Traditional Veterinary Medicine Research Articles

Review on vital role of regulatory affairs in pharmaceutical industry

The burgeoning field of Regulatory Affairs (RA) serves as the foundation for ensuring public health in today's globalized marketplace. In the pharmaceutical industry, regulatory affairs play a crucial role in assuring the safety, efficacy, and quality of drug products, which are essential for the approval of new products entering the market. Emerging from a collective international desire to protect individuals from potentially harmful medications, this profession bridges the gap between pharmaceutical companies and regulatory agencies, ensuring that products meet all necessary legal and scientific standards.Regulatory affairs professionals act as guardians, meticulously ensuring the accuracy and completeness of product information. They navigate the complex labyrinth of regulations, translating them into practical plans for companies to follow. Their expertise encompasses the entire life cycle of a drug, from initial application submission and oversight of clinical trials to ongoing adherence to evolving regulatory requirements. This comprehensive approach guarantees the development, manufacturing, and distribution of safe and effective medications across various fields, including traditional pharmaceuticals, veterinary medicine, medical devices, and complementary therapies.As the pharmaceutical landscape continues to evolve, the demand for highly skilled regulatory affairs professionals remains strong. In India, the Central Drug Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) regulates drug legislation, facilitating drug development from initial research to market approval and post-marketing surveillance.

Perceptions of Evidence in the Veterinary Medicine of Pets

Veterinary medicine for small domestic animals (SDA) in Russia began its development in the 1990s and is currently undergoing professional formation, engaging in a dialogue with traditional agricultural veterinary medicine. Over the last decade, the evidence-based approach has been actively developing as a foundation for making informed decisions in various aspects of professional practice. SDA veterinary medicine, as a relatively young and emerging professional field within the conservative profession of veterinary medicine, is facing a legitimacy crisis. This crisis is related to the lack of specialized education in the pathology of dogs and cats, as well as the absence of treatment protocols for SDA approved by the professional community and the state. The evidence-based approach is the foundation of modern medicine and serves as a method of legitimizing SDA veterinary practice. It addresses the needs of the primary stakeholders: colleagues, government regulators in case of disputes, and animal owners as service consumers.

Neurotoxicity of Traditional Plant-Based Veterinary Medicine: Current Status and Challenges

Neurotoxicity of Traditional Plant-Based Veterinary Medicine: Current Status and Challenges

Biological Activities and Traditional Use of Hyptis suaveolens in Human and Veterinary Medicine: A Review

Hyptis suaveolens (H. suaveolens), known as Gros baume or sweet-smelling Hyptis, is an invasive plant from tropical regions widely used to manage human and animal ailments, such as bacterial, viral, and parasitic diseases. This study aimed to synthesize a scientific research work on the use of this medicinal plant in the traditional pharmacopeia, as well as the biological and pharmacological activities already recognized in the literature. Information for this synthesis was collected from physical (libraries and documentation centers of universities in Benin) and reliable scientific databases, such as PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science, which were queried based on the keywords related to H. suaveolens. This plant contains secondary metabolites in its aerial parts, such as leaves, and stems, which are rich in essential oils. From leaves to roots, all parts of this plant are of interest to both humans and animals to treat various pathologies. The most frequently cited diseases include asthma, panariasis, jaundice, hyperthermia, indigestion, stomach pains, nausea, colds, gall bladder infections, breast abscesses, hemorrhoids, oral-anal candidiasis, edemas, cramps, and skin infections The various aqueous and ethanolic extracts are evaluated by researchers and the biological activities are indicated in the literature. Those activities include the antibacterial, antifungal, larvicidal, antioxidant, anticholinesterase, insect repellent, and insecticidal effects. However, no toxicity resulting from the use of this plant has yet been reported in the literature. Research on H. suaveolens toxicity must be continued to gain a comprehensive understanding of its application in human and livestock health. This literature review allows the virtues and risks related to the traditional use of H. suaveolens in human and animal pharmacopeia. The various potentialities of this plant provide a lever for exploring its antiviral effects in traditional veterinary medicine in general.

