Traditional Wooden Buildings Research Articles

Horizontal mechanical performance of the upper beam frame with beam-beam connection of traditional wooden building

This paper presents the analytical model of the beam-beam connection (BBC) and studies the horizontal mechanical performance of the upper beam frame assembled by BBC. The different compressive stress distributions at the contact interfaces of the BBC with intersection angles 2π/4, 2π/5, 2π/6, 2π/7 and 2π/8 are analyzed when it rotates in clockwise and anticlockwise directions, also the deformation and friction characteristics of the BBC with intersection angles 2π/5, 2π/6, 2π/7 and 2π/8 when it rotates in two directions are discussed, then the analytical model of the BBC is proposed. Also, the moment-angle curves of the proposed model with multiple angles are checked by the results of the numerical models in Abaqus. Furthermore, the horizontal mechanical performance of the upper beam frame assembled by BBC is studied under in-plane load. The results show that frictional slip at the contact interfaces of BBC with angles 2π/5, 2π/6, 2π/7 and 2π/8 when it rotates in anticlockwise direction should be considered in modeling process, and it can be ignored of BBC with angles 2π/4, 2π/5, 2π/6, 2π/7 and 2π/8 when it rotates in clockwise direction. The results of the proposed model agree with those of the numerical model basically. The resistance increases with the number of the beams of frames, and the resistance characteristics of the hexagonal and octagonal frames are similar. The research results can be further applied to the model analysis of beam-column structures of the traditional Chinese wooden building.

Traditional Wooden Building Construction Technology in Rumoh Aceh: A Preservation Effort

Traditional Wooden Building Construction Technology in Rumoh Aceh: A Preservation Effort

Research on the Parametric Generation Method of Model with Multi-Information for the Wooden Architectural Heritage

ABSTRACT There are many traditional wooden buildings with complex structural systems, which leads to tedious modelling processes, and challenges to achieve multidisciplinary collaboration between architecture and structure. This study establish a multi-information model using information and parameterization methods. First, this study identifies typical traditional Chuan-Dou style wood frames in Jingdezhen as an example and uses the parameterization method to quickly generate building information models based on the composition rules of traditional wooden buildings using the Revit-Dynamo platform. Second, by embedding mechanical parameters in the model components, the building and structure information are integrated into a multidimensional integrated model. Finally, a method for applying the generated multi-information model in the project is discussed. This building and structure multi-information model verifies the rationality of the component structure in the building model in real time, thereby optimizing the design scheme and achieving the full-scale recording of the detailed statistics of the building and structural information of the components. These research results have significantly improved the modelling speed of traditional wooden buildings, simplified the tedious process from architectural design to structural calculation, and provided an important research foundation for the intelligent and digital protection of architectural heritage.

Architectural Heritage Preservation for Rural Revitalization: Typical Case of Traditional Village Retrofitting in China

With the massive urbanization and industrialization in China, the paradox between fast modernization and cultural preservation arouses challenges on new insight into green construction and sustainable development strategies throughout the nation. Particularly, how to strike a balanced cultural–modern rural revitalization has become a research priority, especially for cultural and historical villages in relatively under developed western regions. In this paper, taking Gaotunzi Village, a traditional ethnic village in western high-altitude plateau as an illustrative example, the typical green design manner and optimization strategy are proposed for cultural and architectural heritage preservation. The detailed architecture and structure design is conducted for both old temple retrofitting and new museum construction, with consideration for retaining traditional building colors, styles, and materials. Moreover, land use planning is demonstrated for local public space and services upgrading. The overall design strategy has been taken into practice for the local renovation construction program. The preliminary results indicate that this green retrofitting idea and approach are quite locally feasible for sustainable rural revitalization with local heritage conservation, including traditional wooden buildings, Buddhism belief, Tibetan icons, and ethnic symbolic culture preservation and promotion. This work can provide a typical design reference and application prototype for rural construction and modernization with local heritage preservation considerations, especially for those traditional villages in developing countries.

