Traffic Load Effects Research Articles

Fatigue failure of welded details in steel bridge pylons

Multi-span suspension bridges show special structural characteristics compared with conventional suspension bridges. The mid-pylon is vulnerable to fatigue failure due to the effects of wind loads and traffic loads. In this study, based on the engineering context of the Taizhou Yangtze River Bridge, some investigations were conducted on the structural behaviour of this multi-span suspension bridge. Fatigue strength tests of two critical details on the steel mid-pylon were carried out. The two details were the butt weld of two segments near the longitudinal full penetration weld and the longitudinal full penetration weld near the diaphragm. Crack propagation was observed in the tests, and it was found that the initial crack propagation directions of the two details were different. S-N curves for these two details are not included in relevant bridge design codes, and in this study, fatigue strength values of the two details are proposed based on their fatigue tests. It is suggested that the fatigue strength value corresponding to two million-cycles for the detail of the butt weld of two segments near the longitudinal full penetration weld is 85.6 MPa, and the fatigue strength value corresponding to two million-cycle for the detail of the longitudinal full penetration weld near the diaphragm is 101.5 MPa.

Pre-compression and capillarity effect of treated expansive subgrade subjected to compressive and tensile loadings

Pavement structures often are under tension and compression mobilised by the coupled effects of traffic loads and swelling stress. Seasonal moisture variations cause capillarity rise and volumetric movement within the subgrade. The objective of this investigation is to evaluate the pre-compression and capillarity effect of expansive subgrades stabilised with activated fly ash (α-FA), and sisal fibre, analysed for tensile (qt) and compressive qu strengths. Moulding moisture content corresponding to the optimum water content was used to prepare the subgrade soils by random inclusion of 0.25 %, 0.5 %, 0.75 %, and 1.0 % of sisal fibre by dry mass of the subgrade soils treated with 20 % and 30 % of α-FA. Confined pre-compression stresses equivalent to 10 kPa and 20 kPa after 12 h of preparation were applied followed by 14 days of air-curing condition. Subsequently, the prepared subgrades samples were subjected to capillary rise through soaking. The test results revealed that both tensile and compressive strengths of 10 kPa and 20 kPa precompressed specimens decreased from 1.48MPa to 0.98MPa on average due to the capillarity effect, compared to non-capillary specimens. Without capillarity effects, an equivalent strength increases of 12.21 % and 63 %.11 were recorded for 10 kPa and 20 kPa of pre-compressed specimens compared to un-precompressed specimens tested under tension. The results further revealed that the subgrade soils treated with the combination of fibre and α-FA exhibited significant strength resistance under tension. The strength indices (qt/qu) of 0.13 to 0.31 as the proportionality of tensile and compressive strengths is closely correlated for all the pre-compressed composites due to fibre deformability.

Research on dynamic behavior and traffic management decision-making of suspension bridge after vortex-induced vibration event

Long-span suspension bridges are susceptible to wind loads due to their lightweight, low stiffness, and small structural damping. Recently, two large-span suspension bridges in China that closed for several months due to COVID-2019 experienced large-scale and continuous vortex-induced vibration shortly after reopening to traffic, and the traffic was closed again for safety consideration, which has aroused widespread concerns in society. To provide a reference for owners and related decision-making departments whether to restore the traffic, this article intends to explore the impact mechanism of traffic loads on the dynamic behavior of suspension bridges. First, two mechanical models for suspension bridges considering traffic loads and structural damping are proposed in this article. Then, based on the extended dynamic stiffness method, the explicit expressions of modal damping ratio in the two models are derived for the first time. Subsequently, Wittrick–Williams algorithm is employed to solve the frequency equation to obtain the modal frequency of the structure that considers the effect of traffic loads. A numerical case is studied to inspect the influence of traffic loads on the structural dynamic characteristics. Moreover, field monitoring data of accelerations of a suspension bridge are utilized to demonstrate the reasonability and accuracy of the approach proposed. Analysis shows that the theoretical results are consistent well with the measured ones, which indicates the traffic loads will affect the dynamic characteristics of the suspension bridge, thus reducing the modal frequency and increasing the modal damping ratio. Besides, the measured results further explain that the contribution of traffic loads to the structural damping is significant, which has a positive effect on preventing and eliminating vortex-induced vibration response. Some interesting and enlightening conclusions are also obtained in this article.

