Traditional Urban Areas Research Articles

Developing and operating unit‐type green parklets for parking lots in urban area—Part 1: Development and experimental study of unit‐type green parklets

AbstractAiming to improve thermal environment for outdoor public spaces, the author had been developing a unit‐type green parklet for parking lots that both introduce greenery into cities and produce walkable urban spaces. In this study, the author examined and created a full‐size unit‐type green parklet, installed it in a parking lot adjacent to sidewalk space next to a bus stop in the traditional urban area, Kyomachi district, of Kumamoto City, and investigated the improvement to summer thermal environment from a field measurement and its usage by people from user survey in summer (from August 30 to September 5, 2022). The results showed that although the parklet shaded with the parasol and greening units, air temperature dropped by only a maximum of 1°C in daytime. Given the characteristics of parking lot as a location, it was confirmed that not only the wind and airflow conditions was blocked and worsened, but reflected solar radiation from the surroundings and generated heat from parked cars degraded air temperature and MRT from the field measurement. Furthermore, it was confirmed to be ensured the visibility of the surroundings when sitting on the parklet bench for the users waiting for a bus from user survey.

An urban-rural Fringe extraction method based on Combined Urban-rural Fringe Index (CUFI)

In this article, a multi-source data-based method for urban-rural fringe extraction is proposed to solve the problem of insufficiently accurate division of urban-rural fringe, which can conveniently and accurately realise the extraction of the area of urban-rural fringe. The method uses multi-source data such as night light remote sensing images, POI data and high-resolution remote sensing images. We constructed the Combined Urban-Rural Fringe Index (CUFI) model based on the characteristics of NDVI and NTL, POI kernel density value points that change from the city centre to the surrounding area. The calculation of CUFI involves three aspects. The initial step involves processing data, which includes reducing noise in nighttime light images and removing inaccurate information from POI data. The subsequent step involves calculating combined features of NTL and POI kernel density, which includes analyzing the kernel density of POI data, standardizing the results of POI kernel density and nighttime light data, computing NTL & POI indexes using the equal weight combined feature calculation method and reclassifying NTL & POI indexes .The third part involves rejecting misinformation using NDVI. This includes calculating the NDVI index using high-resolution satellite data, rejecting bare land information in the NDVI index using nighttime light data, and reclassifying the processed results. The reclassified results are then multiplied with the reclassification results of the NTL&POI index to obtain the CUFI calculation results. In order to verify the effectiveness and reliability of the method, Tangshan City, Hebei Province was selected as the experimental area, and the method was used to compare and analyse the accuracy with the traditional urban built-up area boundary extraction method. The results show that compared with the traditional method, the extraction accuracy of the CUFI method is higher, reaching 89.51%, which is able to effectively identify urban villages and lakes in the urban area, as well as improving the resolution of extracting Urban-Rural Fringe using NTL& POI methods, and also the urban-rural fringe which has weak night light and fewer POI points, but actually has urban-rural duality attributes Extraction.

Vulnerability assessment of urban rail transit in face of disruptions: A framework and some lessons from Hong Kong

Transport systems are confronting challenges under disruptive events. In transit-oriented cities, the heavy reliance on urban railways makes the transport system ever more vulnerable. Extant literature has paid much attention to urban rail transit vulnerability and resilience against natural disasters. Yet, less focus has been put on disturbances caused by people. In this study, by integrating the on- and off-road situations, we assess the urban rail transit vulnerability under the Anti-extradition Law Amendment Bill (Anti-ELAB) movement in Hong Kong in 2019, during which the Mass Transit Railway (MTR) services were severely disrupted. Our results show that very highly vulnerable stations are spatially concentrated in traditional urban core areas. It is also observed that roads around some new town stations became more congested during service disruption. When disruptive events occurred during non-peak hours, the level of congestion in more than half of stations’ ambient roads did not show significant changes. This study sets forth a rail transit vulnerability assessment matrix and suggests that future assessments of transport vulnerability should take a more holistic approach and consider both on- and off-road traffic situations. The findings also provide directions for building resilient cities in the future.

