Traffic Offenders Research Articles

The Problem of Diversion in Children Perpetrators of Traffic Violations in Indonesia

Children as perpetrators of traffic accidents that cause fatalities, this is one of the classic problems related to the application of the legal system and its functionalization by law enforcement officials in Indonesia. How is the protection of children in the juvenile criminal justice system related to the Diversion Problems in Children Traffic Violators in Indonesia? Regarding the Criminal Code and Article 310 paragraph (4) of Law Number 22 of 2009 concerning Road Traffic and Transportation and Law Number 11 of 2012 concerning the Juvenile Justice System as regulated in Article 1 paragraph (7), Article 12, Article 52 verse 5. The results of the research found that there are still disparities (differences) in the law enforcement process in Indonesia for children as traffic offenders and other findings related to diversion techniques are found in the Indonesian Police Criminal Investigation Unit No. Pol.: TR/1124/XI/2006 which provides instructions and rules that can refer to the completion of diversion efforts. Diversion efforts at the level of investigation related to Law no. 11 of 2012 concerning the Criminal Justice System, the prosecution and examination of children's cases in district courts have not been implemented optimally so it is recommended that at the level of investigation, prosecution, and examination of children's cases in district courts it is advisable to make diversion efforts.

KEWENANGAN APARAT KEPOLISIAN LALU LINTAS DALAM MELAKUKAN PENYITAAN BARANG BUKTI PELANGGARAN LALU LINTAS DI WILAYAH HUKUM POLRES PAYAKUMBUH

The exercise of authority in the form of confiscation actions carried out by members of the Payakumbuh City Police, especially traffic officers against vehicles that commit traffic violations, in taking action must be in accordance with Law Number 2 of 2002 concerning the Indonesian National Police, Law Number 22 of 2009 concerning Road Traffic and Transportation and the Criminal Procedure Code. Several inhibiting factors in confiscation of evidence in traffic include law enforcers who are often not firm in enforcing the rules, lack of facilities that support law enforcement such as the lack of traffic signs, the lack of police traffic vehicles in conducting patrols, and legal awareness that is less than adequate. There People must be able to understand traffic rules well. Regular socialization of traffic rules, firm action against traffic violators, addition of facilities and infrastructure for traffic signs can reduce traffic violations.Keywords: Authority, Police, Confiscation, Evidence, Traffic Offenders.

Assessing Risk Perception over Recidivist Traffic Offenders from a Multi-group Approach: How Gendered Could It Be?

Objective: The core aim of this study was to examine the predictive role of demographic, psychosocial and driving features of Spanish drivers on their risk perception over recidivist traffic offenders, focusing on gender as a key differentiating factor. Method: For this cross-sectional study, it was analyzed the data gathered from a nationwide sample of 1,711 licensed drivers from the 17 regions of Spain (49% females, 51% males) with a mean age of 40.07 years, responding to a telephone-based interview on road safety issues. Demographic, driving-related and psychosocial factors were comparatively analyzed through robust tests and a bias-corrected MGSEM (Multi-Group Structural Equation Modeling) approach.Results: The findings of this study indicate that drivers’ age, driving exposure, traffic law knowledge, their assessment of both enforcement and reeducation, and the number of traffic fines they have received, explain the risk perceived in recidivist traffic offenders. Secondly, and in regard to structural differences, three study variables, i.e., driving exposure, need for enforcement and traffic law knowledge, have shown to exert a differential influence on risk perception according to drivers’ gender.Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that both psychosocial and driving-related features differentially predict drivers’ risk perception over recidivist traffic offenders between male and female drivers. This research supports the need of fostering the emphasis on gender, in order to strengthen driving education, re-education, and training processes aimed at facing and preventing recidivism in the field of traffic and mobility.

Design of an automatic license plate reader

The increase in the number of vehicles and the alarming rate of theft and defaulters daily prompts the need for sophisticated matching technology to curb car theft, reduce traffic offenders, and any other anomalies/irregularities affecting vehicles’ smooth operation. This study deals with the design of an automatic license plate reader which automatically captures an image of the vehicle’s license plate, transforms that image into alphanumeric characters using optical character recognition or similar high-tech software, and compares the plate number acquired to one or more databases of vehicles of interest to law enforcement and other agencies against those of stolen cars or people suspected of being involved in criminal activities. The automated capture, analysis, and comparison of vehicle license plates typically occur within seconds enabling the officer in charge to take appropriate actions.