Laboratory Measurement of Excavation Disturbance Effect Due to Trenchless Construction Using Distributed Fiber Optics Strain Sensing

Abstract Excavation disturbance induced by trenchless construction may lead to underground movement and deformation, which can be a potential hazard to the safety of overlying pavement structure. However, the development of a fiber optic–distributed sensing approach in recent years has provide an effective way for continuous measurement of soil strain. In this study, the mechanism of the excavation disturbance effect that is due to trenchless construction was investigated based on laboratory experiments. The sensing fibers were embedded within the overburden layer above the excavation surface to measure the distributed soil strain using Brillouin optical time-domain analysis. The relationships between ground settlements and soil strains were analyzed. The partition theory of excavation disturbance zone was verified based on test results. The influence of excavation on mechanical responses of overlying model pavement, including bending deformation and soil pressure, was measured and discussed. Laboratory test results indicated that soil strains were nearly symmetrically distributed around the excavation area, which was compressive close to the centerline and then became tensile on both sides of the excavation area. The width of the excavation disturbance zone derived from the soil strain measurements was found close to the calculation results based on the partition theory. Because of the uneven distribution of the support force that was caused by foundation settlement, the model pavement showed notable bending deformation after excavation. Therefore, the combined effects of traffic loading and excavation disturbance should be considered in the safety evaluation of trenchless construction.

Bayesian updating methodology for probabilistic model of bridge traffic loads using in-service data of traffic environment

The traffic environment of a bridge generally varies over its lifetime and can be affected by unexpected changes in the surroundings such as the construction of new roads. Therefore, for accurate estimation of traffic loads, changes in the traffic environment need to be continuously monitored and incorporated into traffic load predictions. To this end, this study first further develops the comprehensive probabilistic model of bridge traffic loads by introducing micro-simulation models to describe accurately congestion state. Next, a Bayesian methodology is proposed to update the parameters of the distributions in the probabilistic model of bridge traffic loads based on in-service data representing the traffic environment. Three Bayesian inference methods are used: conjugate prior distributions, Bayesian linear regression, and Gibbs sampling. Hyper-parameters of the prior model are set up appropriately based on the measurement accuracy and the degrees of belief in the prior model. The proposed Bayesian updating methodology is demonstrated by numerical examples with various scenarios of traffic environment changes and in-service weigh-in-motion (WIM) data measured on a real bridge. The results confirm that the proposed methodology can successfully incorporate changes of the traffic environment into the estimation of traffic load effects on bridges in operation.

On the structural safety of long-span bridges under traffic loadings caused by maintenance works

Maintenance generally enhances bridge performance. However, the collapse of the I-35 W Highway Bridge over the Mississippi river in 2007 highlighted that maintenance work could generate adverse traffic load effects (LEs), resulting in a higher probability of structural failure. This study investigated the impact of maintenance work on the lifetime traffic loading and structural safety of long-span bridges. Maintenance works are classified according to their potential for causing lane closures and the presence of construction trucks on the bridge deck, wherein five loading scenarios are identified. Site-specific weigh-in-motion (WIM) data are used for traffic microsimulation over a long-span girder bridge carrying four-lane unidirectional traffic. Modified low-, medium-, and high-traffic volumes based on WIM data are considered. The traffic LEs were analyzed under the five scenarios and three traffic volumes, and the bridge safety was probabilistically evaluated with and without considering the impact of maintenance work. We showed that low and medium traffic flows with lane closures remain in free-flow states, considering that maintenance work poses no impact on lifetime LEs. However, under high traffic volume, lane closures cause congestion, and LEs under the one-lane closure scenario are even more adverse than those under slow-moving homogeneous congested traffic (the governing form in conventional design standards for long-span bridges). Furthermore, without considering the impact of maintenance work under high traffic volume, lifetime LEs may be underestimated by over 13% and the reliability index may be significantly overestimated. Consequently, maintenance works should be planned and executed so as to avoid undesirable loading situations.