Veterinary telemedicine: Tips for expanding your practice virtually

Telemedicine services are a means to provide valuable informa­tion in an efficient and economical manner. They can be used to supplement traditional veterinary medicine services for clients with an established VCPR. A variety of commercial platforms are available; however, in most cases the technologies provided by a smart phone are more than adequate. Telemedicine may be implemented into daily practice in the form of triage, diag­nosis, assessing welfare, herd or case monitoring, and virtual consultations. Establishing a standardized fee structure to compensate you for your time and expertise is critical in order to ensure success.

UPLC-QToF-ESI-MS identification and anthelmintic activity of Mitragyna inermis (Willd.) Kuntze (Rubiaceae)

Medicinal plants attract the attention of many researchers to find natural and safe remedies for various resistant diseases. Leaves of Mitragyna inermis are widely used in traditional veterinary medicine for the treatment of gastrointestinal strongyles of small ruminants. The aim of the current study is to estimate the antioxidant, anthelmintic and the larval toxicity of the aqueous and hydroethanolic extracts of this plant in addition to the hexane, dichloromethane and ethanol fractions of the hydroethanolic extract. Investigation of the most active extract using Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled with Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-QToF-ESI-MS). Both plant extracts showed good antioxidant activity by scavenging the 2,2′-diphényl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical and reducing the ferric ion. Similarly, they were no-toxic to Artemia salina larvae (CL50 > 0.1 μg/mL). Also, they significantly reduced larval migration and motility of Haemonchus contortus adult worms (p < 0.001). The hexane, dichloromethane and ethanolic fractions of the hydroethanolic extract showed low activity compared to crude extracts except for the hexane fraction on H. contortus adult worms (p < 0.001) while it showed a poor result on larvae. It thus appears that the anthelmintic activity of the extract may be linked to the synergistic action of these compounds. The UPLC-QToF-ESI-MS analysis revealed the tentative identification of 15 compounds including 7 alkaloids. The results of the present study confirm the anthelmintic activity of M. inermis in traditional veterinary medicine.

A Comprehensive Review of Historical and Ethnobotanical Aspects, Chemical Constituents and Biological Activities of Euphorbia umbellata (Pax) Bruyns

Euphorbia umbellata (Pax) Bruyns (Synadenium grantii Hook.f.) is an African shrubby tree that has a long use in traditional human and veterinary medicine. Nowadays in Brazil, its latex has been extensively used to treat arthritis and several types of cancer, among other health disorders. This study comprehensively reviewed data reported on history and ethnopharmacological aspects of E. umbellata, as well its chemistry and preclinical pharmacology. The Web of Science, SciFinder, Google Scholar and the Prelude Medicinal Plants database were prospected by using the three precedent botanic synonymous for the species. The resulting assembly was complemented by searching available online monographs, and physical and online books on the theme. The compiled information was organized according to each specific survey. Thirty-three distinct popular uses and approximately forty recipes were found for the latex and leaves. Oral and topical administrations of latex or leaves were predominant in human cases. Veterinary uses mostly targeted antiparasitic and anti-inflammatory therapy, and topical application of latex stood out. Prospection of the experimental studies led to twenty-four entries for biological activities in vitro, mainly related to anticancer investigations. Thirty-five compounds comprising triterpenes, diterpenes and phenolics, besides typical proteases, have been characterized in the species. Traditional usage of E. umbellata may be correlated with results on the cytotoxicity, antiviral, and anti-ulcer ability of extracts from diverse parts of the plant. To date, the most significant experimental progress has been related to E. umbellata terpenoidal metabolites.

