Traditional Urban Space Research Articles

Spatial Syntax Analysis of the Evolution of the Water System and Garden Distribution Relationship in Suzhou: 13th–20th Centuries

In the present study, we used the axis model in the spatial syntax approach to analyze the evolution of the water system in Suzhou, China, from the 13th to the 20th centuries and its relationship with the distribution of gardens in the city. The distribution of the authoritative mainstream gardens appeared to be directly affected by the water system, and the gardens located in the areas with high water integration in each period were well preserved. From the 13th to the 17th centuries, gardens in areas with high water integration were all owned by the government and the class with social authority. This was consistent with the patterns for the hierarchical distribution of traditional urban space in China. However, in the 19th century, the gardens in areas with high water integration were owned by the class with social authority and the merchant class, reflecting characteristics different from the traditional pattern. The temple gardens in commercial areas with high water system integration were well preserved. Given the disruption of the surrounding water system, their original isolation from the water system was averted, turning them into public areas for social and public activities. In the 13th and 17th centuries, gardens located in areas with high and low water system integration took advantage of the surrounding water systems for landscaping, demonstrating the gardening principle according to local conditions. However, in the 19th and 20th centuries, the water system decreased sharply in many areas, and gardens built in areas with high water system integration were no longer thus situated. Traditional techniques for diverting water into gardens gradually disappeared. This study revealed that the preservation of gardens in Suzhou was largely due to the pattern of their distribution in the urban structure, and the gardens preserved to date have benefited from their location relative to the urban spatial structure of the 19th century. Private gardens, which embody the elegant taste of the literati, strongly resisted the aesthetic invasion from commercialization, however, and were also developed and preserved. Their social and spatial attributes were transformed by commercialization, presenting a contradictory yet complementary relationship between traditional garden culture and commercial development in Suzhou.

Building identities in public spaces through cultural language analysis framework: a case study of public spaces river the Ha Thanh river Quy Nhon city - Central – Viet Nam

When it comes to the typical image of an urban area, public space is considered a place that many people refer to because it is a place where cultural, social and entertainment activities often take place in daily life. Along with the trend of global integration and urbanization, the current Vietnamese urban architecture, especially the traditional urban spaces, is being gradually lost because of the influences of new architecture imported from the other countries. In terms of management, the choice of development and preservation of identity is always a difficult problem when taking into account the economic and social development of the city. It is necessary to include the goal of harmonious development of urban identity in the planning and design process. Through synthesizing and surveying local cultural values that have been evaluated and analyzed to distill some outstanding tangible and intangible values, and at the same time recreate urban public spaces in order to regenerate landscape at Ha Thanh river, in Dieu Tri area - Quy Nhon city - Central region - Vietnam.

Geleneksel Sokak Karakterini Oluşturan Fiziksel Bileşenlerin Bahtiyar Yokuşu ve Hacı Osman Sokak Üzerinden Değerlendirilmesi

Hızlı nüfus artışı, sanayileşme, sosyal yaşam koşullarındaki değişimler, bilinçsiz müdahale ve restorasyonlar, koruma amaçlı imar planlarının yetersiz olması ve hızlı teknolojik gelişmeler kentlerde bir kimlik kargaşasının oluşmasına yol açmaktadır. Bu kontrolsüz kentleşme ve yenidünya şartlarına uyum sağlama çabası sonucunda kentlerin mekânsal kimliğini yansıtan dokularda tahribatlar yaşanmaktadır. Buna bağlı olarak kentlerimizin geleneksel sokak dokuları da bozulma eğilimine girmektedir. Kahramanmaraş’ın geleneksel sokaklarında da bu bozulma gözlenebilir. Son yıllarda kimlik kavramının gündemde olması ile, yerel yönetimlerin kentlerin tarihini canlandırmak üzere yaptıkları çalışmalarda bir artış söz konusudur. Bu durum, geleneksel kentsel mekân ve konutların koruma ve onarım çalışmalarına görsel ve kültürel açıdan daha anlaşılabilir olmasını sağlayan diğer fiziksel bileşenlerin dâhil edilmesi gerekliliğini arttırmaktadır. Bu bağlamda çalışma, Kahramanmaraş’ın geleneksel sokaklarının en belirgin iki örneği olan Bahtiyar Yokuşu ve Hacı Osman Sokak karakterlerinin oluşumuna katkıda bulunan fiziksel bileşenlerin ve niteliklerinin belirlenmesi üzerine kurgulanmıştır. Çalışmanın yöntemi üç aşamadan oluşmaktadır. Öncelikle çalışma kapsamında, sokakların karakterini belirleyen fiziksel bileşenler hakkında detaylı bir literatür taraması gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu taramalarda, konut-avlu/bahçe-sokak düzeninin geleneksel sokak karakterini oluşturan bileşenler arasında en dışavurumcu unsurlar olduğu ortaya çıkmaktadır. Çalışmanın ikinci aşamasında, araştırma alanının fiziksel bileşenlerinin nitelik ve nicelikleri belirlenmiştir. Son aşamada ise, geleneksel sokak dokusuna katkıda bulunan fiziksel bileşenlerin ilişkileri değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda Kahramanmaraş’ın geleneksel sokak dokusunu tarihi konutlar şekillendirmekte olup bu dokuyu karakterize eden en önemli fiziksel bileşenin ise kapı (%86) olduğu belirlenmiştir.