PARAMETRIC MODELING TECHNOLOGY FOR APPLYING HBIM TO KOREAN TRADITIONAL WOODEN ARCHITECTURE

Abstract. The objective of this study was to apply parametric modeling for Korean traditional wooden buildings including joints using a script-based modeling engine. Korean traditional wooden buildings have complex structures composed of numerous members called joints and they are difficult to identify from the outside of the building. Therefore, creating the joints for the virtual modeling is essential to fully understand them. This study applied parametric modeling using the relationships and connectivity of each member.First, this study aims to create a single building by generating as many parametric models based on the drawings as possible, and supplementing with scanning models that are too complex to shape parametrically. Subsequently, various joint types were classified based on literature and drawings, and the parameters of each member were designed and systematized to apply to the building model. The methodology of this study can generate low-capacity models because it is based on scripts, unlike Scan-to-BIM and visualize various restoration plans for non-existing architectural heritage and virtual replication of traditional wooden buildings. Moreover, it can be utilized as a procedural modeling tool to create buildings at heritage by area including the surrounding landscape, and gradually applied to curved members using mechanical design.

Evaluating environmental factors using microclimate survey and computer fluid dynamics analysis of Korean traditional wooden architectural cultural heritage: focusing on the Kim Myeong-KwanGotaek

Preservation of traditional wooden buildings is important to extend their life and to adapt them to modern society. Wood can be subject to decay, cracking, and discoloration when exposed to various climatic environmental factors, such as moisture and temperature. These issues can be particularly problematic for wooden architecture because they can compromise the durability of the building and reduce its aesthetic appeal. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated the microclimate environment of Kim Myeong-Kwan Gotaek, a wooden building important to the cultural heritage of Korea, using climate measurement equipment and computational fluid dynamics modeling. The results showed that relative humidity changes according to wind velocity and temperature. Therefore, heritage managers should aim to allow air to circulate inside such buildings as an effective strategy for preventing the decay of wooden architecture. The study provides valuable insights into how to preserve and extend the life of traditional wooden buildings. Our findings highlight the importance of developing practical measures based on analyses of the natural environment to protect such culturally important building for posterity.

Doğu Karadeniz Halk Yapı Sanatından Bir Örnek: Polatlar Serenderi (Çamlıhemşin)

Serender (granary, store building) is one of the important buildings of the vernacular architectural products are not built anymore in Eastern Black Sea region. These are basically buildings consisting of a ambar (a breathable storage room; main space in serender) and a sofa (balcony area) on wooden pillars. These structures ensure that the food to be stored for a long time is kept in an airy place and out of reach of harmful animals. Especially in the ambar, wood masonry construction technique is widely used. In this study, one of these buildings, located 13 kilometers away from Çamlıhemşin, is reviewed. In order to place the traditional buildings on the ground in the region, a leveled area is generally prepared by digging with hand tools on the slope land and this floor is built with stone walls that form the foundation. Thus, the part of the building that comes into contact with the soil is made of stone, which is a moisture-resistant material. Especially in this part of the Eastern Black Sea region, it is common to build such a stone section under the serender building. This part of this structure, which was created by building a stone wall, was converted into a separate space and used as a guest room for those who came to the neighborhood from outside. Besides, the technique of placing serenders on a stone-built space that also serves as a foundation, which is a common practice especially in this part of the region, was also applied in this serender. Especially the arrangement of this place as a living space is one of the most typical features of this serender. At the present time, one of the typical example of these buildings which are in the process vanish from the surrounding of Rize province has been studied as a documentation work. In this context, it has been tried to determine in terms of the layout of space and structural features of this serender, and the ornamental elements that can be seen much more intensely in the form of chip carvings in some serenders in other parts of the region, but which are not found much in this serender. Keywords: Serender, traditional wooden building, chip carving ornament, Çamlıhemşin, Eastern Black Sea.

Low energy characteristics and low carbon strategies for traditional timber framing in the full life cycle -The case studying on Tujia hanging foot in southwest Hubei

The issue of carbon emissions has attracted a great deal of attention in recent years, both at home and abroad. There are also more and more people engaged in related research. In the field of architecture, more people are starting to look at the whole life cycle of buildings to explore energy saving and emission reduction of buildings. It is not just about exploring how to reduce the energy consumption of a building during its use. This paper will analyze the advantages of traditional wooden buildings and modern buildings in terms of low carbon from five perspectives: material selection, transportation, construction, use, transportation and demolition, and summarize the related strategies from a whole life cycle analysis of buildings.