Analisa Pengaruh Beban Kendaraan Terhadap Kerusakan dan Umur Rencana Jalan

The Km-18 of Padang Bypass Road is an Arterial road class III-A. This road is burdened by heavy vehicles which carrying loads that exceed the permitted capacity. This activity can lead to road damage and a reduction in road life. This study aims to analyze the effect of traffic loads that exceed permitted capacity on road conditions, including the remaining life of the pavement and the degree of road damage. The primary data used is data on road damage conditions such as the discharge of road surface grains, potholes, and grooves. Secondary data used is in the form of LHR data for 2017 and 2018, also, the vehicle weight data obtained from P2JN West Sumatra Province. The analytical approach uses the 1993 AASHTO method in the form of a cumulative analysis of the 10-year ESAL plan, by the traffic design for flexible pavement. The result of this study indicates that the Km-18 of Padang Bypass Road has decreased 7.58% of its design life in 2020. The cumulative plan ESAL value is 70,792,016.05 and the cumulative ESAL overloading value is 192,394,000.9. The Truck factor (TF) in normal condition is 0.8176692, but in overloading condition, it is 6.1375255. The road life predicted to be ended in year 4 (in 2024), although it planned to end in 2027.

Using artificial neural networks for GNSS observations analysis and displacement prediction of suspension highway bridge

Bridges are playing a major role in the socio-economic development of any country over the world. Suspension highway bridges are one of the most sensitive structures to various external influences and loads. Therefore, the need for structural monitoring system, maintenance, and deformation prediction for these structures is important and vital. One of the main objectives of monitoring the structural deformation is predicting the deformation values, which will help to avoid sudden failure and accidents in the future. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems (ANFIS) have proven successful solution in many engineering applications and problems. This paper investigates an integrated monitoring system using GNSS observations for studying the deformation behavior and displacement prediction for suspension highway bridge, taking into consideration the effect of wind, temperature, humidity and traffic loads during the operational and short-term measurements. Due to the complexity of the mathematical processing of large GNSS monitoring data for obtaining reliable results, adequate model of several alternatives should be chosen. One of the main objectives of this paper is to investigate the optimum predictive model for analysis of GNSS observations and displacement prediction. Several models are applied and compared for prediction of suspension bridge displacement for both kinematic and dynamic models. The resulting predicted displacement values by applying artificial neural networks (ANNs) and ANFIS provide a significant improvement for predicting the structure deformation values for suspension highway bridges from GNSS observations.

Study of the Properties of Open Graded Asphalt Mixtures With the addition of SBS

Porous asphalt (PA) is widely used in a growing number of countries where porous asphalt is applied for a variety of purposes, e.g. for the effective drainage of rainwater, traffic safety (high slip resistance), the control of noise pollution and lower temperatures surrounding the city. However, it has many other disadvantages, such as poor resistance to rutting, poor resistance to fatigue, and PA is susceptible to raveling (wastage of aggregates from the pavement surface), due to effects of climatic and traffic loading. In general, this type of mixtures is not as good as traditional mixtures. This research aims to study and improve the properties of porous mixtures using SBS. In this paper, laboratory tests were carried out to the materials involved in the composition of this mixture: binder, aggregate, and additive. SBS is used in the proportion of (2.0, 3.0, and 4.0) % of the weight of the binder. It was found that this additive leads to reduce the permeability and air void, but not as large as that without polymer modifier by (1.7 %, 3%, and 3.5%), while in the case of abrasion loss (aged and unaged) decrease by (4.1, 6.67 and 10.92) (4.7, 6.3and 2.6)% respectively. The drain down value is decreased by (16.5%, 38.25%, and 43.51%) respectively, from original asphalt cement.

An Investigation on the Performance of Soft Computing Techniques for Point Displacement Modeling for Suspension Bridge Using GNSS Technique

Bridges are playing a major role in the socio-economic development of any country over the world. Suspension bridges are one of the most sensitive structures to various external influences and loads. Therefore, the need for structural monitoring system, maintenance and deformation prediction for these types of structures is important and vital. Time of observations for the purpose of structural deformation can vary from a few hours, days to several months or even years. This paper investigates the performance of several soft computing techniques for point displacement modeling using GNSS technique during the process of monitoring the structural deformation of suspension highway bridge, taking into consideration the effect of wind, temperature, humidity and traffic loads during the operational and short-term measurements. Due to the availability of a large amount of positions data generated from GNSS data positions for monitoring the deformation of such structure, artificial neural networks (ANNs) and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) should be chosen. One of the main objectives of this paper is to investigate the optimum predictive soft computing model for processing GNSS positions and points displacement prediction. Several mathematical models and two cases of data amount (66.67% and 50% of all available data) for dynamic and kinematic state are applied and compared for prediction of suspension bridge displacement with confidence interval with a probability ρ = 0.95, Δ = ± 2σ. The resulting point displacement values by applying ANNs and ANFIS, which used a confidence interval with a probability of ρ = 0.95, Δ = ± 2σ when using 66.67% of all data, are more accurate and reliable than any other applied methods, and therefore, ANNs and ANFIS can provide a significant improvement of understanding and predicting the structure deformation values where conventional mathematical modeling techniques were not as accurate or capable especially in dynamic prediction of displacements.