Roads, Race, and Retail: The Transformation of Short Pump, Virginia

The transformation of once-rural Short Pump, Virginia, into a sprawling suburban shopping destination speaks to the evolution of numerous American edge cities—concentrations of new development on the outskirts of more traditional urban areas. Although such areas likely represent the future of urban growth, many accuse them of lacking history. The story of Short Pump, located west of Richmond, challenges this view. Developing in three main stages, the area began as a prominent local tavern during the early Republic that acted as the focal point for a community shaped by industry and slavery. While this business eventually declined, the early twentieth century brought new changes as residents responded to Richmond’s expansion by altering their environment and redefining what “Short Pump” was. The area’s most dramatic alteration, however, occurred in the late 1990s and early 2000s when large-scale development arrived. Following a common pattern, Short Pump exploded because of White flight, the convergence of interstate highways, and the opening of a massive mall complex. Continually shaped by roads, race, and retail, Short Pump’s changing built environment demonstrates the complex interplay between past and present that influenced the development of edge cities across the United States.

Assessment of Spatial Distribution and Temporal Variations of the Phreatic Groundwater Level Using Geostatistical Modelling: The Case of Oued Souf Valley—Southern East of Algeria

Since the beginning of the 1980s, several regions in the northern Sahara of Algeria have been confronting the rising groundwater. Among all these regions, Oued Souf Valley represented one of the most acute affected by this phenomenon. Due to the natural topography and the insufficient/weakness of water management and miscoordination between different sectors that are represented by intensive exploitation of deep groundwater reservoirs which returns to the shallow aquifer, absence of sewage and drainage network, leakage from drinking water supply system, the groundwater has raised to the surface or near to the surface, affecting the traditional cultural environment and urban areas and degrading all socio-economic aspects of the Oued Souf habitants. To preserve the Oued Souf environment, a vertical drainage system has been constructed. Consequently, in this research, an evaluation of the vertical drainage system performance and its impact on groundwater level stabilization has been performed by mapping the water table of the phreatic groundwater level using geostatistical modeling using ordinary kriging (OK) interpolation method, which has been applied to analyze the spatial and temporal structure of groundwater level fluctuation. Meanwhile, hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) was applied for grouping the wells based on the groundwater fluctuations for 2008, 2009, 2014, 2016, 2018, and 2021. However, the vertical drainage system reflected a significant decline of groundwater from 2009 to 2018 due to the important drained volumes through it but another rising phenomenon might be threatening the region in the near future and this is what was indicated in the 2021 groundwater level data. Cluster analysis has generated four groups based on their fluctuation means that are increasing from the first group to the fourth group ascendingly. The first cluster grouped the drains that have a shallow depth (average mean of 5.91 mbgl) and declined over the clusters. The clusters are spatially combined with significant separation of the fourth cluster which represents the deepest group (12.89 mbgl). Based on this research, several factors are influencing the stability of the phreatic groundwater level and even the performance of the drainage system, the most important of which is the overexploitation from deep groundwater reservoirs such as complex terminal and continental intercalary (in drinking and irrigation) and even the illegal use of the phreatic groundwater with important quantities for irrigation and illegal industries.

Meta-Analysis of the Relative Abundance of Nuisance and Vector Mosquitoes in Urban and Blue-Green Spaces.