Design hygrothermally functional wooden insulation systems: A parametric study for mixed climate

According to existing measurements and simulation results, the indoor thermal comfort in traditional wooden buildings (still remaining in a large amount) in the Chinese Hot-Summer-Cold-Winter zone is very poor in winter. However, few studies can be found regarding the energy retrofitting of their wooden enclosures, which is increasingly regarded as essential for improving indoor thermal comfort and maintaining built heritage. Therefore, this study demonstrates a method based on parametric study applying the widely validated WUFI®Plus software to help design hygrothermally functional insulation systems for this area. The parametric study was conducted on the example of traditional exterior wooden walls in Tongren in southern China. Five parameters were investigated, including internal and external insulation systems, vapor-open (mineral wool) and vapor-tight (XPS) insulation materials, a U-value of 0.8 W/(m2K) as well as a lower U-value of 0.24 W/(m2K) for the insulated walls, different capabilities and positions of an additional vapor control layer, as well as different cooling/dehumidification conditions in the warm period of a year. It has been found in this study that, if possible, a lower U-value than the current Chinese design standard for energy efficiency of buildings (0.8 W/(m2K) should be preferred for energy retrofitting. This can limit the yearly duration of a high internal surface relative humidity over 80% shorter than 30 days without any dehumidification devices. Besides, this study provides some feasible wall configurations with instructions on their limitations to guide future work regarding the design of insulated building components and the operation of renovated traditional wooden buildings.

The Reuse Methods of Traditional Metal Hardware for Reinforcing the Structure of Korea Traditional Wooden Building

This study aims to provide basic data for actual heritage conservation areas by suggesting the reuse method of materials from wooden historic buildings. This research may contribute to an increase in the utilization of materials for stabilizing the structure of wooden historic buildings. The data were collected by applying heating, tapping, and heat treatment based on the pattern and extent of the damage of iron nails acquired from wooden historic buildings. To make a comparison before and after processing, morphological characteristics and physical properties were measured using a metallurgical analysis. According to these data, we can infer that the possibility of reuse of historic iron materials could be raised in the restoration process of historic buildings such as existing building components and roof tiles. If the research is to move forward, authenticity will be fostered in architectural heritage conservation.

CHANGEOVER PROCESSING FOR ROW-WOOD USING POSITION AND POSTURE ESTIMATION SYSTEM

In this paper, image features are used to realize the repositioning of logs in between processing. The position-posture estimation by image features has some problems such as missing materials and textures. To solve the problem of position-posture estimation, we employed Affine-SIFT and segmentation matching. By adopting these two methods, it is possible to estimate the position and orientation regardless of some missing materials and textures. In order to verify the effectiveness of our method, a wall and a corner of a traditional wooden building were created. By creating them, the effectiveness of our method is confirmed.

Mechanical properties of PVC-based wood–plastic composites effected by temperature

Compared with traditional wooden building materials, polyvinyl chloride (PVC)-based wood–plastic composites have advantages of good weather resistance, easy processing capability, energy conservation, and environmental protection and have been popular and widely used in the field of civil construction and garden engineering in recent years. Due to the difference in the thermal expansion coefficient between its component materials, the stress will accumulate in the wood–plastic composites (WPCs) when the temperature changes, which will affect the mechanical properties of the material and structure. In order to explore the changes in mechanical properties of WPCs under different temperatures and achieve a safe and controllable design, the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) method was used in this study to measure the glass transition temperature of the WPC between 78.45°C and 88.30°C, and the glass transition temperature (Tg) was about 83.54°C. The tensile, compressive, and bending mechanical property tests of PVC-based wood–plastic composite materials under different temperatures were carried out in the ambient temperature chamber to obtain the failure characteristics, the load–displacement curve, and the influence of temperature on their mechanical properties.

취약지역생활 여건개조 사업현황과 마을 경관구조의 형태심리학적 연구 - 컨설팅대상 마을을 중심으로 -

The purpose of this study is to rediscover the gestalt psychological value of the Landscaping structure and architectural landscape in the vulnerable village consulted by experts in 2021 year. For this study, nine villages called of Saethul Maul were surveyed, and two of them were analyzed for landscape composing of gestalt psychology. The two villages, Yulwon and Jeonchon, included the case where the landscaping structure of residence was viewed from outside the village and the case from within the village. Psychological distance of the villages is analyzed by D/H ratio for the scenery seen from lanes. There are three expected conclusions. First, in terms of gestalt psychology, the buildings mean a figure, and the rice field in front of the village, the mountains behind the village, and the lanes represent a landscape structure consisting a background(ground). It captures the unique landscape aesthetics of the vulnerable village. Second, the landscape seen in the village shows various differences in horizontal distance and vertical height of the lane, so even if the psychological distance gives a sense of closure, it gives a sense of rhythm and change. However, considering the psychological distance (D/H ratio) when the roads are expanded for the fire car, the village landscape can be re-formed by safety and function. Third, the architectural landscape of Yulwon village is characterized by the harmonious arrangement of traditional houses, Narack-Doiji (rice barn), and wooden building (agricultural barn) in the background of chestnut tree hill behind the village. It is necessary to reduce the use of industrial materials and restore the valuable architectural landscape of the vulnerable village.

