Traditional Voting Research Articles

Online Voting System Using Blockchain: A Secure and Transparent Approach

Blockchain technology has emerged as a viable solution for secure and transparent digital voting systems. Traditional voting systems, particularly online voting mechanisms, are often vulnerable to security risks such as hacking, tampering, and vote manipulation. Furthermore, maintaining voter anonymity and ensuring data integrity are significant challenges. Blockchain, with its distributed and immutable ledger, offers potential solutions by providing a secure and decentralized approach to recording votes. This paper explores the architecture, implementation, and advantages of a blockchain-based online voting system that leverages the security features of blockchain technology to improve the voting process. By utilizing cryptographic principles and decentralized data storage, the system enhances transparency, reduces fraud risks, and ensures that votes remain immutable. The proposed system includes mechanisms for voter registration, vote casting, and result verification, all of which are secured by smart contracts. Experimental results demonstrate that blockchain can maintain voter anonymity, resist tampering, and provide an auditable voting trail. Additionally, the study discusses challenges in scalability, latency, and regulatory compliance, offering insights into potential improvements and future work. Overall, the research indicates that blockchain based voting has the potential to transform electoral processes, providing a trusted digital voting alternative that aligns with democratic principles. Key Words: Blockchain Technology, Digital Voting, Online Voting Systems, Data Integrity, Transparency, Security, Cryptography, Smart Contracts, Voter Anonymity, Tamper-Resistance, Immutable Ledger, Scalability, Decentralization.

VOTEMAT: A Blockchain Based Voting System

This study aims to show that a secure, trustable and immutable voting system can be established with Blockchain technology. Decentralized structure of the Blockchain excludes the central authority and provides transparency. Moreover, its cryptographic functions enable secure transactions. Therefore, the operation is prevented from potential frauds, such as multiple votes, fake vote attempts, and fraudulent vote counts. The proposed method, VOTEMAT, covers both electronic voting and paper ballot as a complete solution. A mobile application and a Website, connected to Ethereum private Blockchain network, were developed for the voters who prefer to cast their votes remotely. It is also possible to vote in the voting centres via the mobile device or paper ballot placed in the vote boxes; but these votes are also recorded in the same Blockchain and equally secure. For the remote users, a two-step authentication is designed, based on the information on the national identity card and face recognition. An additional encryption based security measure is used to avoid hacking attempts, such as man in the middle attacks. Since the proposed system is more practical than the traditional voting methods, it can increase the participation and be utilized in all kinds of local or national elections.

S&SEM: A Secure and Speed-Up Election Mechanism for PoS-Based Blockchain Network

To be a stakeholder/validator/token holder is not so difficult in the Proof of Stake (POS)-based blockchain networks; that is why the number of validators is large in these networks. These validators play an essential part in the block creation process in the PoS-based blockchain network. Due to the large validators, the block creation time and communication message broadcasting overhead get increased in the network. Many consensus algorithms use different techniques to reduce the number of validators, such as Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS) consensus algorithms, which select the set of delegators via stake transactions for the block creation process. In this paper, we propose S&SEM, a secure and speed-up election process to select the ‘z’ number of validators/delegators. The presented election process is based on a traditional voting style with multiple numbers of rounds. The presented election mechanism reduces the possibility of malicious activity in the voting process by introducing a special vote message and a round that checks duplicate votes. We did horizontal scaling in the network to speed up the election process. We designed an improved incentive mechanism for the fairness of the election process. The designed reward and penalty procedure controls the nodes’ behaviors in the network. We simulate the S&SEM, and the result shows that the presented election process is faster and more secure to select delegators than the existing process used by DPOS.

Predicting the compressive strength of rubberized concrete containing silica fume using stacking ensemble learning model

As the construction industry advances toward sustainability, rubberized concrete emerges as a promising material due to its potential for recycling waste rubber. While silica fume (SF) is often used to address the reduced compressive strength resulting from rubber integration, the complex interactions between these materials present significant modeling challenges. This study employs a novel machine learning approach to effectively capture these interactions and accurately predict the compressive strength of SF-enhanced rubberized concrete. Utilizing a dataset comprising 237 experimental data points curated from 25 research studies, an advanced stacking ensemble model was developed. This model features a trainable meta-structure that integrates diverse, hyper-tuned base learners, including Decision Trees (DT), Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), Support Vector Machines (SVM), and K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) regressors. Hyperparameter tuning, performed using 10-fold cross-validation, was applied to enhance overall model performance. The findings show that XGBoost outperformed other base models, achieving an overall Coefficient of Determination (R²) of 0.9194 and a Mean Squared Error (MSE) of 10.5625. The stacking approach, with KNN as the meta-learner, further refined individual model performances, resulting in an improved R² of 0.9397 and an MSE of 7.1671 on the testing data. Compared to traditional voting ensemble techniques, the stacking models offered a more nuanced enhancement of predictive outcomes, while the averaging ensembles were noted for their simplicity and competitive accuracy. Additionally, feature importance analysis using SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) revealed that superplasticizer, rubber content, and SF were the most influential inputs in the developed model.