WRONGFUL ARREST: A BRIEF SURVEY OF THE IMPACT OF THE CONSTITUTION IN RECENT CASE LAW

In recent times there has been a proliferation of press reports about ordinary, law-abiding citizens who suffered the indignity and inconvenience of a wrongful (unlawful) arrest at the hands of officers of the South African Police Service or Metro Police Services. According to the most recent of these reports, this increase in the incidence of wrongful arrests have even resulted in deliberations between members of the Law Society of the Northern Provinces and the top management of the SAPS, in which the latter undertook to pay special attention to the training of police officers in order to better the present state of affairs. It is not far-fetched to describe thepresent situation on the ground in respect of wrongful arrests as epidemic. In recent interviews with attorneys who have been representing clients in wrongful arrest claims against the Minister of Safety and Security, the present writer was told about certain standard practices regarding arrests: it would seem that it is a favourite practice among certain police officials to arrest suspects on a Friday, or even a Thursday afternoon, in order to prolong the normal 48-hour maximum period of detention before bringing an arrestee before court. Furthermore, metro police spokespersons often announce, at the beginning of some road-safety drive or crack-down on traffic offenders, that certain types of offenders will, without exception, be arrested. The worst recent example recounted to the author of lamentable conduct in this context on the part of a high-ranking police official concerns an order issued on a Friday afternoon in which the officers under his command were ordered to endeavour arresting more persons of a specific ethnic group, seeing that the weekend population of the police cells under his command did not reflect the demographics of his jurisdiction!

Educational Consequences of Paternal Incarceration: Evidence from a Danish Policy Reform

ObjectivesThis study estimates the causal effect of paternal incarceration on children’s educational outcomes measured at the end of compulsory schooling (9th grade) in Denmark.MethodsI use Danish administrative data and rely on a sentencing reform in 2000, which expanded the use of non-custodial alternatives to incarceration for traffic offenders, for plausibly exogenous variation in the risk of experiencing paternal incarceration.ResultsThe results show that paternal incarceration does not affect academic achievement (grade point average), but that it does reduce the number of grades obtained, and–most importantly–roughly doubles the risk of not even completing compulsory school and getting a 9th grade certificate. These findings are driven mainly by boys for whom paternal incarceration appear to be particularly consequential.ConclusionsThe findings presented in this study highlight the presence of unintended and collateral consequences of penal policies–even in the context of a relatively mild penal regime. Effects are, however, estimated for a subgroup of Danish children experiencing paternal incarceration, and how results translate to other subgroups and beyond the Danish context is open for speculation.

Modelling the relationship of driver license and offense history with fatal and serious injury (FSI) crash involvement

Introduction: Previous research has indicated that increases in traffic offenses are linked to increased crash involvement rates, making reductions in offending an appropriate measure for evaluating road safety interventions in the short-term. However, the extent to which traffic offending predicts fatal and serious injury (FSI) crash involvement risk is not well established, prompting this new Victorian (Australia) study. Method: A preliminary cluster analysis was performed to describe the offense data and assess FSI crash involvement risk for each cluster. While controlling demographic and licensing variables, the key traffic offenses that predict future FSI crash involvement were then identified. The large sample size allowed the use of machine learning methods such as random forests, gradient boosting, and Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) regression. This was done for the ‘all driver’ sample and five sometimes overlapping groups of drivers; the young, the elderly, and those with a motorcycle license, a heavy vehicle license endorsement and/or a history of license bans. Results: With the exception of the group of drivers who had a history of bans, offense history significantly improved the accuracy of models predicting future FSI crash involvement using demographic and licensing data, suggesting that traffic offenses may be an important factor to consider when analyzing FSI crash involvement risk and the effects of road safety countermeasures. Conclusions: The results are helpful for identifying driver groups to target with further road safety countermeasures, and for showing that machine learning methods have an important role to play in research of this nature. Practical Application: This research indicates with whom road safety interventions should particularly be applied. Changes to driver demerit policies to better target offenses related to FSI crash involvement and repeat traffic offenders, who are at greater risk of FSI crash involvement, are recommended.