Gendered space: Women's presence and use of space in Sabzeh-meydan of Tehran Bazaar

As a traditional male-dominated space, Tehran Bazaar has been witnessing a surge in the presence of women and their activities for more than two decades. Building on Rose's paradoxical spaces, this study focused on a qualitative, ethnographic analysis of Sabzeh-meydan in Tehran Bazaar (which is the main entrance area of the bazaar) as a contested space and examined how women negotiate the norms and compete with men for appropriating space. Our findings suggest that although Sabzeh-meydan is a gendered space, women attempt to solidify their presence and extend the scope of their activities in this traditional space using specific tactics that resemble those applied in other traditional environments in the MENA region. They demonstrate respect for the existing norms to reinforce their presence, but they make use of even limited opportunities to add variety to their behavior. Particularly, by penetrating into the more enclosed inner parts of the space, women paradoxically affect the masculinity that seeks to control their presence and behavior in Sabzeh-meydan. These findings highlight the fact that improvements in the physical qualities of traditional urban spaces without considering the existing cultural and social context do not necessarily result in the maximum use of urban spaces by different social groups.

Meta-Analysis of the Relative Abundance of Nuisance and Vector Mosquitoes in Urban and Blue-Green Spaces.

Simple SummaryThe increase in global urbanization has highlighted the need for sustainable infrastructure and integration of the urban and natural environment. However, there is concern that an increase in urban blue-green space may create habitats for vector species and potentially increase the risk for transmission of mosquito-borne disease. We conducted a meta-analysis to investigate the effect of urban blue-green spaces on mean mosquito abundance compared to traditional urban cities. We report that the abundance of Aedes aegypti is significantly higher in urban areas void of blue-green space. However, an analysis of three genera (Aedes, Culex, Anopheles), larval habitat guild, and specific taxa (Aedes albopictus and Culex pipiens complex) did not suggest any preference for either habitat considered. Given the lack of available studies and data focusing on contrasting mosquito abundance in blue-green spaces, we recommend that future surveillance studies quantifying mosquito abundance in urban landscapes report the quantitative data necessary to conduct meta-analyses such as this one.Blue-green spaces (BGSs), urban areas characterized by the presence of vegetation and or water, and infrastructure form a potential solution for public health threats from increasing urbanization. We conducted a meta-analysis to test the hypothesis that blue-green spaces increase the abundance of nuisance and vector mosquito species compared to non-greened urban areas. After screening 7306 studies published since 1992, we identified 18 studies containing sufficient data from both traditional urban areas and BGSs. We found no significant difference in mean abundance of all mosquito taxa in three genera (Aedes, Culex, Anopheles) when comparing blue-green spaces and non-greened urban spaces. Similarly, a separate analysis of each individual genera found no significant differences. An analysis of the taxa by larval habitat guilds found no differences for container-breeding mosquitoes. Flood-water species tended to be more abundant in blue-green spaces, but the differences were not significant. The individual taxa of Aedes albopictus and the Culex pipiens complex showed no differences between blue-green and urban spaces, while the abundance of Aedes aegypti was significantly higher in traditional urban spaces. Due to the variety existing between and among the several types of blue-green spaces, further studies comparing each unique type of blue-green space or infrastructure will be necessary to draw conclusions regarding the influence of each structure on for urban mosquito communities.