Implementing a Three-Step Security Protocol for Advanced Online Election Systems: A Novel Approach

Organization of voting is the strength of character of all equalitarianism and system. Our country utilize an offline voting systems that are incompetent and disorganized by cause of the demand for abundant man power, and more refinement time for announcement outcome. Our Online Voting System aims at minimizing the division between traditional voting methods by facilitating and updating them. Our system makes it possible for voters to vote their favorable candidates from home through safe and stable online voting. By integrating India's Aadhaar card system and implementing OTPs (One Time Passwords) for better security, ensure a resilient and trustworthy voting process with full integrity. Once they login, voters are led through a strict authentication rules that checks for the genuineness of their ID cards before allowing them to continue. This comprehensive verification mechanism provides that only individuals who meet the requirements are able to participate thereby considerably decreasing the chance for electoral fraud. In addition to that, we also ensure that the system gives space to vote in secret and the votes are protected using strong cryptography measures. Our platform aims at fulfilling this object by leveraging advanced technologies. In this regard, we work towards a better and more egalitarian and democratic electoral system.

Identification of millet origin using terahertz spectroscopy combined with ensemble learning

It’s crucial for both producers and consumers to accurately trace the origin of millet, given the significant differences in price and taste that exist between millets from various origins. The traditional method of identifying the origin of millet is time-consuming, laborious, complex, and destructive. In this study, a new method for fast and non-destructive differentiation of millet origins is developed by combining terahertz time domain spectroscopy with ensemble learning. Firstly, three machine learning algorithms, namely support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF), and kernel extreme learning machine (KELM), were used to build different discriminative models, and then the impact of six different preprocessing methods on the models’ classification performance was compared. It was observed that models employing Savitzky-Golay preprocessing exhibited pronounced superiority in accurately determining the millet’s geographical origins. Building upon these findings, the research introduces an innovative ensemble learning strategy, leveraging both topsis and stacking techniques, to harness the collective strengths of the three algorithms. The outcomes of this approach reveal its remarkable capacity to distinguish millets originating from five distinct locations without the necessity for any parameter fine-tuning. The accuracy, F1 score, and Kappa on the prediction set are all 100 %, which significantly outperforms the single model, traditional voting method, and stacking method. The culmination of this study suggests that the integration of terahertz time-domain spectroscopy and TOPSIS-Stacking ensemble learning emerges as a promising method for the swift and non-intrusive discrimination of millet geographical origins with remarkable precision.

Blockchain Based E-voting System

An electronic voting (e-voting) system must prioritize security to prevent duplicate votes and ensure full transparency, participants. unreliability, all while safeguarding the privacy of Traditional voting systems suffer from lacking assurance that cast votes remain unaltered before being counted. Additionally, there is a lack of transparency between voters and the system. In response to these challenges, we propose leveraging blockchain technology as a foundational element in the voting system. The primary goal is to establish a decentralized architecture that supports an open, fair, and independently verifiable voting scheme. Within this framework, we introduce a novel e-voting protocol that harnesses blockchain as a transparent ballot box.

DECENTRALIZED ELECTRONIC VOTING WITH ETHEREUM BLOCKCHAIN IN DEMOCRATIC AND POLITICAL ELECTIONS

The Ethereum blockchain-based electronic voting (e-voting) systems can emerge as a viable strategy in this era of contemporary democracies to revolutionize political elections and augment the efficacy of the electoral process. There are myriad advantages that the Ethereum blockchain has to offer, from fairness to increased voting rates. Unlike traditional voting protocols, the Ethereum blockchain can assure substantial cost savings and eliminate the necessity for electoral intermediaries. The use of the Ethereum blockchain in political contexts also ensures that elections are held with integrity while preserving the voters’ privacy. Due to its popularity, provision of smart contracts logic, and various promising advantages, this systematic review aims to examine the potential deployment of decentralized e-voting systems integrated with Ethereum blockchain technology for democratic political elections. A systematic literature review (SLR) and the PICO approach, which stands for population, intervention, control, and outcomes, were adopted in this study to systematically analyze the existing literature. Key technological approaches identified in the voting system include the hybrid blockchain and privacy-preserving score voting. Among the noteworthy findings are the following: while adoption and complexity remain challenges across numerous e-voting frameworks, scalability, end-to-end security, enhanced efficiency, and effectiveness are key benefits. An exploration into the prospective future innovations, such as the integration of artificial intelligence and big data analytics into the Ethereum blockchain, was also included to further improve the reliability of the e-voting systems. It is believed that the Ethereum blockchain has a promising transformative impact on electoral politics and democratic processes, presenting a ray of hope for future elections.