Penalty-point system, deterrence and road safety: A quasi-experimental analysis

We use three complementary quasi-experimental approaches to study the causal effect of introducing a penalty-point system (PPS) in Spain in July 1 2006, on drivers' behavior. According to Regression-Discontinuity (RD) estimates, the PPS decreased the number of traffic offenders by 14%, and this deterrence effect was directly related to the severity of the penalty. Concerns that RD estimates may over- or under-state the longer-run effects of the policy change are addressed by presenting the Difference-in-Differences (DiD) estimates, which reveal that the deterrence effect of this reform increased over time. Crucially, the reform also curbed accidents by 14%, injuries by 16%, and fatalities by 14%, and these effects persisted over time. Difference-in-RD estimates are consistent with the other two approaches. Altogether, the reform represented net benefits of over 946 million EUR per year (or 0.09% of the Spanish GDP) during the first three years after implementation.

The Directive Facilitating Cross-Border Exchange of Information

The main aim of EU´s Vision Zero is “no fatalities or serious injures through road accidents should be met by 2030”. With this long-term road safety strategy, the EU wants to purposefully and gradually overcome the failures of previous measures that have failed to result in reducing the number of road accidents victims. The last three years of EU policy on road safety have improved this area only minimally. This paper provides an analysis of the EU road safety strategies and deals mainly with the directive on the cross-border exchange of information. This directive seems to have become an effective tool for the prevention of cross-border traffic offences from a long-term perspective. The main aim of this directive is to take preventive action against road traffic offenders in order to correct their road behaviour through sanctions to discourage them from committing more serious offences, including fatal accidents. This article also outlines current crucial findings resulting from the application of this directive, which should be resolved by its planned revision.

Pelanggaran Lalu Lintas oleh Rombongan Pengantar Jenazah di Jeneponto Perspektif Hukum Islam dan Hukum Pidana

The main problem of this of this reseach is traffic violations by the corpse delivery group in Jeneponto, the perspective of Islamic law and criminal law. The main problem is then formulated into several sub problems, namely 1.) what are the forms of violations by the group delivering the corps? 2.) how does the positive law view traffic violations by the group delivering the bodies? 3.) how does Islamic law view violations during delivery of the corpse? This type of reseach is classified as field reseach, with a reseach approach using a sociology of law approach. As for the reseach data sources are the public and law enforces in Jeneponto district. This study aims to determine the forms of violations, as well as the elaboration of rules related to community habits, in this case the delivery of corpses, through the perspective of Islamic law and positive law (case study of the corpse delivery group in Jeneponto district). This type of reseach is quantitative reseach, which is a method that emphasizes the understanding of social problems based on (real) and natural conditions of reality. The focus of this reseach will emphasizes on data analysis and basic analysis of control, as well as providing articles to traffic offenders in transporting their bodies. Data collection methods and drawing conclusions as well as documentation. This reseach is considered impostant because of the many violations that occur when delivering the corpse, and it cannot be separated from adding a wealth of thoughts and insights for the author himself and the reader later.Keywords: violaton, introduction to the body, Islamic law, criminal law.

The relationship between traffic and non-traffic offending in Western Australia

Self-selection policing is an approach whereby serious underlying criminality is detected by an offender’s minor crimes (known as trigger offences). Strategic offences are offences that indicate an increased likelihood that the associated offender will engage in later offending. The purpose of this study was to determine if first-time serious traffic offending in Western Australia indicates previous and/or future non-traffic criminality, thereby demonstrating the utility of serious traffic offences as trigger offences and strategic offences. The authors collated the crime data of all first-time serious traffic offenders in Western Australia between December 2004 and December 2014. Using this data, survival analyses were conducted to determine if and when a first-time serious traffic offender committed an initial non-traffic offence within 10 years of their first serious traffic offence. When comparing this data to data from the Australian Bureau of Statistics, the authors found that first-time serious traffic offenders are more likely than the average Western Australian to have a previous or future initial non-traffic offence. Some groups of first-time traffic offenders were more likely to commit non-traffic offences than others including males, individuals under the age of 25, drug drivers and drivers without authority. These results support the use of first-time serious traffic offences as trigger/strategic offences and could be used to identify and divert traffic offenders with versatile criminal histories and traffic offenders at risk of future criminal activity.