Ethnoveterinary practices of medicinal plants among the Zemmour and Zayane tribes, Middle Atlas, Morocco

The widespread usage of medicinal plants in native nations' healthcare practices is a foundation for creating natural drugs. The current study sought to establish thorough ethnoveterinary knowledge of medicinal plants utilized for therapeutic reasons. The field investigation was carried out from January 2016 to December 2020 in the Zemmour and Zayane tribes (Middle Atlas). Three hundred local informants were interviewed, using open-ended and semi-structured interviews. The advantages, coverage, and significance of ethnoveterinary were quantified using a variety of parameters such as informant consensus factor, fidelity level, relative popularity level, rank-order priority, and Jaccard index. A total of 150 species and subspecies belonging to 129 genera and 56 families were employed in ethnoveterinary preparations. The study area's most commonly used ethnoveterinary plant species was Allium sativum L. (16.7%). Leaves are the most frequent plant part used (46.5%). The highest factor informant consensus value was 0.9 for digestive diseases. Artemisia herba-alba Asso and Asparagus officinalis L. Both show a 100% fidelity level for diarrhea and rabies, respectively. Eucalyptus globulus Labill. (rank-order priority = 74) was shown to be the most preferred plant species for fever remedies. The present study demonstrates that local communities in the Middle Atlas have consistent knowledge of ethnoveterinary plants. In this inquiry, we invite the attention of chemists and pharmacologists to further phytochemical and pharmacological studies of medicinal plants having high rank-order priority, fidelity level, and factor informant consensus significance. • Traditional veterinary medicine refers to the collective knowledge of an indigenous community about relationships between people and nature. • The field study was carried out from January 2016 to December 2020 in the Zemmour and Zayane tribes. • A total of 150 plant species belonging to 129 genera and 56 families were found to be used in ethno-veterinary practices • The present study showed that local communities in the Middle Atlas have consistent knowledge of ethno-veterinary plants.

\u201cThe climate itself must have hidden some medicines\u201d: traditional veterinary medicine of indigenous and non-indigenous campesinos of the southern Andes

BackgroundTraditional veterinary medicine (TVM) or ethnoveterinary medicine comprises knowledge, practices, and beliefs about farm animals. Its study serves to offer ecologically and culturally appropriate strategies for the management of animals and their health in a context marked by the increased use of synthetic pharmaceuticals, social–environmental degradation, pollution, and climate change. In this study, we examine the TVM that Mapuche and non-Mapuche campesinos in the southern Andes have about the management of animals and their health. In addition, we investigate the main factors influencing the current use of TVM.MethodsBetween December 2020 and March 2021, we undertook participant observation and conducted 60 semi-structured and informal interviews with Mapuche and non-Mapuche campesinos from the Pucón and Curarrehue municipal districts in the southern Andes of Chile.ResultsWe identified a set of knowledge about cycles and manifestations of nature used in planning 14 animal management practices related to a Mapuche kosmos expressed in living with respect for and in dialogue with non-human elements. On health management, we recorded knowledge about 30 plant species, whose use for different categories of wounds and parasites has the highest informant consensus factors. The use of these plant species is governed by a kosmos associated with respect and reciprocity in their gathering. Nonetheless, 70% of the campesinos interviewed prefer to use synthetic pharmaceuticals. We found that the growing use of synthetic pharmaceuticals, the processes of reduction and change in the structure of land ownership, and climate change are perceived as the main factors behind processes of assimilation of new praxis and hybridization as well as the reduction and/or loss of the use of TVM.ConclusionOur results reveal the presence of ethnoveterinary knowledge, practices, and beliefs that are safeguarded by Mapuche and non-Mapuche campesinos in the southern Andes. However, in the context of different social–environmental changes, it is imperative to document, visibilize, and revitalize TVM since it provides new perspectives for bioculturally diverse and sustainable animal production.

