the novel “Schindler’s Ark” by T. Kenealy the author of the article analyzed the traditions of world literature such as B. Brecht within the motive of personal financial profit from the war, N. Gogol within the motive of buying and selling the dead souls. The writer represented these motives in his own way as the events took place during the real historic time, and he found the inner power in people of past century to keep their life, humanity and culture on the Earth. The irony is a unique feature of T. Keneally’s individual style and it enriched the genre of novel.

Measuring emotional temperatures in Shakespeare’s drama

Abstract This paper demonstrates how the computational analysis of Shakespeare’s plays can map the emotional language used across individual plays and across the canon more broadly, affording new insights. It explains how we adapted the “sentiment analysis” tool SentiStrength for use with Early Modern English. Our analyses allow us to test out the long-held critical hypothesis that Shakespeare’s work moved from a comic to a “problem” and tragic period, and thence to a more optimistic redemptive mood in his last plays. The paper will also suggest how computational techniques can further understanding of genre, in particular the relationship between history and tragedy in Shakespeare’s work.

The Role of Irony in Revealing Holocaust in the Novel by Thomas Keneally “Schindler’s Ark”

The article deals with the novel “Schindler’s Ark” written in 1982 by Australian writer Thomas Keneally (born 1935). The subject matter of the novel is the description of tragic event during the II World War such as Holocaust. In the genre of a historic novel based on the documents, the writer revealed the complicated social processes in Europe during 1930-1940 ties. Thomas Keneally described the historic events within the life of ordinary people who lived in the terrible circumstances of the totalitarian system. The irony played the main role in revealing the subject Holocaust in this novel. The fundamentals of irony in European literature could be found in the literary works by the writers of Romanticism in the XIX-th century. They explained the role of romantic irony which became a tool for criticism the negative phenomenon in society and depicting the psychology of characters. Thomas Keneally continues the traditions of romantic irony and added to it some social, psychological and philosophical meaning. The irony in the novel by Thomas Keneally “Schindler’s Ark” plays an important role in the investigation of European society in the tragic period of the XX-th century. In the novels by Thomas Keneally irony takes place on the different levels such as plot, composition, imagology, time and space, style and language. T. Keneally broadens the meaning of irony and its function in the documentary and historic novel. The irony in the novel “Schindler’s Ark” maintains some main functions: social for explaining the anti-humanistic essence of fascism, war, racial hatred, research in investigating the tragedy of Holocaust and its consequences, psychological in revealing the psychology of people of different social class, philosophical in discussing the important issues of human life in the word, axiological dealing with the values of mercy, morality, the ability to resist violence. T. Kenealy represents the different forms of irony such as the irony of the narrator, the irony of the author, the combination of controversial documentary facts, the contradiction of phenomenon and notions, the comparison of the different points of view, self-irony, irony as inner enlightenment, catharsis. In the novel “Schindler’s Ark” by T. Kenealy the author of the article analyzed the traditions of world literature such as B. Brecht within the motive of personal financial profit from the war, N. Gogol within the motive of buying and selling the dead souls. The writer represented these motives in his own way as the events took place during the real historic time, and he found the inner power in people of past century to keep their life, humanity and culture on the Earth. The irony is a unique feature of T.Keneally’s individual style and it enriched the genre of novel