A random feature mapping method based on the AdaBoost algorithm and results fusion for enhancing classification performance

The feature mapping method can improve data separability, enhance data representation ability, and reduce data processing complexity. However, on the one hand, the existing feature mapping methods have difficulty processing datasets of different dimensions and distributions adaptively, limiting the scope of application; on the other hand, a single feature mapping method has the problem of instability and poor generalization ability, weakening the classification ability of subsequent classifiers. This paper proposes a random feature mapping method based on the AdaBoost algorithm and results fusion to enhance classification performance. The method adopts horizontal expansion, fine-tuning weights through sparse autoencoders, and uses input-mapped features as feature nodes to generate multiple feature subsets for increasing stability. After training weak classifiers on each multiple feature subset, the weights of classifiers are adjusted adaptively by the Adaboost ensemble algorithm. Finally, the method fuses weak classifiers twice to enhance classification performance, which abandons the traditional voting method and uses the weighted probability selection method. Experiments on twenty classic datasets show that the proposed method can effectively mine essential features and enhance classification accuracy compared with original datasets. For instance, the Balance dataset has an average classification accuracy of more than 20% higher than the original dataset on the KNN classifier. The proposed method outperforms alternative feature mapping methods in terms of performance and efficiency on different classifiers in most cases.

MODERNIZING COLLEGE VOTING SYSTEM

Abstract — In the modern era, the integration of technology into various aspects of our lives has become indispensable. One such area is the electoral process within academic institutions. The College Voting System is a digital platform specifically designed to manage and facilitate elections in colleges and universities. This system aims to replace traditional voting methods, which often involve paper ballots, manual counting, and physical polling stations, with a more efficient, secure, and accessible solution. The College Voting System is a digital platform designed to facilitate the electoral process within a college or university setting. This system aims to streamline the process of voting, making it more efficient, secure, and accessible for students, faculty, and administrative staff. By leveraging modern technology, the College Voting System reduces the need for paper ballots, manual counting, and physical polling stations, thus saving time and resources while ensuring the integrity of the election. This application provides an easy and simple way to both administrator and voters in the collect election process. In this application, voters can give their votes to college from anywhere and at any time Index Terms – Voting, SQL,Web-Based Application,Voting System,Authentication, college election.

Website for Online Election System

The goal of this article is to present the design and execution of an online voting system that will improve the election process's accessibility, security, and efficiency. The integrity and confidentiality of votes cast are guaranteed by the proposed system, which makes use of secure web technologies and contemporary cryptography techniques. Real-time result tabulation, end-to-end encryption, and user authentication are important features. Regardless of their level of technical expertise, voters may easily traverse the platform thanks to the user-friendly design of the system. Strong safeguards are also put in place to guard against fraud and guarantee voters' confidentiality, answering worries about the possibility of cyberattacks and illegal access. The online voting system has undergone extensive testing and review, and the results show that it significantly outperforms traditional voting systems in terms of voter participation rates, convenience, and accuracy.

An Efficient Blockchain Enabled Score Voting with Face Recognition

The security considerations of the votes are based on blockchain technology using cryptographic hashes to secure end-to-end verification. To this end, a successful vote cast is considered as a transaction within the blockchain of the voting application. Therefore, a vote cast is added as a new block (after successful mining) in the blockchain as well as being recorded in data tables at the backend of the database. The system ensures only one-person, one-vote (democracy) property of voting systems. This is achieved by using the voter’s unique face image, which is matched at the beginning of every voting attempt to prevent double voting. The Face Recognition is the study of physical or behavioral characteristics of human being used for the identification of person. So implement real time authentication system using face biometrics for authorized the person for online voting system. This work claims to score voting method and data management challenges in blockchain and provides an improved manifestation of the electronic voting process. Score-based voting methods, also known as range voting or rated voting, are electoral systems where voters are allowed to express their preferences for candidates or options by assigning numerical scores to them. Unlike traditional voting methods where voters choose a single candidate, score-based systems enable voters to provide a more nuanced and detailed assessment of their preferences. It is important here to note that cryptographic hash for a voter is the unique hash of voter by which voter is known in the blockchain. This property facilitates achieving verifiability of the overall voting process. Furthermore, this id is hidden and no one can view it even a system operator cannot view this hash therefore achieving privacy of individual voters.