Tomosynthesis Feasibility Study for Visualization of Interiors of Wood Columns Surrounded with Walls

The need for non-destructive testing and evaluation of Korean traditional wooden buildings is increasing because of their widespread deterioration. Among all types of deterioration, termite damage in wooden columns is the most difficult to detect with the naked eye because it starts inside the wood, and the initial deterioration is small. X-ray computed tomography (CT) is the best technology to investigate the inner state of wood that has less damage, but applying it to wooden columns between walls is challenging. Therefore, the feasibility of tomosynthesis, which is a method to reconstruct a coronal section of a subject with a few X-ray projections from a limited angle of rotation, was studied as an alternative to CT. Pine (P. densiflora) with three artificial holes was prepared as a specimen to evaluate the quality of reconstructed tomosynthesis images according to the different number of projections. The quality of the tomosynthesis images in the in-focus plane was evaluated using the contrast-to-noise ratios, while a vertical resolution between the images was assessed by determining the artificial spread function. The quality of the tomosynthesis image in the in-focus plane increased as the number of projections increased and then remained constant as the number of projections reached 21 or over. In the case of vertical resolution, there was no significant difference when 21 projections or more were used to reconstruct the images. A distinct difference between coronal section images was found when the distance was more than 10 mm from one plane to another plane.

Evaluation of Applicability to Metofluthrin-based Termiticide for the Traditional Wooden Buildings

In this study, we investigated the applicability of a termiticide based on metofluthrin for termite control on traditional wooden buildings. To evaluate their mortality, termites were exposed to the agent, diluted to various concentrations, for seven days; it was found that it had a sufficient insecticidal effect although there was a difference depending on the degree of agent dilution. Next, the effect on Dancheong, used in traditional wooden structures, was measured based on the color change according to the number of agent treatments. The results showed that only the color difference value of two pigments (i.e., Bun and Juhong) was measured as 3.0 or higher. However, there this varied according to the dilution ratio. Thus, it was found that most pigments had little effect on the color of Dancheong. Finally, the termiticidal efficacy of the agent when applied to wood was evaluated. We found that the specimens coated with 10-fold and 20-fold dilutions exhibited 2.83 and 6.28% mass loss, respectively. The 10-fold dilution satisfied the performance of termiticide as a mass loss of less than 3%. In conclusion, the metofluthrin-based agent used in this study has little effect on various Dancheong pigments and has a termiticidal effect against termites; it is therefore suggested that it may be used in preserving traditional wooden cultural properties in Korea.

Study on strategy for fire safety planning based on local resident cooperation in a preserved historical mountain village in Japan

This study focuses on historical mountain villages in Japan. Generally, most of these villages are composed of traditional wooden buildings, and their surrounding environments are very traditional features. However, because of their susceptibility to fire damage and difficulties relating to their renewal and sustainment, these traditional wooden structures pose severe fire risks to the mountain villages as a whole. This paper takes the Hanazawa preserved historical mountain village in Japan as the research object. First, through multiple surveys, the fire safety characteristics and weaknesses of this village are investigated. Second, these fire safety characteristics are then analyzed with special attention given to the perception of cooperation and fire extinguishing capabilities of the residents. Based on these findings, (1) high-performance, low-cost, and easy-to-operate firefighting equipment requiring less modification to the buildings is introduced into the village. Moreover, the environmental traits of the historical village are also considered, and (2) an improvement plan for the water supply is proposed. Finally, through the experimental testing of firefighting equipment in the local conditions, specific non-damaging fire safety strategies are suggested that protect the structural integrity of the wooden buildings, and the historical and cultural value of historical villages, which mainly consist of a fire information network, a collective help initial-fire-response system, and public and collective assistance for suppressing the fire spread, are developed.

Traditional wooden houses in Maringá (Brazil): ICT in planning research

In many cities, the examples of traditional architecture are being replaced by contemporary buildings, without any strategies in order to preserve a specific period of the urban and housing histories. These legacies are witnesses of particular features in terms of local communities, societies, political environments, urban morphologies or architectural languages. In this sense, this article presents the case study of the traditional wooden houses in the city of Maringá in Paraná (Brazil). There is a set of buildings which still remain among the existing urban fabric. However, every year some of them are destroyed in order to give room for new ways of designing the city. The methodological approach is based on the ICT (information and communication technologies) as a tool to study the features of these traditional wooden buildings.