Repeat Traffic Offenders Improve Their Performance in Risky Driving Situations and Have Fewer Accidents Following a Mindfulness-Based Intervention

Risky decision-making is highly influenced by emotions and can lead to fatal consequences. Attempts to reduce risk-taking include the use of mindfulness-based interventions (MBI), which have shown promising results for both emotion regulation (ER) and risk-taking. However, it is still unclear whether improved emotion regulation is the mechanism responsible for reduced risk-taking. In the present study, we explore the effect of a 5-week MBI on risky driving in a group of repeat traffic offenders by comparing them with non-repeat offenders and repeat offenders without training. We evaluated the driving behavior of the participants through a driving simulation, and self-reported emotion regulation, both before and after the intervention. At baseline, poor emotion regulation was related to a more unstable driving behavior, and speeding. The group that received mindfulness training showed improved performance during risky driving situations and had fewer accidents, although their overall driving behavior remained largely unchanged. The observed trend toward improved emotion regulation was not significant. We discuss whether other effects of MBI – such as self-regulation of attention – could underlie the observed reduction in risky driving in the initial stages. Nonetheless, our findings still confirm the close relationship between emotion regulation skills and risky driving.

Characterizing Traffic Offenses in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Case Study in Arada Sub-city

Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia, is undergoing a period of substantial growth. However, the road transport system faces major challenges. The level of road traffic crashes is increasing from time to time as the number of vehicle population and urbanization increases. Systematic analysis of available data from a different perspective and implementation road safety policy to reduce traffic crashes are interesting work in the coming years. Factors that are responsible for road traffic accident are categorized into driver error, pedestrian, road environment and the vehicle factor. Driver error and noncompliance of drivers with road traffic rules and regulations is the main factor for road traffic crashes which accounts for approximately 90%. This study aimed to know the characteristics, most common traffic offenses, their magnitudes and trends on the roads of Addis Ababa city, particularly in Arada sub city from November 2014/15 to November 2016/17 GC. The Traffic offence data in Arada Sub city, vehicle population details and driver population details in the Addis Ababa city were collected. Proportions, frequencies and descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. Results indicate that the amount of traffic offenses over a three - year period increased by 13.7% and decreased by 2.4% for male and female drivers respectively. In addition, male traffic offenders (95.6%) outnumber women traffic offenders (4.4%) by a wide margin in traffic violations as compared to licensed male (85.6%) and female (14.4%) drivers in the city. Traffic flow obstruction (12.9%), disrespecting prohibited signs (11.3%), illegal parking (8.5%), overloading (8.2%) and driving while talking on the phone (7.8%) were most commonly occurring traffic offenses. Stricter measures and educations on road safety awareness need to be reinforced.

Aggressive Driving Behavior and its Distal and Proximal Correlates Among a Group of Traffic Offenders Living in the Greater Tokyo Area

Aggressive Driving Behavior and its Distal and Proximal Correlates Among a Group of Traffic Offenders Living in the Greater Tokyo Area

Penerapan Firebase Realtime Database pada Aplikasi E-Tilang Smartphone berbasis Mobile Android

Traffic violations are familiar things on the highway. For road users who commit traffic violations will be given sanctions such as reprimands, warnings or given a ticket. The speeding ticket is a medium for the police to write fines and violations against road users who commit traffic violations. In this modern era ideas and ideas have emerged to develop a system or application that can facilitate the performance, needs and human activities through an intermediary smartphone. E-ticketing is a digitization of the manual ticketing process that fills offenders data on the ticketing sheet. The e-ticket helps the police in the ticketing process by entering data in the application, utilizing the Firebase Realtime Database technology through smartphone intermediaries. The purpose of this study is to create a traffic violator or E-ticketing system using the Firebase Realtime Database technology. Then provide attachments to offenders in the form of notifications through the E-ticket application, and assist the police in an effort to deal with traffic offenders. The results of this study showed 80.5% of respondents rated the Application of Firebase Realtime Database on the Android-based Smartphone Mobile E-Ticket Application in accordance with the needs of the police in carrying out the ticketing process.