Simple SummaryThe increase in global urbanization has highlighted the need for sustainable infrastructure and integration of the urban and natural environment. However, there is concern that an increase in urban blue-green space may create habitats for vector species and potentially increase the risk for transmission of mosquito-borne disease. We conducted a meta-analysis to investigate the effect of urban blue-green spaces on mean mosquito abundance compared to traditional urban cities. We report that the abundance of Aedes aegypti is significantly higher in urban areas void of blue-green space. However, an analysis of three genera (Aedes, Culex, Anopheles), larval habitat guild, and specific taxa (Aedes albopictus and Culex pipiens complex) did not suggest any preference for either habitat considered. Given the lack of available studies and data focusing on contrasting mosquito abundance in blue-green spaces, we recommend that future surveillance studies quantifying mosquito abundance in urban landscapes report the quantitative data necessary to conduct meta-analyses such as this one.Blue-green spaces (BGSs), urban areas characterized by the presence of vegetation and or water, and infrastructure form a potential solution for public health threats from increasing urbanization. We conducted a meta-analysis to test the hypothesis that blue-green spaces increase the abundance of nuisance and vector mosquito species compared to non-greened urban areas. After screening 7306 studies published since 1992, we identified 18 studies containing sufficient data from both traditional urban areas and BGSs. We found no significant difference in mean abundance of all mosquito taxa in three genera (Aedes, Culex, Anopheles) when comparing blue-green spaces and non-greened urban spaces. Similarly, a separate analysis of each individual genera found no significant differences. An analysis of the taxa by larval habitat guilds found no differences for container-breeding mosquitoes. Flood-water species tended to be more abundant in blue-green spaces, but the differences were not significant. The individual taxa of Aedes albopictus and the Culex pipiens complex showed no differences between blue-green and urban spaces, while the abundance of Aedes aegypti was significantly higher in traditional urban spaces. Due to the variety existing between and among the several types of blue-green spaces, further studies comparing each unique type of blue-green space or infrastructure will be necessary to draw conclusions regarding the influence of each structure on for urban mosquito communities.

Impact of socio-economic characteristics on energy consumption behaviors of suburban rural residents: evidence from on-site surveys in the Guanzhong Plain of China

Abstract Traditionally, residents in rural areas of Guanzhong Plain used to burn bulk coal for cooking and space heating, creating serious environmental challenges. With the stable development of rural economy in China, more and more rural residents have begun to adopt clean and green energy consumption mode, starting from suburban rural areas. Therefore, the energy consumption behaviors of residents in suburban rural areas exhibit the dual characteristics of urban and rural energy consumption. This study conducted an on-site survey of energy consumption behaviors of residents and their influencing factors in typical suburban rural areas in the Guanzhong Plain. A total of 554 valid questionnaires were obtained in this investigation, which were used to assess the behaviors and habits of local residents with respect to different energy consumption activities, such as cooking, space cooling/heating, laundry, etc. The results showed that the energy consumption behaviors of residents in investigated suburban rural areas were different from either traditional Chinese rural areas or typical Chinese urban areas, in terms of energy type and usage habits. The two most significant household characteristics affecting energy consumption behavior are income level and family structure.

Implications of Urban Law on Urban Renewal Projects in the Historical Center of Lima

The Historic Center of Lima currently shows signs of urban deterioration as a result of the processes of exclusion and spatial segregation that have characterized the intense urban growth of the city of Lima. In the face of this urban deterioration, urban renewal processes are an instrument of transformation that acts as surgery for the recovery and reintegration of deteriorated central areas into the functioning of the current city. As a general, urban law regulates urban problems resulting from the transformation of urban lands, including the deterioration of central areas. In particular, actions in traditional central areas have regulations for the protection of cultural heritage. Therefore, the execution of the urban renewal process requires different regulatory instruments to plan and manage the renewal process, which defines its scope. In this sense, the present research has been proposed to address the implementation process of three urban renewal projects in collective housing located in the Historic Center of Lima; "Casa de las Columnas", the "Conjunto de Vivienda La Muralla" and the "Proyecto Piloto Martinete", to identify the effectiveness of the scope of the legal framework of urban renewal, as well as the procedures of intervention in historic centers and monumental areas. Focus on the analysis of the public administration's management, execution, and control activities in the land transformation process of deteriorated traditional urban areas. The article consists of the following parts. First, some conceptual considerations on urban renewal and its relationship with urban law are presented. The next section provides an overview of the state of the regulatory framework for urban renewal in Peru, which is key to contextualize the analysis of the case studies. The third part presents the study methodology and the limitations of the study. The fourth part presents the case studies and develops the scope of the legal framework of urban renewal in the case studies. Finally, some final reflections and conclusions are presented that establish the important elements that should be considered in the legal framework of urban renewal.