Appraisal of Place Identity through Tangible Elements of Cultural Features in Erbil City

The rapid growth of the cities with transformation of traditional urban spaces has caused a gap between cultural characteristics of urban identities. The identity of a specific place emerges from a series of cultural and social features of the relevant society embodied in the physical forms and shapes of the urban area. The paper aims to attain an overall understanding of keeping urban identity alive throughout the time, by analyzing the cultural characteristics of urban space. The study tries to develop a conceptual model focusing on the tangible relationship between the place identity and the cultural manifestations of the city of Erbil. The study adopted the quantitative way to test whether tangible elements affect place identity. The results indicate that a combination between place identity and cultural places can fortify our experience of place, and understanding of the influence of identity on urban development.

Remapping ‘tradition’: community formation and spatiocultural imagination among Jews in colonial northern Morocco

ABSTRACT For Jews in colonial North Africa and beyond, modernization is often deemed a linear process of physical and cultural disengagement from traditional urban spaces. In contrast, this article portrays the process as dialectical and contextual mental transitions between the oppositional experiences of ‘modern-colonial’ and ‘traditional-communal’ spaces that mutually shape modern Jewish life across real and imagined townscapes. Focusing on one of the most vibrant sites of urbanization in North Africa – the mid-twentieth century international city of Tangier and neighboring Tetuan – I show how this dynamic transition was essential in shaping modernity and ethnic identity among a mobile Jewish middle class.

Thermal comfort and pedestrian behaviors in urban public spaces in cities with warm and dry climates

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to move beyond the stage of analysis of exclusively physical microclimatic phenomena and extending ourselves to the study of the impact of the microclimate environment on the user behavior in public spaces. This paper will open up new opportunities for the development of urban open spaces and facilitate the decision-making for urban decision-makers, city managers and planners to make the right urban planning decision.Design/methodology/approachThe methodology for identifying the links between microclimatic quality of urban routes and behaviors was developed on the basis of the results obtained from field surveys carried out in nine public urban areas of the city of Biskra, three urban space are located in a traditional urban fabric (the medina) and the other five in new urban areas, in the two climatic seasons (winter, summer) of 2019. For this exploratory research, two types of instruments were used to collect data from environmental and human monitoring.FindingsImproving microclimatic conditions in urban spaces can allow people to spend more time outside, with the possibility of increasing their social cohesion. The overall objective of this research is to better understand the impact of microclimatic characteristics on pedestrian behavior of nine selected public urban spaces in the city of Biskra, Algeria. To characterize this impact, the authors developed an approach based on crossing data of field surveys, including structured interviews with a questionnaire and observations of human activities (video recordings), as well as microclimate monitoring, conducted during the two climatic seasons (winter, summer) 2019. The analysis of the results allowed to verify the impact of the two climatic seasons (winter, summer) on the variation in the density of occupancy of the different urban areas studied and the duration of the user stations. The authors also illustrated that the number of individuals higher in the traditional urban spaces of the city of Biskra or the conditions of climate comfort are more comfortable than the urban spaces in the new urban areas of the city of Biskra during the summer, which is the season most problematic.Originality/valueIn recent years, there has been a proliferation of scientific studies on the subject of control of microclimatic characteristics and, in particular, on the consideration of the thermal comfort of persons by qualitative analysis, prediction and representation of the perception of external environments. Improving microclimatic conditions in urban spaces can allow people to spend more time outside, with the possibility of increasing their social cohesion. This study highlights the importance of climate-conscious urban design and design flexibility. Urban environments can be modified in summer and winter to provide a better outdoor thermal environment for users. In addition, this study also shows the importance of harmony between microclimate and urban design. Such harmony can be achieved by including requirements for a climate-conscious urban design in the planning regulations for cities in arid zones.