Tradicionalna upotreba bilja u Kuršumliji

Plants as a source of active phytochemistry are the basis of nutrition. However, man uses them in traditional medicine and veterinary medicine, but also as raw materials in many branches of industry (textile, construction…). The need and role of traditional medicines in the health care system havе been growing in recent decades. The aim of the research is to determine the list of plants that are traditionally used by the local population on the territory of the municipality of Kuršumlija, and the way of their application in folk medicine, veterinary medicine, customs. Data on knowledge of plants and their use were collected through interviews in the period from May to September 2020. A total of 49 people were interviewed (37.5% men and 62.5% women), aged between 21 and 81, mostly from urban areas (79.2% of respondents are from the city and 20.8% from rural areas). Respondents have different education: 6.3% have a primary school, 58.3% have a secondary school and 35.4% have higher education. During the research, it was stated that the largest number of plant species used for therapeutic purposes belongs to families: Lamiaceae (20.5%), Asteraceae (12.8%), Rosaceae (5.1%) and the most commonly used species are: Mentha piperita (47.9% of respondents), Matricaria chamomilla (37.5% of respondents); Urtica dioica (31.2% of respondents); Hypericum perforatum (27% of respondents), Salvia officinalis (22.9% of respondents); Achillea millefolium (14.5% of respondents); Ocimum basilicum (12.5% ​​of respondents). For therapeutic purposes, teas (infusion, decoction), tinctures, and oils are prepared for oral use, and for external use, compresses and ointments. The largest number of respondents reported the use of herbal medicines for the treatment of gastrointestinal and respiratory organs. In the customs related to religious holidays, the largest number of respondents use oak.

Ethnobotanical survey on medicinal plants traditionally used for treatment of intestinal parasitosis of animals and humans in Northern Benin

Parasitic nematodes of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract remain a major threat to both human beings and livestock. The aim of this study was to document medicinal plants used in the management of intestinal parasitosis in the small ruminants and humans. Information relating to the different plants used in the treatment of human intestinal parasitosis and small ruminants was collected through an ethnobotanical survey carried out in the DONGA Department of Benin. On subjecting the traditional healers and small ruminant breeders to a questionnaire, it appears that intestinal parasitosis is manifested mainly by transit disorders (vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhoea). Forty-four species belonging to twenty-two families were documented and used in the treatment of intestinal parasitosis. Fabaceae is the most represented family and species common to traditional human and veterinary medicine have been reported. Khaya senegalensis was the most cited species used in the treatment of intestinal parasitosis by traditional healers (9%) and small ruminant breeders (27%). A brief review of the literature provided summary of the medicinal plants used in the treatment of intestinal parasitosis. It also made it possible to bring a resemblance between human traditional medicine and veterinary medicine. Key words: Intestinal parasitosis, Indigenous knowledge, Medicinal plants, Ethnobotanical survey, Benin.

Oral Administration of Ginger Rhizome Powder and Postoperative Inflammation Indices in Ovariohysterectomized Dogs

With regard to the importance of prescribing medicinal plants in the traditional veterinary medicine and the anti-inflammatory role of ginger, the current study was conducted to evaluate the effects of the oral administration of the ginger rhizome powder following ovariohysterectomy in puppies. Ten healthy young female puppies were randomly assigned to two equal groups, including a control and an experimental group. Two hours before surgical neutering by ovariohysterectomy, a Zintoma Capsule (Zingiber officinale) was administered orally in the experimental group and continued daily for 10 days after surgery. Several inflammatory markers were measured to evaluate the postsurgical status of the animals in the different times. Although there was no difference in the albumin and glucose level between the experimental and control groups at the different times, a statistically significant reduction in the inflammatory markers C-reactive protein (CRP), fibrinogen, tumor necrosis factor a (TNF-α), and interleukin 6 (IL-6) was observed in the experimental group compared to the control group. These preliminary findings suggest the usefulness of ginger rhizome powder, a traditional herbal dietary supplement, in the reduction of postoperative inflammatory reactions in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy.