The spatiotemporal variation of farmland use transition and its critical influential factors in coordinated urban-rural regions: A case of Chongqing in western China

Farmland use transition (FUT) is indispensable to understand land use transition in urban-rural planning and development. Employing a complementary evaluation framework, this research contributes to a comprehensive understanding of urban-rural agriculture and forestry sustainability at the intra-urban scale through an in-depth examination of Chongqing, an urban-rural coexistence area in China’s inland, from 1980 to 2015. During the study period, a total of 2142.41 km2 farmland area were lost, of which 71.0 % were transited to built-up land, 18.7 % were transited to forests, 6.3 % were transited to grassland, and 4.0 % were transited to waters. The transition to built-up land, however, is uneven, with overwhelmingly 81.3 % happened in the one circle area (44.6 % were in the traditional urban core area), the northeast and southeast wings areas only account 12.8 % and 5.9 % of the transition. Since 2000, the recessive functions have been enhanced most in farmland productivity and multiple cropping, with 9.7 % annual increase of the former and 6.5 % annual increase of the latter. The two wings benefitted more in the functional enhancement. Both multiple linear regression and random forest show well goodness-of-fit and indicate prominent significance of rural employed population, the inadequately noted factor in previous studies, and GDP per sq.km in influencing area of farmland and construction intensity. Proximity of central city is also a significant variable though inferior to the former two. The rest variables are less important.

Investigation thermal comfort in urban environmental centres by combining traditional and modern principles

Traditional cities have been able to provide thermal comfort to their residents through the use of simple physical principles related to the movement of air from cold areas high-pressure represented by a cold air gathering focal like the basements and the middle courtyard and shaded alleys to hot areas low-pressure such as large urban open courtyards that exposed to sunlight. However, due to the industrial revolution, The Urban development has deteriorated the traditional urban fabric, and it’s environmental components, which provided urban fabric with thermal comfort reasons, have disappeared, and a modern urban fabric has emerged that does not take environmental considerations and thermal comfort into account. Here, the research tries to suggest a planning urban style that combines the Principles of architecture and traditional planning with a modern ideas that are appropriate for the times, achieving new urban centers within the city capable of providing thermal comfort to its occupants and creating an urban environmental vision to revitalize traditional urban areas by using vertical green walls.

RAISING THE EFFICIENCY OF SUSTAINABLE URBAN DEVELOPMENT FOR NEW CITIES BY ACTIVATING THE ROLE OF COMMUNITY SERVICE CASE STUDY OF SHOROUQ CITY / SMART CITY

The policy of establishing new urban communities is one of the main supports of the comprehensive development plans in Egypt. Egypt has adopted a plan to implement the new cities in locations where farfrom the agricultural lands and traditional urban areas in the Nile Valley. The locations of these new cities have been carefully selected to play a key role as focal points for the new urban areas, attracting residents towards the desert and uninhabited areas, which reaching about 93% of the Arab of Egypt. Over the last years, movement to implement this policy was considered. The collected results from study prepared by the General Authority for Urban Planning and the New Urban Communities Authority concluded that Al Shorouq City does not have a distinctive economic base and its main objective is to become a housing community that housing companies develop as a solution to the housing problem. The problem is clearly demonstrated by the absence of a distinctive economic base in Al Shorouq City. The dominant activity is the construction activity to create the city as a sleep city. The methodology of the research was based on the complete description of the housing situation in Al Shorouq City, moreover, monitoring the existing elements in the city which qualifies it to become a smart city, taking in consideration all available possibilities. Therefore, the main objective of the research is to monitor and analyze the problems facing Al-Shorouq City's development plans and their causes. In addition to, offering the best land suitablility of the available resources in the city. That is why the research can reduce the gap between already existing and the development plans. Finally, formulate a future vision for sustainable development in Al-Shorouq City under current conditions and future challenges based on the sustainable smart planning principles.