Innovative Solutions for Democratic Processes: A Case Study on Secure JNEC Voting System

In the digital era, there is a need to convert the traditional voting approach. Thus, this paper introduces the JNEC Voting System (JVS), an offline desktop application designed to modernize the voting process. Traditional paper voting systems practiced in Jigme Namgyel Engineering College (JNEC) present challenges such as time-consuming procedures, the potential for invalid votes, and vulnerability to fraud. To address these issues, JVS employs a .NET framework, with C# for frontend and backend development, and MySQL as the database. The development process follows an iterative method, allowing for continuous improvement, flexibility, and adaptability. JVS enables voters to cast their votes by scanning ID cards, while administrators can create events, manage candidates, and manage voter registration. By eliminating the limitations of traditional approaches, JVS aims to enhance the efficiency and simplicity of voting. The primary goal was to replace paper voting systems in college and reduce the time for voting, counting, and result declaration. To tackle these challenges, JVS seeks to boost voter confidence and involvement. Further, it contributes to more transparent, secure, and accountable elections.

ONLINE VOTING SYSTEM

With rapid growth in technologies the old voting methods can change to advanced voting methods. Online voting software is a modern solution that can efficiently and securely facilitate the voting process for various groups and organizations. The use of such software eliminates the need for physical polling stations, as voters can cast their ballots from anywhere with an internet connection. The benefits of using online voting software are many; it increases accessibility, saves time and resources, ensures accuracy and transparency, and supports a more democratic decision-making process. Eligibility verification and accurate voter information are essential components of a successful online voting platform. While several countries have already implemented online voting software, this approach still faces challenges and limitations that must be addressed before universal adoption. In the following sections, we will delve further into the various types of electronic voting methods and examine successful global examples of online voting. We will also discuss current trends and future developments in online voting software provide a comparison between online and traditional voting methods. KEYWORDS: Django , Python, DBSqlite3, Bootstrap, Webauth, Charts.js, HTML, JS, CSS.

ONLINE VOTING SYSTEM

Abstract : The development of an online voting system aims to modernize the electoral process by leveraging digital technologies to ensure a secure, efficient, and accessible voting experience. This system addresses critical issues such as voter authentication, ballot secrecy, vote integrity, and result accuracy. It employs robust cryptographic techniques to protect the confidentiality and integrity of votes, ensuring that each vote is uniquely linked to an authenticated voter while maintaining anonymity. The platform supports multi-factor authentication to verify voter identity and employs end-to-end encryption to safeguard vote transmission. Additionally, the system includes mechanisms for real-time monitoring and auditing to prevent and detect any fraudulent activities. By enhancing accessibility, the online voting system makes it easier for individuals, including those with disabilities or residing in remote locations, to participate in the electoral process. This system promises to improve voter turnout, reduce costs associated with traditional voting methods, and provide timely and accurate election results. However, it also necessitates addressing potential challenges such as cyber security threats, digital literacy, and ensuring equitable access to technology. Overall, the online voting system represents a significant advancement in the evolution of democratic processes. IndexTerms – Online voting, E-voting, Security.

Ensemble learning based on relative accuracy approach and diversity teams

Ensemble learning, which involves combining the opinions of multiple experts to arrive at a better result, has been used for centuries. In this work, a review of the major voting methods in ensemble learning is explored. This work will focus on a new method for combining the results of individual learners. The method depends on the relative accuracy and diversity of teams. Instead of trying to assign weight to each different trainer, the concept of diversity teams is presented. Each team will vote as one player; however, the individual accuracies of each learner still be implemented. The concept of relaxing parameters that deal with each team as one player is presented. Our experiments demonstrate that traditional ensemble voting methods outperform individual learners. There is a limit to the superiority of the ensemble learner that any ensemble learner cannot go beyond. The proposed voting method gives the same results as the traditional ensemble voting methods, however, a different diversity of the proposed method from the traditional voting method or for different values of the relaxing parameter can be achieved.