An Analytical Investigation on the Dancheong Pigments by Hyperspectral Technique: Focusing on Green Colors

This study demonstrates the application of hyperspectral analysis as a pigment identification method for modern and contemporary Dancheong, the polychrome surface on traditional Korean wooden buildings. In particular, green pigments are the focus of this study. Green pigments in modern and contemporary Dancheong have the largest variation of materials and show a noticeable timeline. Thus, they are most suitable for estimating the manufacture or restoration period of Dancheong. Hyperspectral analysis is a noncontact, long-distance measurement technique that has advantages in the field of Dancheong analysis. It is capable of identifying both organic and inorganic pigments, unlike existing analysis methods. For this experiment, green and other pigments used during the modern and contemporary era were selected and made into painted samples under various mixing conditions that reflect their actual uses. Through hyperspectral analysis, their reflectance characteristics were observed, which enables the derivation of four main features that can distinguish the type of pigments used for color mixture. Based on these, a pigment identification system was designed in the form of a flowchart, and its utility was confirmed through site application. Despite some limitations at this stage, the technique can be complemented by considering proper measurement methods or the continuous accumulation of samples and data. If a database on various materials, mixing ratios, painting techniques, and other external interference factors is developed in future research, it would provide the foundation for a faster and safer analysis environment of Dancheong sites.

Flexural properties evaluation of carbon-fiber fabric reinforced poplar/eucalyptus composite plywood formwork

To improve the product quality of traditional wooden building formwork, utilize the resources of wood and evaluate the failure mode of the formwork. Carbon-fiber fabric (CF fabric) reinforced poplar/eucalyptus composite plywood were prepared by using fast-growing poplar (P) and eucalyptus (E) veneer as base materials and CF fabric as reinforcement material, four substrate composite structures (P/P, E/E, P/E, E/P) and four reinforcement positions (control/A, surface/B, core/C and surface-core/D) were considered in this study, the flexural properties and failure modes of plywood were tested and evaluated. Experimental results showed that the flexural performance of plywood as poplar/eucalyptus composite structure was better than pure poplar and eucalyptus. The increase in the longitudinal modulus of elasticity and modulus of rupture of the plywood was particularly understandable and the failure mode was shear delamination failure after the surface strengthened, besides, the core layer reinforced transverse plywood was greater obvious than the longitudinal plywood for the improvement in impact toughness. However, the plywood strengthened by the surface and core simultaneously had the best performance, and the structure which satisfies the strength requirements of building formwork are D-P/E and D-E/P. Experimental findings are accompanied with theoretical model.

Цвет в архитектуре деревянных храмов XVII–XVIII веков

Использование цвета в традиционном деревянном зодчестве представляет собой практически неизученный вопрос. Традиционные деревянные бревенчатые храмы представляются нам практически монохромными. Однако имеется немало свидетельств о том, что в архитектуре деревянных храмов XVII—XVIII веков использовались цветные покраски и росписи: это архитектурные фоны северорусских икон, миниатюры и аксонометрические планы, на которых деревянные храмы и иные сооружения изображены с крашеными кровлями, а иногда и с крашеными стенами или деталями. В статье систематизируются и анализируются данные о покрасках деревянных построек. Выявляются определённые закономерности в использовании цвета и наиболее распространённые цветовые композиции. В качестве основных выводов можно отметить, что покраска тёсовых и лемеховых кровель деревянных храмов была достаточно распространена. Иногда она выполнялась в один цвет, иногда в два или даже в три цвета. На крышах многих изображённых зданий устойчиво повторяется сочетание красного внизу и зелёного (темно-зелёного) вверху. Хотя при этом многие традиционные деревянные постройки и не имели в своём архитектурном облике каких-либо цветовых решений. Данные старинных изображений сопоставляются с материалами натурных обследований памятников деревянного зодчества и фотографиями начала и середины XX века, когда покраска на старых зданиях ещё прочитывалась достаточно отчётливо. Совокупные сведения о покрасках деревянных храмов XVI—XVIII веков и XIX - начала XX века позволяют сделать вывод о том, что цвет играл значительную роль в формировании архитектурного облика традиционных русских деревянных церквей.