Ethnozoology among the Berbers: pre-Islamic practices survive in the Rif (northwestern Africa)

BackgroundEthnozoological knowledge is less documented than ethnobotanical. With this field study, we aim to record and analyze the Riffian Berber knowledge about the use of animals in traditional human and veterinary medicine. Our research question is what is their knowledge of ethnozoological practices?MethodsWe performed semi-structured interviews with local inhabitants in Riffian vernacular language. The reliability of the sampling effort was assessed by a rarefaction curve. Data were compared with previous studies in order to determine the geographical and historical extensions of described uses and possible conservation implications for the species used.ResultsWe obtained information regarding 107 ethnozoological uses based on 197 use reports. Among the 31 species used, mammals were most frequently cited. Diseases related to the traditional medicinal system were most frequently treated with these resources, as well as those of the respiratory, digestive, and musculoskeletal systems. Thirty percent of uses are associated with magico-religious practices. Only three of the species used are threatened at the global level, two of them extinct in the study area, indicating low potential damage to regional biodiversity from current practices utilizing native animals. Within modern Morocco, Riffians have continued practicing ethnozoological uses anathema to Islam, like the consumption of animals considered impure (dogs, jackals, wild boars, and hyenas).ConclusionsThe use of primarily mammalian species and of many animal body parts is likely related to the Berber belief in homology between the area of the human body in which the ailment occurs and the corresponding animal body part. These findings unveil the nature of ethnozoological practices, highly linked to folklore and culture-bound conditions, and lacking in the Western empirical rationale for nearly one third of reported uses. The consumption of animals considered impure according to Islam was probably initiated before the conquering of the Maghreb by Arabs in the seventh century and was maintained through the secular isolation of Riffians in mountain areas. This can reflect traditional healing habits being maintained over thousands of years.

Practice management

UK companion animal practices may soon be welcoming new members of staff trained in a discipline that is very different from – but complementary to – traditional veterinary medicine, the audience at the SPVS/VMG online congress (13–14 May 2021) was told. John Bonner was there to report…

Metabolomics and Network Pharmacology-Based Investigation into the Mechanisms Underlying the Therapeutic Effect of a New Chinese Traditional Medicine (Cui Nai Ling) on Bromocriptine-Induced Hypogalactia.

As a traditional veterinary medicine to promote lactation, Cui Nai Ling (CNL) can not only increase milk supply and promote health but also improve the overall physiological function and immunity of the animals. In order to further improve CNL's effect on lactation, we have previously made a new CNL (NCNL) by adding Tetrapanacis Medulla and replacing Vaccariae Semen with fried Vaccariae Semen in CNL. We have demonstrated that the lactation-promoting effect of NCNL is better than that of CNL. However, the underlying mechanisms by which NCNL promotes lactation are unclear. In this study, we performed metabolomics, network pharmacology, and pharmacodynamic studies to explore the underlying mechanisms by which NCNL promotes lactation in rats with bromocriptine-induced hypogalactia. The results showed that NCNL significantly improved the loss of appetite in female adult rats and the weight loss of pups caused by the disorder of lactation. Biochemical analysis showed that NCNL could regulate the levels of PRL, T4, E2, Ca, UREA, GLU, ALT, AST, TCHO, and TG in serum. The pathological results showed that NCNL could promote lactation and increase the mammary gland index by improving breast acinar tissue morphology in rats with hypogalactia. Network pharmacology studies showed that NCNL promotes lactation through P13K-Akt, insulin resistance, and prolactin signaling pathways, among which the most frequently affected pathway was the P13K-Akt signaling pathway. Metabolomics studies showed that NCNL can significantly upregulate phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan biosynthesis and tyrosine metabolism pathways and downregulate cysteine and methionine metabolism pathways. NCNL can significantly increase the serum prolactin concentration, improve the glucose and lipid metabolism disorders, and regulate PI3K-Akt, insulin resistance, and prolactin pathways to affect the amino acids' metabolism in the mammary gland and ultimately exert its therapeutic effect on bromocriptine-induced postpartum hypogalactia. These findings revealed the effect and application value of NCNL on animals with postpartum hypogalactia.