My Decade at Old Sun, My Lifetime of Hell by Arthur Bear Chief

Reviewed by: My Decade at Old Sun, My Lifetime of Hell by Arthur Bear Chief Jennifer Stern My Decade at Old Sun, My Lifetime of Hell. By Arthur Bear Chief. Edmonton: Athabasca University Press, 2016. ix + 172 pp. Illustrations, appendixes. $19.95 paper. Although Arthur Bear Chief ’s My Decade at Old Sun, My Lifetime of Hell is clearly and concisely written, it is a difficult read. His testimony of the psychological, cultural, physical, and sexual abuse he endured as a child at the Old Sun Residential School is as heartbreaking as it is necessary. Bear Chief ’s story adds to the growing body of personal narratives to emerge from the tragic period of Canadian residential schools and American boarding schools built to erase Indigenous cultures through separating children from their communities. Children who attended these schools experienced numerous abuses, a fact that has gained public awareness in more recent decades. Bear Chief ’s narrative—and others like it—importantly brings a personal voice to an experience borne by untold thousands. Bear Chief pushes the genre by including the traumatic aftermath of his abuse, including an unsatisfying legal battle over recompense for his lost childhood. Different from many similar first-person accounts, Bear Chief ’s text provides many layers of context. First, the preface by collaborator Judy Bedford prepares the reader for the narrative that follows by introducing readers to a man with mood swings produced from revisiting his past. The story itself is both a remarkable example of Indigenous storytelling and proof of the lingering psychological damage of residential/boarding schools on their survivors. Bear Chief opens on himself as an adult writing his memoir and contemplating suicide. He goes on to relive his childhood trauma and subsequent PTSD symptomology, including alcoholism, womanizing, nightmares, and an inability to trust. The afterword by historian Frits Pannekoek discusses Canadian policies established to compensate survivors by devising a callous points-based system used to determine settlement amounts that diminished significantly after lawyers’ fees and taxation. The appendixes contain legal documents from Bear Chief ’s case as well as two impersonal form letters sent by the Anglican Church and the Canadian government apologizing for his treatment. These contexts push conversations concerning residential schools into several arenas, offering readers a more complete view of the schools’ operation and legacy than previously published. While his story contains happy moments from his residential school experience such as participation in athletics and Sunday chocolate pudding, Bear Chief suggests that positive outcomes include contending with the past on personal and communal levels. At several points, he calls on his fellow survivors to tell their stories as part of a holistic recovery process. My Decade at Old Sun, My Lifetime of Hell both informs uninitiated readers and acts as a [End Page 237] therapy for the smiling boy gracing its cover, the fractured man he became, and nations impacted by a horrifying legacy. Jennifer Stern American Indian Studies University of Arizona Copyright © 2018 Center for Great Plains Studies, University of Nebraska–Lincoln

The Image of the Invisible Cross in the Russian Lyrical Poetry of the 20th Century: From The Twelve by Blok to the Roman Diary by Vyacheslav Ivanov

Referring to works of four poets, the author analyses a special image of the “invisible cross” that appears when horizontal and vertical poetic images come into contact. In Boris Pasternak’s poem Winter Night, it is formed by the image of windstorm and candles in the first stanza, in Blok’s The Twelve by crossing the lines from the “black sky” to the “white snow” with the “wind line”. In Georgy Ivanov’s poem, the image of the “invisible cross” appears from the troika’s movement and the image of the falling “black music by Blok”. The image of “windstorm” in Pasternak’s poem and that of “Blok’s music” in Ivanov’s poem allude to The Twelve . All the three works refer to the same historical reality: the collapse of former Russia and the uncertainty of human destiny in the tragic period of history. In Vyacheslav Ivanov’s poem written in Rome on 23 May 1944, the image of the “invisible cross” is also present. However, it appears when comparing the first and second stanzas of the poem. The first stanza represents the European image of the world, which is characterised as “vertical” which is accentuated by the images of “Gothic churches” and “cyclopic hammer”. The second stanza represents the “horizontal” image of the world, characteristic for Russia, accentuated by the images of “ways”, and “rails”. Every stanza contains details adding to the sensation of instability of both historical entities. The third verse is like looking from space at the earth and at the historical path of humanity, which has led it to the current war. The image found by Ivanov could emerge as a result of his life in Rome and his memory of Russia. At the same time, the perseverance with which the “invisible cross” appears in works of different authors at different times makes the image typical of the entire twentieth century.

Nietzsche nella Rivoluzione conservatrice

Nietzsche nella Rivoluzione conservatrice

A life in statistical mechanics

This is the first part of an oral history interview on the lifelong involvement of Joel Lebowitz in the development of statistical mechanics. Here the covered topics include the formative years, which overlapped the tragic period of Nazi power and World War II in Europe, the emigration to the United States in 1946 and the schooling there. It also includes the beginnings and early scientific works with Peter Bergmann, Oliver Penrose and many others. The second part will appear in a forthcoming issue of Eur. Phys. J. H.