Design and Analysis of ONLINE Voting System

A democratic country encourages voting system to decide the future leader. Traditional voting system offers lack of user friendliness in review of votes and voters’ identity security. In this present work, for the first time, a web-based voting architecture is designed and developed. The system has a login page, registration page, and dashboard page for voters to access in a user-friendly manner. The login page is the first page that users see when they access the system through registered mobile number, password, and role. The role is used to distinguish between voters and groups or candidates. The dashboard page is the display unit to exhibit voters’ profile information such as name, image, voting status, and mobile number on the left side of the page. On the right side of the page, there will be a list of groups or candidates whom they can cast their votes. In our proposed system, it is ensured that each voter can only vote once and that duplicate voting is not possible. The system uses password protected voting system and Black Box to administer the security issues for inculcating integrity of the voting process. The system is designed to provide a secure and user-friendly interface for voters to cast their votes online and henceforth the architecture will save the time, energy, and costs. T

ENSURING HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE CONTEXT OF IMPLEMENTATION OF ELECTRONIC VOTING IN UKRAINE: PERSPECTIVES AND RISKS

Introduction. The article focuses on the advantages of e-voting and the insufficient study of human rights aspects in this process. Therefore, the purpose of the study is to identify public policy strategies for the successful implementation of e-voting in Ukraine, taking into account international experience and ensuring human rights and freedoms in the electoral process. Summary of the main research results. The main findings of the study point to the relevance of introducing e-voting in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic and other challenges. An e-voting system can ensure compliance with international electoral and human rights standards, such as privacy, accessibility, non-discrimination, information, and verification of votes. The experience of foreign countries, in particular Estonia, confirms the success and benefits of e-voting, the analysis of which is important for other countries, including Ukraine, in implementing their e-voting systems. Switzerland, the United States, Norway, Sweden, India, and Brazil have also used e-voting, with varying degrees of success and challenges related to security and privacy. For example, in Switzerland, e-voting was used experimentally in some cantons but faced significant security issues, while in India, EVMs have become standard in most polling stations, increasing public confidence in the electoral process. However, recent events in Brazil and the United States show that unscrupulous politicians can challenge the operation of any electronic voting system, which can lead to mass protests and unrest. The Council of Europe and the Venice Commission have formulated principles and standards for the use of information and communication technologies in electoral processes, which include security, transparency, and respect for fundamental human rights. Ukraine is actively preparing for the introduction of electronic voting, as evidenced by the large number of draft laws that have been registered in the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine but have not yet been adopted, although this indicates an awareness of the need to use digital technologies to ensure citizens' voting rights. Conclusions. The experience of foreign countries confirms the popularity of e-voting due to the development of information and communication technologies. Ukraine, with its high scientific and technical potential, has prospects for introducing e-voting. However, the successful application requires comprehensive preparation, including software certification, pilot projects, personal data protection, strengthening cybersecurity, and the adoption of a special law on the use of e-voting at various levels and the introduction of e-voting as an alternative method along with traditional voting.

AI Based Smart Voting using Face Recognition

As society changes and technology plays a bigger role in shaping daily life, the security, effectiveness, and accessibility of traditional voting systems are being questioned. This research presents a novel approach to create an online smart voting system using facial recognition technology. The technology promises to improve the convenience and integrity of electoral processes by integrating cutting-edge facial recognition algorithms with secure online voting platforms. It also addresses common problems such as voter fraud, long lines, and geographical restrictions. The system verifies each vote's legitimacy by registering voters' facial biometric information, securely storing it in a centralized database, and providing live facial authentication while voting. Strong security protocols, such as multi-factor authentication and encryption methods, are notably used to protect voter privacy and prevent election results manipulation. Additionally, the system's removal of the requirement for voters to physically be present at polling places improves voter accessibility, especially for underprivileged or geographically separated groups, which encourages higher levels of political engagement. Through extensive testing and validation that includes both simulated and real-world voting scenarios, the efficacy of this novel approach will be closely examined. Consent, transparency, and data privacy are ethical issues that need to be properly addressed in order to ensure compliance with legal and regulatory requirements. In conclusion, the face recognition online smart voting system is a ground-breaking advancement in electoral technology that might fundamentally alter the way elections are held by enhancing their integrity, efficiency, and inclusivity

RAZOR‐THIN MASS ELECTIONS WITH HIGH TURNOUT

AbstractWe argue that traditional voting models fail to fully explain the frequency of very close mass elections with high turnout. Instead, we model elections as a competition between incentive schemes to mobilize voters. We elucidate conditions under which parties might prefer close elections, as the potential to be pivotal motivates voters instead of exclusively costly incentives as in nonclose elections. We show that, under those conditions, better voter targeting results in tighter races and increased turnout. Furthermore, the smaller party often has a strong incentive to commit to strategies that ensure a close election.