The Art in Public Space of West-Ukrainian Towns: Expectations and Realities

The purpose of the article is to trace the contemporary artistic practices implemented in the western Ukrainian urban spaces at the beginning of the 21st century; to determine the degree of dependence of artistic trends on the dispute between profile professionals and the active community of the city. The research methodology: the research relied on the methods of a comprehensive and systematic approach, which allowed covering various issues of the appearance and perception of objects of modern art in the traditional urban spaces of Western Ukrainian cities; benchmarking was used in the review of implemented objects, photo and video sources; the interview method became relevant.The scientific novelty of the work is that it addresses the issue of the perception of artistic objects in urban spaces. The perception of art is considered both from the standpoint of artists, connoisseurs, theorists, and from the position of an active public, whose opinion often influences the decisions of city-planning art councils, various competition commissions. Permanent and temporary projects created before festivals and holidays are considered. There are a number of contradictions: between expected and realized, beautiful and relevant, established and experimental. The role of contemporary practices in the transformation of sustainable urban spaces is revealed. It is emphasized that contemporary art is the driving force of culture, and while not always perceived in general, it can change the understanding of constant constants, contrasting the new approach, abandoning traditional forms, saturating the space with new content, overestimating the impossible.Results. It has been determined that in the early 21st century art practices became an integral part of the transformation processes of the urban environment of Western Ukraine and demonstrate a wealth of reflections related to social change. Analysis of the achievements of Western Ukrainian cities proves that their environments are the most flexible to the introduction of modern culture. New monuments, graffiti, works that present the “intervention” of art forms into urban space provoke the transformation of a sustainable perception of urban space, giving rise to accompanying practices of shareholding.At the same time, it should be noted that the different pole attitude to artistic constants and social ordering for monumental works cause radical contradictions in different social groups: topical is defined as low-artistic, incomprehensible, temporary, at the same time traditional is seen as outdated, applied, conservative.Manuscript received 27.03.2020

An Evaluation of the Influence of Environmental, Social and Cultural factors on the Socialization of Traditional Urban Spaces (Case Study: Iranian Markets)

The ‘bazaar’, or the marketplace has been one of the most influential bases of the city in terms of social, political and economic development, and is considered as an active public space for initiating fundamental changes in society. Across Islamic cultures and civilizations, as well as their historical precedents, the marketplace has occupied a broad and complex social meaning, especially in Iran. In this research, the marketplace is considered from a socio-commercial point of view. In order to improve the efficiency of public spaces, it is necessary to identify their effective parameters of socialization, and utilize them towards the future design or improvement of built environments. While the socio-cultural influence of a bazaar determines the development of human relationships around it, its environmental components are also effective in responding to ‘physical needs’ of a populace, that is, the provision of necessities such as food and clothing as well as repair services. The relationship between environmental, social and cultural elements is found to be the most influential factor in increasing the sociality of the public space. In order to analyze bazaar socialization, the research methodology employed in this article comprises a descriptive survey that uses Delphi and Q methodology. According to the results, six key factors were identified: activity-behavioural-movement (ABM) components, physical-functional qualities, enviornmental impacts, physical components (PCs), cultural values (CVs), social cohesion and integration, diversity and spatial attraction. Crucially, the study also finds that the socialization of space is formed through the interaction between human experiences in place and the prevailing cultural forms within it, that is, the regional customs, traditions and overall ‘way of life’ of the native populace. Therefore, the cultural features of urban spaces are another important factor in their development. Studying these factors opens the possibility for facilitating greater levels of interaction and participation in public spaces in a manner that also accommodates different groups of people and their varying subcultures.

The effect of the binary space and social interaction in creating an actual context of understanding the traditional urban space

Urban Space is not just a simple, physical configuration. Instead, it is a transformation of human experiences with the different synchronic architectural characteristic that needs a critical examination to segregate discrete layers of structural elements. As a result, the traditional urban space is a unique existence of reality; it is a product of prolonged interaction between society and architecture. Neglecting any part in the public space perception process is leading to crash the binary equation letting the meaning paralyzed without being able to represent any society or potentially keep the sense. There are many examples of worn-out urban spaces some of them was a result of ignorance and absent of realization of the interaction between Society and architecture.The Iraqi municipality demolished that relationship by importing different layers that are not compatible with the original one or as a result of inserting new means of technology in the heart of the historic cities. The other example from Erbil, a city north of Iraq, where the municipality determinable removed the old fabric to insert a well-defined rectangle space, somehow to create an urban public space, that procedure juxtaposed by form a barrier to isolate the old Souk from the other part of the old city. Both cities suffered from a misunderstanding of the urban binary equation between space and architecture as a tool to understand the context.

