Traffic Lines Research Articles

Method for Designing Airport Terminal Concepts

Much design effort in airport planning is expended on terminal concept development. Such a method has been developed and is introduced. It considers the terminal as a system of basic facilities that house the activities and links that represent the passenger traffic flow lines. The method uses heuristic programming to achieve an optimum design. The method is composed of three interacting algorithms: (1) the facility sizing algorithm; (2) the flight assignment algorithm; and (3) the facility layout algorithm. The output consists of a strategy for flight assignment, a layout showing the configuration of gate positions at the apron level, and a plan of terminal elements at three different building levels. The output is preliminary and should be taken as a benchmark for further concept development and design. Several hypothetical design problems were tested successfully. /ASCE/

Soil physical properties and root concentrations in an irritated peach orchard

The root concentrations of irrigated peach trees were measured under three soil management treatments (cultivation, bare soil, and straw mulch) and at three different sites across the tree rows. The study was made in a typical Goulburn Valley soil where roots mass in the shallow A horizon above the heavy clay of the B horizon. Root concentrations were related to soil water suction, aeration, and mechanical resistance. The root concentration was influenced by the site rather than soil management treatment. The treeline bank contained 60 per cent of all surface soil roots, apparently due to its open, stable structure. In contrast, the hard traffic line supported very few roots. The inter-row contained less roots than the tree line for reasons which differed according to soil management treatment.

The Development Of A Cost-effective AutomaticTrain Protection System For Safety Operation OnSuburban Lines In The Tokyo Metropolitan Area

In East Japan Railway Company(JR East), the ATP system based on the transponder technology is applied to upgrade the safety on commuter lines in the Tokyo metropolitan area since 1989. This ATP system was named ATS-P(the Automatic Train Stop with on-board Pattern) in Japanese National Railway. This ATS-P performs the wayside-to-train communication by the transponder technology. The coded message transmitted from a ground coil enables the on-board devices to perform a continuous supervision of the train speed. The lines equipped with the ATS-P system accounted for 706 kilometers as of December 31,1995. Applying the ATS-P to moderate traffic lines, it would be necessary to develop a cost-effective on-board equipment and wayside equipment. In February, 1994 authors decided to develop the wayside equipment of such a system at first and named the developed unit the ATS-P(N> in October, 1995. ATS-P(N) also uses the transponder technology and especially makes full use of the ground coils without power supply cable. The ATS-P(N> system is constructed of several ground coils and relay-modules to change the train control telegrams according to signal indications. It's really significant that the ATS-P(N) system is simpler than the ATS-P ground system. So, the total cost of ATS-P(N)is less than 50% of the ATS-P ground system. The ATS-P(N> will be applied on two conventional lines in 1997. 1 ATS-P system Transponders are generally used as repeating devices in communication satellites and for identifying an aircraft. But as shown in Fig.l, it serves as a digital communication device for sending and receiving information between ground coils and on-board coils. Some transmission specifications for the transponder are illustrated in Table 1. The fixed information such as a station name, etc., can be transmitted using Transactions on the Built Environment vol 18, © 1996 WIT Press, www.witpress.com, ISSN 1743-3509

Comparative Radio Noise Levels of Transmission Lines, Automotive Traffic, and RF Stabilized Arc Welders

Radio interference data that have been measured throughout the frequency range of 30 Hz to 1 GHz on power transmission lines, automotive traffic, and RF stabilized arc welders by many investigators have been assembled, converted to a common system of units, and collectively plotted. The resulting composite presentations permit an assessment of the relative interference levels produced by the three types of radio noise sources. It is concluded that below 25 MHz, lower voltage transmission, lines and RF stabilized arc welders are the major incidental radio noise sources when the observer is within 100 feet of the source. Above 40 MHz, automotive traffic and lower voltage transmission lines are the major radio noise sources with neither appearing to be consistently the greater when an observer is within 50 feet or less of the source.

4108 一施設内における多種機能の動線計画に関する研究(建築計画)

4108 一施設内における多種機能の動線計画に関する研究(建築計画)

Statistical Estimates of Traffic Intensity in Communications Systems

The estimators of incoming traffic rate, processing rate, and line utilization are defined, and their statistical properties are analyzed. Attention is directed to the problem of estimating peak traffic rates from communications systems data. The central tendency and variance of the estimators are examined, and the improvement gained by extending the period of testing, or increasing the sample size, is examined. Relationships between duration of test and precision of estimate are developed.