Sustainable livable housing: A review of what traditional urban areas residents find important

Sustainable livable housing is pre-condition for healthy living, improve quality of life and critical to economic and social survival. It also encompasses various aspects that predominantly depend on economic, social, cultural and environmental (ESCE) conditions within the locality. To this end, this paper seeks to explore, classify and assess the sustainable livable housing attributes from the existing literatures through content analysis. A review of literature revealed a total of ninety two (92) constructs, which were further grouped nine (9) livable housing-related attributes groups. Well-structured questionnaires were administered to residents of traditional urban areas (TUA) of Iwo Osun State, Nigeria with ninety two (92) constructs on Likert scale. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistic and relative importance index (RII). Out of (92) constructs from nine (9) livable housing-related attributes groups, the results identified seventy eight (78) important attributes (i.e. 35 most important and 43 important) across groups and construct that TUA residents found important. Over RII was 0.409 for overall assessment of sustainable livable housing condition by TUA residents indicating that TUA residents are dissatisfied with their current housing conditions.

Intervention I: Neighbors: Familiar Strangers: The Case of Somali Immigrants in Lewiston, Maine

Intervention I: Neighbors: Familiar Strangers: The Case of Somali Immigrants in Lewiston, Maine Andrea Voyer According to the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), two and a half decades of sectarian strife in Somalia displaced millions of people. In January 2009, it was estimated that nearly 1.3 million Somalis remained within country as they fled their homes, and nearly 600,000 individuals sought refuge outside of Somalia (UNHCR ). Then, as today, most members of this substantial Somali Diaspora resided in neighboring countries. However, Somalis are dispersed over many nations (Abdi ). Immigration statistics suggest that—with settlement beginning in the 1980s and continuing until the Trump administration's recent travel ban that barred U.S. visas to all Somali passport holders—there are now more than 135,000 Somali residents in the United States (United States Census Bureau ). In 2008, more than half of all newcomers to the United States settled in just four states: California, New York, Florida, and Texas. Yet, Somalis in the United States often reside in areas with little history of recent non‐white immigration where they make up a substantial proportion of the immigrant community. Seeking out these new immigrant gateways, Somalis in the United States pass over traditional urban areas and immigration centers for states such as Minnesota, Ohio, Washington, Tennessee, and Maine. Six of the top 10 states of Somali settlement are not primary settlement sites for the majority of other legal permanent residents. Somalis also tend to reside in communities where there are no other immigrant groups to speak of. The nature of Somali settlement is bound to be different in smaller communities in which being an immigrant means being Somali. Waters and Jimenez () suggest several ways in which new gateways might impact immigrants’ experiences: more freedom for immigrants to define their place in the social structure; un‐ and under‐developed immigration services; and less social isolation. Seeking refuge in Lewiston Should we think of Somali Americans as refugees or as immigrants? While many Somalis do arrive as refugees, others come through family reunification programs. Still others immigrated to the United States in the years before Somalia's chaos. Many Somali residents of the United States are American‐born, members of the growing second generation. Furthermore, Somalis have moved within the United States—leaving behind the refugee resettlement services they were provided in their community of arrival and starting businesses, acquiring American educational credentials, jobs, citizenship, and buying houses as they do so. The official designation of refugee states obscures the fact that many Somalis have actively made successful lives for themselves in the United States. One place many Somalis have called home is the town of Lewiston, Maine. Between the summer of 2001 and October 2002, more than 1,200 Somali immigrants relocated to the town of Lewiston. Lewiston had no Somali population before that time. Lewiston's Somali population is around 4000 today, giving the city of 37,000 the highest per capita concentration of Somalis in the United States. They arrived in the city as secondary migrants—refugees from Somalia who have been in the United States for at least 2 years and are relocating within the country of their own volition and without any special services or supports provided in their initial settlement site. The reasons for Somali migration to Lewiston include the low cost of living and crime rate in Maine, a desire on the part of the Muslim Somalis to live in a community which is tolerant of religious diversity, an appreciation of the lack of racial conflict in the state, Maine's good schools, generous welfare benefits, and, as time passes, the presence of a substantial Somali community. An un‐neighborly welcome Lewiston's response to Somali settlement exposes many of the questions and challenges faced by communities where neighbors suddenly seem to become strangers from elsewhere. In the case of Lewiston, Somali settlement initially resulted in exclusion and hostility. In April 2002, the regional paper, The Portland Press Herald, published an article about what the author referred to as “Lewiston's Somali surge.” The article discussed Lewiston's new Somali residents and their progress toward settling in the community. Somali...