Campus Officers’ Explanations of Traffic Stop Sanctions

Prior traffic stop studies rarely consider officers’ qualitative explanations of their sanctioning decisions and are based largely on municipal officers. This article explores campus officers’ explanations of how they sanctioned drivers. Data were gathered from fieldwork with campus officers at a large southeastern U.S. university. Findings reveal officers usually handle traffic offenders leniently, opting for no sanction and written warnings over citations and custodial arrest. Officers named seven sanctioning reasons that fit into three broad and interrelated perspectives on crime and punishment. Implications of the findings for future research and policy are discussed.

Effects of an advanced driver training program on young traffic offenders’ subsequent crash experience

Introduction:Advanced driver training programs (ADTPs) are a popular approach to improve young driver safety in the U.S. These programs provide behind-the-wheel experiences in controlled settings that are thought by parents, teens, and others to be highly valuable. However, none of these programs have been carefully evaluated. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate one such program. Methods:We randomly assigned 599 young drivers who had received a traffic citation to an ADTP, or a control condition involving traditional classroom traffic safety education. Results:Time-to-event (survival) analyses of participants’ subsequent crash experience over the course of 550 days revealed no meaningful difference in the number of days to the first crash for those who participated in the experimental or control programs, or those who left the study. Conclusions:The advanced driver training program evaluated in this study produced no more crash reduction benefits for participants than traditional classroom-based programs. A strength of the study was the relatively large sample size and the random assignment of participants to conditions, which ruled out self-selection bias. However, this group, recruited as a result of traffic violation, may have already developed a higher risk driving demeanor than was the case in the broader population of young drivers. Additional research with other ADTPs and with a population of drivers who are earlier in their driving careers, using a similarly strong experimental design, is urgently needed to inform traffic safety practitioners and parents about the potential value of such hands-on programs.

Framework for Client-Server Distributed Database System for Federal Road Safety Commission Nigeria

In recent years it has been observed that the federal road safety commission FRSC has been having some challenges on how to handle traffic rule and traffic offences committed by road users both commercial and private. Based on the in ability of the FRSC to handle these problems this paper critically looked into the behavioural pattern of the drivers towards traffic rules and offences committed and found that there was a great need for the Organisation to have a good database, that will be able to keep records of traffic offences and offenders, which can be called upon at any time on reference basis. The aim of this study is to create a distributed Federal Road Safety commission traffic offence system that can access data from any state of the Federation. The system consists of a relational database of FRSC variables which could be shared by the various States and Local Government Areas in the country. Each of the local government area will form a website, and the database will be hosted by the server at the Federal Road Safety Commission Head Quarters at Abuja and at the various state capital. . All LGAs will access the database via a distributed network. The client/server distributed network architecture is used in the design and implementation of the system. The system is capable of monitoring all road offences and traffic offenders records at all levelsfrom any part of the country and generation of reports concerning offenders and also access information from the local government at all times.

Методика оценки рискованного дорожного поведения водителей: апробация на российской выборке