Revitalization of Cultural and Aesthetical Assets of Iranian Traditional Bazaar

In recent decades, modernization is extensively changing the face of Iranian cities. Besides, urban places are losing their traditional features, identity and cultural characteristics. Conservation of cultural heritage resources rescued historical parts of the cities; hence, other traditional urban spaces do not receive enough attention and protection due to economic concerns. Mashhad, as one of the main religious touristic destinations in Iran, is unfortunately losing its traditional features due to extensive attractions of physical transformations. Economic profits fascinating constructions into the city center of Mashhad, specially surrounding areas of the holly shrine. This issue has been led to demolishment of the old texture of the city center. Sarshoor bazaar is one of rescued traditional urban public spaces in city center of Mashhad with characteristics of an Iranian ancient bazaar. This study mainly focuses on cultural and aesthetical patterns of traditional Iranian bazaars in order to provide a conceptual strategy for revitalization of Sarshoor bazaar. To this aim, a theoretical review is provided through main representative factors of cultural landscape to decide about a proper strategy for improving cultural quality of the selected case study. We also provide a practical analysis through social and behavioral patterns of the citizens and pilgrims in public spaces to realize material and immaterial features of Sarshoor bazaar, and consequently, find out any possible opportunity of improving tangible and intangible characteristics of this case study area. To capture cultural landscape qualities of Sarshoor bazaar, a final design is provided to envelope a light traditional surface representing the visual landscape of the bazaar. Main passage and piazzas are also equipped for the movements of pilgrims and setting up annual traditional and social events.

Assessment of urban identity through a matrix of cultural landscapes

Identity of a given place arises from a combination of social and cultural characteristics of the related community which reincarnated in physical shapes and forms of the urban locality. Soaring growth of contemporary cities beside recent transformations of traditional urban spaces have been caused some gaps between physical features of urban environments and their cultural identities. This issue, accordingly, supports the need of special attentions to the cultural and social aspects of transforming places under a process of urban design/planning. We provide here an analysis framework with emphasis to the identity of the place from the cultural aspects of the settlement. This technique mainly concerns to identify cultural features of the urban spaces and preserve them during further urban regeneration. To this aim, representative factors of the places identity are hybridized with the characteristic elements of cultural landscape and collected as a matrix of cultural landscapes, CLs. We convinced from the analysis that it may be oversimplification if solely attention to the physical features for improving quality of urban identity whiles it is affected by some nonphysical aspects, as well.Provided matrix of CLs is also implemented for a test case. Some factors of cultural landscape are discovered and the related effects on urban identity of designing place are discussed in micro and macro scales. Analysis highlighted some tangible/intangible characteristics of the studied public urban area which have to be critically considered through further transformation of the place. Accordingly, a preliminary design of the example studying area is suggested as a green linkage space between natural area in countryside and cultural realms in central parts of Mashhad city.

Spatio-temporal fragmentation of leisure activities in information era: Empirical evidence from Nanjing, China

Activity fragmentation provides a new approach for understanding the transformation of urban space and function in the information era. Numerous theoretical and empirical studies have been conducted on activity fragmentation, but few studies have focused on the fragmentation of leisure activities. This study was intended to extend the extant literature by: 1) analysing the spatio-temporal fragmentation of physical and virtual leisure activities by using a dataset collected in Nanjing, China, and 2) evaluating the reasons of leisure activity fragmentation, as well as the potential spatial effect of activity fragmentation. The results indicated that virtual leisure activities are more fragmented than physical leisure activities, but the fragmentation of physical and virtual leisure activities varies on weekday and weekend, as well as in various locations and urban districts. In addition, the results suggested that sociodemographic factors and information and communication technology (ICT) variables distinctly affect the fragmentation of leisure activities. Meanwhile, the fragmentation of virtual leisure activities may enhance the transformation of traditional urban space by reallocating leisure activity times and locations.