Zootechnical, Pharmacological Uses and Chemical Composition of &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Napoleonaea vogelii&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; Hook &amp;amp; Planch (Lecythidaceae) in West Africa&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;—A Review

Napoleonaea vogelii, Lecythidaceae family is a tropical evergreen shrub widely distributed in the coastal regions of West African countries including Benin. It is a medicinal plant whose leaves and bark are of great utility in traditional medicine. Despite its importance, it is little used in ethnoveterinary medicine and its pharmacological basis in this field and especially in the treatment of parasitic diseases caused by Haemonchus contortus is very little documented. This review aims to synthesise existing data on the chemical composition, pharmacological and zootechnical usefulness of N. vogelii and to identify the gaps of these works in order to propose research perspectives. Google Scholar database was used to gather the majority of useful information available on N. vogelii. The results showed that of the 23 publications included in the present study, 60.87% dealt distinctly with the pharmacological properties of N. vogelii. These properties include anthelmintic, antidiabetic, wound healing, antimicrobial, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant properties and N. vogelii contains many secondary metabolites including alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, glycosides which give it its pharmacological properties. The Correspondence Factor Analysis performed for the variables extracts and chemical compounds showed that the presence of a given chemical compound is not dependent on the type of extract. This work has gathered information on N. vogelii and found that the species has powerful therapeutic potentials but very little use in traditional veterinary medicine. More research is needed on this plant to make available ethnoveterinary pharmacological data to enable proper use in the treatment of animal diseases in general and gastrointestinal parasitosis of small ruminants in particular.

Anthelmintic and Antimicrobial Activities of Tannin Extracts of &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Mitragyna inermis &amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;(Willd.) Kuntze (Rubiaceae) and &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Combretum glutinosum &amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;Perr. ex DC (Combretaceae)

<i>Combretum glutinosum</i> and <i>Mitragyna inermis</i> are two plants used in Benin as a dewormer and antibiotic in traditional human and veterinary medicine. This study aimed to evaluate the anthelmintic, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the both plants tannin extracts. The extracts were tested <i>in vitro</i> on <i>Haemonchus contortus</i> larvae and worms and on the growth of 11 reference strains by agar medium diffusion method. Their chemical compositions were determined by UPLC-DAD-ESI-MS. It was found that total tannins extracted from plant leaves showed a strong inhibition on <i>H. contortus</i> larvae and adult worms compared to the negative control. Concerning the antimicrobial activity, <i>M. inermis</i> extract had an effect only on <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> with a MIC of 2.5 mg/mL. <i>C. glutinosum</i> extract inhibited the growth of most microbial strains with MIC values ranging from 1.25 to 20 mg/mL. The DPPH test showed that the extracts of <i>C. glutinosum</i> (IC₅₀ = 8.04 µg/mL) and <i>M. inermis</i> (IC₅₀ = 11.21 µg/mL) have good antioxidant activity and these results are confirmed by the FRAP method. Four (4) compounds could be identified in the tannin extract of <i>C. glutinosum</i> and could explain its activities. The results obtained from this work revealed that the tannins extracted from <i>C. glutinosum</i> showed better anthelmintic, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities compared to the extracts from <i>M. inermis</i>.

Obtaining organic dairy products using common thyme as antibiotic replacing therapy of endometritis in cows

According to the Federal Law of August 3, 2018 No. 280-FZ organic agriculture is referred to as total economic activity that enables the development of ways, methods and technologies that promote favorable state of the environment and improve human health. The need for this law is dictated by the data of the Research Institute of Nutrition of the Russian Academy of Sciences, which claim that 30-50% of all diseases of Russians arise from the consumption of poor-quality food. 30% of the pollution of the world ecosystem refer to an agricultural sector, which is an obvious need for the greening of agriculture and the production of organic products. Organic products mean environmentally friendly agricultural products, raw materials and food in the production of which the following requirements are met: the use of agrochemicals is prohibited, pesticides and antibiotics, growth stimulants are absent, and hormones are not used in animal fattening. Taking into account Russian legislation, the products of dairy cattle breeding should not indicate the presence of oxytetrocycline, levomycetine, streptomycin, tetracycline, ampicillin, penicillin, grisin, bacitrocin. Natural resistance in cows is reduced as a result of negative factors (stress factors) characterizing the industrial technology for the production of livestock products itself, and negative environmental factors. Currently, the development of dairy cattle breeding and the increase in animal productivity are restrained by the high incidence of diseases of the reproductive organs, among which a significant part are inflammatory diseases of the genitals, in particular endometritis (up to 90% of the total number of calving cows). The use of herbal preparations in folk and traditional veterinary science and medicine makes it relevant to search for new plants for obtaining medicinal raw materials in the treatment and prevention of endometritis. Common thyme is proposed as such. The article shows the results of using common thyme for cows with endometritis as antibiotic replacement therapy, which confirmed by an increase in a number of biochemical blood indicators and the overall health of animals.