Objectives. The purpose of the article is approbation the method for evaluation of drivers’ risky traffic behaviour, its structure and main patterns. Background. Psychological research of risky traffic behaviour of drivers is especially acute. It is a very important to measure and identify the features of the traffic behaviour of drivers as high-risk behaviour. In this context, the study of risky traffic behaviour is of particular interest. Study design. The structure and patterns of risky traffic behavior of three groups of Russian drivers with different driving experience were studied. It was using a special questionnaire for evaluation of patterns of risky traffic behaviour of drivers, which has been implemented in Traffic Offenders Prevention Program in Estonia. The data analysis used comparative, correlation and exploratory factor analysis. Participants. 398 drivers with various driving experience, including: 114 — novice drivers; 80 — taxi drivers; 204 — drivers of commercial transportation. Measurements. The structure of drivers’ risky traffic behaviour was studied using a special questionnaire “Traffic Risk Evaluation Model” (Meinhard G., 2018), that includes AUDIT (Babor T., Hig¬gins-Biddle J., Saunders J., Monteiro, 2010). Results. Data on the structure of drivers risky traffic behaviour was obtained. It was found that this structure includes three main patterns: “Attitudes towards alcohol and drunk driving”, “Proneness to violations of law” and “Evaluation of risks and threats in the course of driving”. Correlations were found between patterns of risky traffic behaviour and road accident rates. Conclusions. The research has shown that the consideration of drivers’ risky traffic behaviour structure can become a promising area of research required in the psychological practice of road crash prevention.

Mental Health of Correctional Inmates: Review of PAI-PS Suicide Related Scales

이 연구는 수형자의 자살위험성 및 이와 관련된 심리·정서적 특징을 범죄유형별로 알아보고, 이를근거로 교정프로그램에 유용한 정보를 제공하고자 하였다. 교정수형자를 대상으로 수집한 남성 수형자179명의 교정용 성격평가질문지 자료와 일반 남성 180명의 성격평가질문지 증보판 자료를 활용하여PAI-PS의 자살관련 척도 및 전체 척도에 대한 t검증, 일원변량분석 및 사후분석을 실시하였다. 분석결과수형자는 일반인보다 SUI, SPI 및 S-Chron이 유의미하게 상승하였다. 범죄유형별로 살펴보면, SPI는절도범이 일반인보다 높았고, S-Chron은 절도범이 강력범, 교통사범, 사기범 및 일반인보다 높았고, 폭력범이 일반인보다 높았다. PAI-PS의 각 척도에서 범죄유형 간의 차이를 분석한 결과, 타당도 척도에서 비일관성과 부정적 인상 척도에서 절도범이 강력범보다 높았고, 긍정적 인상 척도는 절도범이 다른유형보다 낮았다. 임상척도에서 신체적 호소, 우울, 불안 및 반사회적 특징 척도는 절도범과 폭력범이대체적으로 다른 범죄유형보다 점수가 상승하였다. 경계선특징 척도는 성폭력범, 폭력범 및 절도범이강력범과 사기범보다 높았고, 알코올문제 척도는 교통사범이 강력범과 사기범보다 높았다. 치료고려척도에서 공격성, 스트레스 및 비지지 척도도 절도범과 폭력범이 다른 범죄유형보다 상승하였다. 치료거부 척도에서는 절도범이 교통사범과 사기범보다 낮았다. 이런 결과는 수용자의 자살위험에 영향을 주는심리·환경적 요인이 서로 다르므로 이런 요인을 고려한 교정프로그램이 필요하다는 것을 시사한다.This study sought to identify mental health problems related to suicide risk among correctional inmates by type of crime. 179 male inmates PAI-PS and 180 general males PAI data were utilized to perform a t-test, one-way variable analysis, and post-analysis on the suicide-related measures and scales of PAI-PS. The inmates’ scores of SUI, SPI, and S-Chron were significantly higher than the generals. SPI of thieves was higher than that of the generals, while the S-Chron of thieves was higher than violent offenders, traffic offenders, fraud offenders, and the generals, and the S-Chron of thug offender was higher than the generals. The analysis of the differences between crime types on each scale of PAI-PS found that thieves on inconsistent and negative impression were higher than violent criminals, and thieves on the positive impression were lower than other types. Thieves and violent offenders generally tended to score higher than other types of crimes on the somatization, depression, anxiety and antisocial characteristics. Borderline characterization of sexual offenders, thug offenders, and thieves were higher than violent and fraud offenders, and in alcohol problems traffic offender was higher than violent and fraud offenders. On the Aggressive, Stress, and nonsupport, thieves and thug offenders tended to be higher than other types of crime, and on the Rejection of treatment, thieves were lower than traffic criminals and frauds. These results reveal that the psychological and environmental factors affecting inmates suicide are different, thus these factors should be considered in correctional programs.