Site-Specific Extreme Load Estimation of a Long-Span Cable-Stayed Bridge

To provide benefit for design, rating, evaluation and management of signature bridges, site-specific extreme wind speeds, structural temperatures, and traffic load effects of a long-span cable-stayed bridge were estimated using relatively long-term structural health monitoring (SHM) data and compared with respective design values in this paper. The generalized Pareto distribution was adopted and briefly introduced to predict the extreme values in consideration of its advantage in making full use of limited measurement data available. The configuration and characteristics of the 3rd Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge and its SHM system were then presented. The extreme wind speed at the deck level and the four extreme temperatures of the bridge were estimated and compared with the corresponding design values. After a brief introduction to the simulation of traffic load effects, five extreme traffic load effects were finally estimated and compared with the design ones. The comparative results showed that the site-specific extreme wind speed, uniform girder temperature change, and five traffic load effects are all lower than the respective design values. The site-specific extreme vertical and transverse girder temperature differences and the site-specific extreme tower temperature difference were, however, larger than the respective design values.

Probabilistic Assessment of the Safety of Main Cables for Long‐Span Suspension Bridges considering Corrosion Effects

This paper presents a reliability analysis to assess the safety of corroded main cables of a long‐span suspension bridge. A multiscale probability model was established for the resistance of the main cables considering the length effect and the Daniels effect. Corrosion effects were considered in the wire scale by relating the test results from accelerated corrosion tests to the corrosion stages and in the cable scale by adopting a corrosion stage distribution of the main cable section in NCHRP Report 534. The load effects of temperature, wind load, and traffic load were obtained by solving a finite element model with inputs from in‐service monitoring data. The so‐obtained reliability index of the main cables reduces significantly after operation for over 50 years and falls below the design target value due to corrosion effects on the mechanical properties of the steel wire. Multiple measures should be taken to delay the corrosion effects and ensure the safety of the main cables in the design service life.

Reducing Seismic and Traffic Loads Using Seismic Isolating Systems

To reduce the effect of dynamic traffic and seismic loads, it is proposed to use a seismic insulating support, the contact surfaces of which are pasted over with a fluoroplastic film. The dry friction coefficient for a fluoroplastic pair is 0.03-0.05. Due to the small value of the dry friction force, the support will operate both during traffic and seismic effects. Instrumental records of accelerations recorded by the devices of the ESS station No. 22, installed on a nine-story single-section large-panel building of series 158 in the city of Almaty, are analyzed. The earthquake source is 148 km from the city of Almaty. The house is equipped with a seismic isolation system. The foundations of the building are sliding supports. The values of acceleration along the height of the building are analyzed, and the spectral curves β are also constructed. The presence of 2 maxima on the spectral curves β at periods of 0.13-0.14 sec and 0.44-0.47 sec is revealed. The absence of resonance phenomena under the combined action of seismic and traffic loads is shown. The seismic support is proposed to be used on dense soils. Thus, transport and seismic loads can be effectively reduced.

Reliability performance of bridges designed according to TMH7 NA load model

The current code of practice for the design of highway bridges in South Africa is called Technical Methods for Highways 7 (TMH7). It was first published in 1981 and is largely based on the loading provisions of the BS5400. The purpose of this study is to carry out an investigation into the reliability performance of new highway bridges designed according to TMH7. Past studies have identified deficiencies in the traffic load model. A case study considering isolated traffic load effects and sagging moment on a simply supported bridge indicates that NA loading generally performs well for spans ranging from 15 to 50 metres. However, a poor reliability performance is seen for short-span narrow bridges, especially for 5 m and 10 m spans where the number of traffic lanes is equal to the number of notional lanes for NA loading. To study the reliability performance of a critical element, flexural behaviour of a 20 m twin-spine simply supported deck is then investigated. The results agree with the first case study. It is, however, recommended to verify the presented findings by investigation based on data from other heavy-freight routes and to account for continuous structures and shear load effects.