Vaccines for aquaculture overview

Aquaculture production is a promising direction for the development of food production. Like traditional types of animal husbandry, it needs effective medicines for veterinary use, which would ensure not only the well-being of farmed aquatic organisms, but also increase the safety of the fish products and non-fish objects of fishing. The development of measures to control epizootic processes in aquatic organisms is impossible without the creation of new immunological preparations. The development and use of immunobiological drugs will reduce the use of antimicrobial agents. The corresponding set of pharmaceutical drugs was transferred from the traditional veterinary medicine, but due to the peculiarities of the biology of aquatic animals, their immunity and the characteristics of specific pathogens, this could not be done with biological products. The short development time in the aquaculture industry poses current challenges in the form of a lack of basic and applied research for relatively poorly understood groups of new pathogens. The immunological processes associated with the development and intensity of the immune response in aquatic organisms require a detailed study. For domestic aquaculture producers, the analysis and dissemination of the experience accumulated by mankind and the application of advanced developments in this area are even more relevant, since Russia is just beginning its path of intensifying aquaculture production. At the same time, it is clear that the prohibition of the use and monitoring of antimicrobial agents in food products and feed requires a change in the approach to the problem and will lead to the creation of new immunobiological drugs. The market for immunobiological preparations for aquaculture is the most promising for development. In the article, the authors provide data on the development and registration of vaccines for aquaculture in Europe, North and South America.

Традиционные способы киргизского народа по диагностике и лечению колик у лошадей

Abstract. The purpose of research is the collection and analysis of traditional methods of the Kyrgyz people for the diagnosis and treatment of horse colic from the point of view of scientific veterinary medicine. In the study, methods of observation, interrogation of veterinary specialists and horse breeders were used. A total of 55 carriers of traditional veterinary knowledge were interviewed. The studies were conducted in the pastoral areas of the Kyrgyz Republic, where horse breeding in conditions of year-round grazing, with the preferential using of productive herd technology is mainly used. According to the data of the National Statistical Committee of the Kyrgyz Republic as of 01.01.2020, the total number of horses is 522.6 thousand heads. Results. It has been established that: in the traditional veterinary medicine of the Kyrgyz people, horses were diagnosed with urinary colic – tuttukma (in Kyrgyz), overfeeding – zhem zhatalak (in Kyrgyz), blockage – zhin zhatalak (in Kyrgyz), colic from cold water – suu zhatalak (in Kyrgyz), mechanical intestinal obstruction – sezgenich zhatalak (in Kyrgyz), intestinal flatulence – tүynөk zhatalak (in Kyrgyz); in the diagnosis of horse colic, anamnesis collection methods, observation, rectal examination and auscultation of the abdominal cavity were used. When treating horse colic, Kyrgyz folk veterinary medicine used mechanotherapy methods and medicinal plants, as well as diet and exercise. Our results and their comparison with the data of scientific veterinary medicine confirm that Kyrgyz folk methods for diagnosing and treating colic in horses are in tune with modern algorithms and tactics for diagnosing and treating diseases of the gastrointestinal tract in horses, accompanied by a symptom complex of colic. Scientific novelty. In the conditions of year-round grazing of horses in the Kyrgyz Republic, types of colic were determined, methods for diagnosing and treating diseases of the gastrointestinal tract in horses, accompanied by a symptom complex of colic, were clarified.