Palmyra under the Aegis of Rome

In the most southerly group of desert routes between Syria and Mesopotamia Palmyra lies at the cross-roads. The north-eastward route from Damascus to Circesium is crossed by the eastward route from Emesa, now Homs, to Babylonia. Palmyra owes this key-position first to its precious springs and secondly to the fact that here the natural traffic lines from west to east debouch from the Syrian mountains into the head of the eastwardlooking basin of the Wadi el Khorr, a winter tributary of the Euphrates. Nor were these obvious routes the sole possibility. At Circesium the Euphrates may be crossed: at its eastward turn the lower river and its valley-dwellers become dominant—here runs the modern frontier between Syria and Iraq. Avoiding this control, caravan routes, negotiable solely by those with intimate knowledge of the waste and its people, lead direct to the heart of Mesopotamia and onwards to the Persian Gulf. As between East and West, Palmyra, an island in the desert, offered both a mart for exchange and an essential staging-point for direct through traffic. Its possessors were by nature masters of the situation; and, while they might be subject to the cultural or political influences of either East or West, their geographical isolation secured for them an independence founded upon pre-eminent experience of desert ways, which constituted them the natural masters and middlemen of the caravan routes that met and branched or crossed in their oasis.

Smugglers' Argot in the Southwest

THE LOWEST PASS TO THE NORTH, El Paso, Texas, has been a favorite rendezvous for smugglers since the time of the Spanish conquistadors. At this 'sensitive point' on the Texas-Mexico border there have been three peak periods of activity in the twentieth century: first, the turbulent days of the Mexican Revolution (19 0o-r4); second, the hectic years of Prohibition (191933); and third, the sensational present era of illegal traffic in narcotics (especially since 1950). Each of these periods has contributed special words describing its own characteristic activities. During the Revolution the rebel Pancho Villa rampaged up and down the Rio Grande, frightening the Mexicans into smuggling their cattle and anything else they had, including prostitutes,' across the border into Texas. They sold everything cheap, for they knew Pancho would confiscate whatever he ran into. During Prohibition El Pasoans went over to Juarez, not only to drink, but to bring home large supplies of contraband liquor. For a while it was sold in Juarez on the streets to motorists in the traffic lines bound for the Texas side. When Mexican authorities tightened down in 1930,2 rumrunners came into the picture and engaged the police in pitched gun battles while smuggling their merchandise over the river. Since the outbreak of the Korean conflict, smugglers have carried munitions unlawfully into Mexico and dumped numberless aliens and all types of narcotics into Texas. 'La Nacha,' queen of the Juarez dope ring, has stayed on her side of the border, but the impact of smuggled drugs has been felt throughout Texas and, indeed, in other parts of the nation. Smuggling at the Pass of the North today has both dangerous and relatively inoffensive aspects, because smugglers may be either professional criminals or petty offenders. Anybody who sneaks by the busy customs men at rush hours without paying duty on a taxable product becomes guilty of a crime thereby. Such petty border running is termed jam. The minor offenders are said to be men of the type who cheat on their income taxes or women of the sort who cannot resist a bargain or a sale. Women are rumored to be talented at selecting mannexations, quantities of merchandise to be taken over the border, and at concealing candy, small pieces of jewelry. When a female acts as a criminal lookout, speakers of the argot refer to her as bright eyes, whereas a male spotter might be called almost anything from an aguador (Spanish for

The Development of Aviation and Aeronautical Research in Holland in Recent Years

To understand aviation in Holland well, it is necessary to draw special attention to two points. The first is that Holland is a small country with a small military force and industry; both are also relatively small. The second point is that Holland has always occupied a central position in traffic lines. These two leading factors also rule things in aviation. They explain the following: The industry exists without any financial aid from the Government and only a small number of military machines are required annually. The air–traffic company (K.L.M.—Royal Dutch Air Lines) has a small amount of Government subsidy, but has, however, the advantage that the interest of our bankers and shipping concerns, in a quite natural way, is directed towards traffic in general and this interest could be won for air traffic in particular. The Government is fully alive to the importance of this new branch of transport. When we now turn to history the following can be seen.