청주 성안동의 옛 가로망에 관한 연구

This study is aimed to clarify the transitional characteristics of old roads and alleys lasting more than 100 years(1915-2015) in traditional urban area(Seongan-dong) of cheongju, historic inland and castle city of Korea. Cheongju castle had been completely destroyed In 1915, and urban structures been also altered last 100 years from 2015 now. Periodically, after destruction of castle, existing roads were extended and transformed to straight line for connecting with around. Expanding urban area to all directions of castle boundary in 1930-40s, town planning were created. These projects were completed in 1960-70s, the street network was built as they are. Since the 1980s, changes had been occurred in the details such as an extension of the unexecuted roads, the opening of fire lane in a block, and etc. In change and construction of roads, urban district plan in 1939 and reorganization since 1967 were planned and established with the type, location, and width of the large, medium and small roads based on data before destruction of castle. Except the width of 25m Sajikro(large3-1) and Sangdangro(large3-8,9,10), the width of 15m Namsaro(medium2-1) and Namjuro (medium2-4) as an extension of the roads, the other roads were small roads equivalent to the existing roads, and so remain intact figure of streetscape. As such, roads of east-west and north-south cross type, roads showing the outline of Cheongju castle fortress, and alleys outside the south gate are sustained in Seongan-dong of cheongju as historic urban area, and also present roads are delicately executed to the existing urban fabric.

1960년대 후반 청주 도심 내 물길에 관한 연구

As part of the waterway restoration to renew traditional urban area, this paper is to assume and research Gyoseocheon(Gyoseo waterway) in Late 1960s Cheongju Korea. The main stream of Gyoseocheon flew from Sangjwagol(the head of the valley) of Uam Mt. to the north gate under Cheongju castle at first, and meandering from Sangdang Park, flew through Sudongseongdang and Bangadari Road to Musimcheon since open railroad of 1920s. This waterway, the eco-friendly figure of Gyoseocheon, that flew to inside the downtown with a planted tree and that is open space was so. The sub stream of Gyoseocheon originated in Seoundong and Tapdong were divided into two parts. One was to join the main stream of Gyoseocheon on Sangdang Park via Munhwadong, and the other was to join the sub stream of Musimcheon at northwest corner via south and west gate of Cheongju castle. This waterway as branch sewer were built into the road culvert.