Semantic Models of Urban Space in the Paintings of Jemal Kukhalashvili

The years between 1980-1990 is a transitional period in the history of Georgia. After the collapse of the Soviet Union the urban space significantly changed, affecting the social and cultural life of the city. The aim of the study is to observe the spatial semantic models of this period in their sociocultural context and analyze the changes in traditional urban spaces. The art of Jemal Kukhalashvili is relevant material for such a study due to its varied city image scenes and social sensibility. The models discussed - yard, café, celebration, and market - are common for the Tbilisi urban space. Each spatial model is analyzed according to its social role for urban development and its culturological importance is also given. We have studied the coherence of visual images with the semantics of the urban model in the paintings of Jemal Kukhalashvili. The semiotic method made it possible to obtain results on two different levels: a) a wide sociocultural level, b) the level of the artwork’s message and content. The study of traditional spatial semantic models and correlated visual images describes a picture of the level of urban space transformation, culturally valuable semantic models, and the impact of socio-political changes on them.

Revaluating urban space through tweets: An analysis of Twitter-based mobile food vendors and online communication

The rise of mobile food vending in US cities combines urban space and mobility with continuous online communication. Unlike traditional urban spaces that are predictable and known, contemporary vendors use information technology to generate impromptu social settings in unconventional and often underutilized spaces. This unique condition requires new methods that interpret online communication as a critical component in the production of new forms of public life. We suggest qualitative approaches combined with data-driven analyses are necessary when planning for emergent behavior. In Charlotte, NC, we investigate the daily operations, tweet content, and spatial and temporal sequencing of six vendors over an extended period of time. The study illustrates the interrelationship between data, urban space, and time and finds that a significant proportion of tweet content is used to announce vending locations in a time-based pattern and that the spatial construction of events is often independent of traditional urban form.

(Nowe) przestrzenie życiowe młodych mieszkańców miasta

(New) life spaces of young city inhabitants. On the base of the empirical research in Kraków and Katowice
 The aim of the paper is to analyse the attitude of young city inhabitants towards the traditional urban space (city centre, neighbourhood) and commercial space (the mall). When they spend their time, where are the places important for their individual activity andgroup identities? What role is played in their lives by the urban centre and what by the mall? For teenagers, malls are a “natural” element of the urban space. The empirical research conducted in two major Polish conurbations, Krakow and Katowice, indicates two models of the urban spaces of young city inhabitants: the first one with strong meaning of the city centre (which do not correlate with the everyday practices) and the second with “absent” traditional centre and relatively strong neighbourhoods. It is vital to understand the developing typical relations of young people with urban spaces to see what the “city is becoming”.

The Changing Role of Traditional Urban Space in South Africa's Cities: A Case Study of Urban Space Connectors in Four South African Cities

The Changing Role of Traditional Urban Space in South Africa's Cities: A Case Study of Urban Space Connectors in Four South African Cities

Effects of Land Use Patterns on Tour Type Choice

The relationships between travel behavior and land use patterns have been the object of intensive research in the past two decades. Because of their immediate policy implications, mode choice and vehicle miles traveled have been the main focus of attention. Other relevant dimensions, such as trip chaining, tour type choice, and number of tours, have received less attention. This paper contributes to research dealing with the role of land use patterns in tour type choice. A tour type choice is modeled with a hybrid choice model that allows simulating the effect of the latent propensity to travel in the discrete choice among types of tours. This model is applied to a travel diary of workers collected in the Lisbon, Portugal, metropolitan area in 2009. Various model specifications were built and tested the inclusion of purportedly built land use factors, which have the advantage of better capturing the multidimensionality of the urban environment or land use variables, or a combination of these. The results show significant effects on tour type choice related to land use patterns. Land use patterns influence not only the utility functions but also the propensity to travel. Workers who reside in central, mixed, and traditional urban spaces tend to have a higher propensity to travel. Workers who live in more diverse areas have a higher probability of engaging in more complex work-related tours. Working in suburban areas reduces the probability of engaging in more complex tours.

COLONIAL AND TRADITIONAL URBAN SPACE IN JAVA: A MORPHOLOGICAL STUDY OF TEN CITIES

Most of morphological studies of cities in Java tended to place the elements of traditional urban space – such as Alun-alun, Mosque, Palace and Market – as the main elements of city. Other elements such as the colonial urban space – Resident Office, Fort, Church, Park and so on – are often considered separately or placed as a complementary part. Through a morphological study by exploring ten cities in Java, I found both elements of traditional and colonial urban space were set in a unique and various pattern. There are some findings indicating that the elements of colonial urban space significantly influence the city structure as well as those of the traditional ones. Therefore, understanding the urban space form in Java should include and put elements of both of traditional and colonial urban space as an integral part.