Maximum Probabilistic and Dynamic Traffic Load Effects on Short-to-Medium Span Bridges

The steadily growing traffic load has resulted in lots of bridge collapse events over the past decades, especially for short-to-medium span bridges. This study investigated probabilistic and dynamic traffic load effects on short-to-medium span bridges using practical heavy traffic data in China. Mathematical formulations for traffic-bridge coupled vibration and probabilistic extrapolation were derived. A framework for extrapolating probabilistic and dynamic traffic load effect was presented to conduct an efficient and accurate extrapolation. An equivalent dynamic wheel load model was demonstrated to be feasible for short-to-medium span bridges. Numerical studies of two types of simply-supported bridges were conducted based on site-specific traffic monitoring data. Numerical results show that the simulated samples and fitting lines follow a curve line in the Gumbel distribution coordinate system. It can be assumed that dynamic traffic load effects follow Gaussian distribution and the extreme value follows Gumbel distribution. The equivalent probabilistic amplification factor is smaller than the individual dynamic amplification factor, which might be due to the variability of individual samples. Eurocode 1 is the most conservative specification on vehicle load models, followed by the BS5400 specification. The D60-2015 specification in China and ASSHTO specification provide lower conservative traffic load models.

Вплив транспортного навантаження на акумуляцію металів у рослинах на території м. Львова

The study was aimed at investigating the effect of traffic load on the accumulation of heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) by moss gametophytes (Brachythecium rutabulum and Pylaisia polyantha) and aquatic macrophyte Lemna minor in the territory of the city of Lviv (Ukraine). In the course of the study, five sites were selected: site 1 in the territory of the Stryiskyi Park, which was used as a control one, and sites 2–5, in which the traffic intensity was analyzed and plant samples were collected. Sites 2 and 3 were selected in the middle and end parts of Stryiska Street, respectively, site 4 was located near the junction of Lychakivska and Pasichna streets, and site 5 was chosen in the immediate vicinity of Khortytska Street. Gametophytes of mosses B. rutabulum and P. polyantha were collected at sites 1–4 and analyzed for metals content; two ponds were selected at sites 2 and 5, respectively, and metal concentrations were analyzed in water and in the samples of L. minor. Me­tal concentrations were determined using a Selmi C-115PK atomic absorption spectrometer. According to observations, the daily traffic intensity at sites 2–4 was high; at the same time, site 5 was characterized by low traffic intensity. It was found that at sites 2–4 with heavy vehicular traffic, the accumulation levels of Mn, Pb, and Zn in gametophytes of both species of mosses and Cu in gametophyte of B. rutabulum were significantly higher compared to the control site in Stryiskyi Park. Significantly higher concentrations of Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb and Zn were found in the water of the pond located at site 2 with a high level of transport load (the middle part of Stryiska Street) compared to the pond at site 5, where the level of transport load was negligible; samples of L. minor from this reservoir were characterized by a higher content of Cr, Fe, and Zn compared to the pond at site 5. Investigating the accumulation of metals in L. minor, the highest values of bioaccumulation factors were found for Mn, Fe, and Zn. The obtained results show the bioindication potential of the plants Brachythecium rutabulum, Pylaisia polyantha and Lemna minor, and suggest that these species can be used to assess environmental pollution by heavy metals in the urban ecosystem of Lviv and in other areas with high traffic density.

Effects of Traffic Loads and Track Parameters on Rail Wear: A Case Study for Yenikapi\u2013Ataturk Airport Light Rail Transit Line

The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of traffic loads and track parameters, including track curvature, superelevation, and train speed, on vertical and lateral rail wear. The Yenikapi–Ataturk Airport Light Rail Transit (LRT) line in Istanbul was selected as a case study, and rail wear measurements were carried out accordingly. Passenger counts were performed in all wagons of the train on different days and time intervals to calculate the number of passengers carried in track sections between stations regarding traffic loads on the LRT line. Values of traffic load, track curvature, superelevation, and speed were determined for each kilometer where measurements of rail wear were conducted. A multiple linear regression analysis (MLRA) method was used to identify effective parameters on rail wear. Independent variables in MLRA for both vertical and lateral wear include traffic load, track curvature, superelevation, and train speed. The dependent variables in MLRA for vertical and lateral wear are the amount of vertical and lateral wear, respectively. The correlation matrix of the dependent and independent variables was analyzed before performing MLRA. Multicollinearity tests and cross-validation analyses were conducted. According to the results of MLRA for vertical and lateral wear, the obtained coefficients of determination indicate that a high proportion of variance in the dependent variables can be explained by the independent variables. Traffic load has a statistically significant effect on the amount of vertical and lateral rail wear. However, track curvature, superelevation, and train speed do not have a statistically significant effect on the amount of vertical or lateral rail wear.