Alterations in scale: Patterns of change in main street networks across time and space

This paper presents a morphological study of 100 main street networks from urban areas around the world. An expansion in the scale of main street networks was revealed using a unique heuristic visual method for identifying and measuring the lengths of main street segments from each of the study areas. Case studies were selected and grouped according to corresponding urban design paradigms, ranging from antiquity to present day. This research shows that the average lengths of main street segments from networks of historic (i.e. ancient, medieval, renaissance, baroque and industrial) and informal case studies are much smaller relative to those from networks of more contemporary case studies (i.e. Garden City, Radiant City and New Urbanism). This study provides empirical evidence in support of prior, observational claims suggesting a consistent pattern in the smaller scale of main street networks from traditional urban areas, termed the ‘400-metre rule’. Additionally, it makes the case for further empirical research into similarly recursive spatial patterns within other elements of urban form (i.e. plots, blocks, etc.) that, if discovered, could aid in future urban design efforts to help provide the framework for more ‘human-scale’ urban environments.

Koncepcja regulacji sharia zones w wybranych krajach Unii Europejskiej

The study presents issues related to the possibility of introducing into traditional urban areas of the European Union (to western culture) special zones regulated by Shariah law (sharia zones). It draws on recent statistics and forecasts on the number of the Muslim population living in the European Union. These are widely reported in the media. The author also provides examples of proposed regulations of sharia zones in selected European cities. This is a current issue in the largest countries in the European Union and interesting from the point of view of both sociology and law.

도시형한옥 주거지의 블록구획과 주거평면의 관계에 관한 연구 - 익선동 166번지 사례를 중심으로 -

Ikseon-Dong 166 is one of the traditional urban resident area developed during 1930's. The purpose of this research is to analyze the structural relationship between a conventional housing unit plans and modern block plans based on orthogonal geometry. To fully explore the selling point of the new urban development, the planner or real estate developer in private sector did not abandon or compromise the conventional house layouts, consists of single layer of rooms keeping the main room facing south. This study concludes the following factors connecting the urban and architectural plans. Oblong block plans following east-west direction did not allow the southern exposure of courtyard and main room, which was the absolute requirement for traditional house units, the longer side of block plan followed north-south direction as a result. Considering the possibility of rent, having entrance at the east or west side of individual site enables two separate household maintain their spatial privacy. In addition to the factors mentioned above, when the blocks are to be divided into individual addresses, north-south oblong block plans maintained the length to face the front road minimum while the southern exposure maximized. These factors explains why the private developers maintained their blocks elongated to north-south direction when the block plans laied out by public sectors which did not care that much of southern exposure show random orientation in the view point of solar exposure.

Aging into exclusion and social transparency: Undocumented immigrant youth and the transition to adulthood

This ethnographic study, conducted between 2007 and 2011, examines the various pathways that undocumented Latina/o immigrant youths take upon graduation from high school in a new migrant destination. This research expands the scope of the 1.5 and second-generation incorporation literature that remains dominated by research in traditional migrant-receiving urban areas. Contextualizing the transition to adulthood within a small Southern community, I focus my ethnographic observations and in-depth interviews with 75 community members on the distinct opportunity structures available to youths in a small-town setting. In spite of a reactive political climate on a local level and inertia regarding immigration policy reform on a federal level, undocumented youths in this North Carolina community benefit from extremely supportive teachers, coaches, family employers and other community members. The findings of this study demonstrate how small towns can facilitate networks of social support. Even with the opportunities created by small-town social capital, however, the undocumented youths in this sample remained acutely aware of their legal exclusion.

Household and Context Determinants of Child Labor in 221 Districts of 18 Developing Countries

We develop a new theoretical framework that explains the engagement in child labor of children in developing countries. This framework distinguishes three levels (household, district and nation) and three groups of explanatory variables: Resources, Structure and Culture. Each of the three groups refers to another strand of the literature; economics, sociology and anthropology. The framework is tested by applying multilevel analysis on data for 239,120 children living in 221 districts of 18 developing countries. This approach allows us to simultaneously investigate effects of household and context factors. At the household level, we find that resources and structural characteristics influence child labor, whereas cultural characteristics have no effect. With regard to context factors, we find that children work more in rural areas, especially if there are more unskilled manual jobs, and in more traditional urban areas. In more developed regions, girls tend to work significantly less.