Dynamic Reliability of Continuous Rigid-Frame Bridges under Stochastic Moving Vehicle Loads

The current volume of freight traffic has increased significantly during the past decades, impacted by the fast development of the national transportation market. As a result, the phenomena of truck overloading and traffic congestion emerge, which have resulted in numerous bridge collapse events or damage due to truck overloading. Thus, it is an urgent task to evaluate bridge safety under actual traffic loads. This study evaluated probabilistic dynamic load effects on rigid-frame bridges under highway traffic monitoring loads. The site-specific traffic monitoring data of a highway in China were utilized to establish stochastic traffic models. The dynamic effect was considered in a vehicle-bridge coupled vibration model, and the probability estimation was conducted based on the first-passage criterion of the girder deflection. The prototype bridge is a continuous rigid-frame bridge with a midspan length of 200 m and a pier height of 182 m. It is demonstrated that the dynamic traffic load effect follows Gaussian distribution, which can be treated as a stationary random process. The mean value and standard deviation of the deflections are 0.071 m and 0.088 m, respectively. The dynamic reliability index for the first passage of girder deflection is 6.45 for the current traffic condition. However, the reliability index decreases to 5.60 in the bridge lifetime, accounting for an average traffic volume growth ratio of 3.6%.

Experimental study on dynamic characteristics of Qingyang loess under different water contents

The complex cyclic stress state such as traffic load and seismic load effects proposes a new challenge for seismic design in the loess area. This paper presents an analysis of the dynamic characteristics and physical and chemical properties of Q3 loess in Qingyang of Gansu Province, China. The dynamic modulus, damping ratio, dynamic strength, and residual strain characteristics of the samples of intact loess under different water content and the saturated compacted loess under different dry densities and different confining pressures were studied through the dynamic triaxial tests. The experimental results show that under the same conditions, the dynamic modulus and dynamic strength of the intact loess sample decrease with the increase of water content, and the residual strain increases with the increase of water content. The intact sample under the natural water content has a large maximum modulus (315.3 MPa) and dynamic strength (325 kPa, using yield criteria) and smaller residual strain. The dynamic modulus and dynamic strength of the compacted sample increase with the increase of dry density and confining pressure, and the residual strain decreases with the increase of dry density. Compared with other regions, the dynamic modulus and dynamic strength of Q3 loess in the Qingyang area are relatively large, indicating that the structure of Qingyang loess is very strong, and the sand content is higher than other areas. Particle analysis shows that Q3 loess in Qingyang belongs to sandy loess and sand content reached 51.4%. Under the action of dynamic stress, the Qingyang loess shows strong elasticity.

Probabilistic evaluation of maximum dynamic traffic load effects on cable-supported bridges under actual heavy traffic loads

The traffic load has grown significantly in recent years, which might be a threat for the service safety of existing bridges. Thus, it is an urgent task to assess the actual traffic load effects on bridges, considering actual heavy traffic load instead of design traffic load. This study presents a framework for extrapolating maximum dynamic traffic load effects on large bridges using site-specific traffic monitoring data. The framework involves vehicle–bridge interaction analysis and probabilistic modelling of extreme values. The weigh-in-motion measurements of a busy highway in China were collected for stochastic traffic load modelling. Case studies of two long-span cable-supported bridge based on the weigh-in-motion measurements were conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed framework. It is demonstrated that Rice’s level-crossing approach can capture both dynamic and probabilistic characteristics of the traffic load effects. The root-mean-square displacement of the cable-stayed bridge follows a C-type distribution, and the one for the suspension bridge follows an M-type distribution, which is associated with the first-order mode shapes of the two types of bridges. The amplification factors for the cable-stayed bridge and the suspension bridge are 5.9% and 3.6%, respectively. The numerical analysis indicates that the dynamic effect for extrapolation is weaker with the increase in bridge span length, but the effect of traffic volume growth will be more significant.