Traditional Typologies Research Articles

Moroccan Arabic borrowed circumfix from Berber: investigating morphological categories in a language contact situation

Moroccan Arabic (MA) has a derivational noun circumfix /ta-...-t/ that is borrowed from the neighboring Berber languages. This circumfix is highly productive on native MA noun stems but not productive on borrowed Berber stems (which are rare in MA). This pattern of productivity is taken to be evidence in support of direct borrowing of morphology (c.f. Steinkruger and Seifart 2009) and against a theory where borrowed morphology enters a language as part of unanalyzed complex forms which later spread to native stems (c.f. Thomason and Kaufman 1988; Thomason 2001); furthermore, it challenges the principle of a "borrowability hierarchy" (c.f. Haugen 1950) where lexical morphemes are borrowed before grammatical morphemes. Additionally, the prefixal portion of the MA circumfix, ta-, is a complex (presumably unanalyzed) form from the Berber /t-/ feminine + /a-/ absolute state. Moreover, the morpheme in MA has been borrowed as a derivational morpheme while the primary functions of the donor morphemes in Berber are inflectional. This case of a borrowed circumfix is examined as an instance which does not conform to traditional typologies of language change through contact patterns and how the boundaries between morphological categories (i.e. inflectional/derivational) are transformed in a language contact situation.

Landscape quality of farm buildings: The evolution of the design approach in Italy

Rural buildings have undergone deep changes with the historical transition from traditional agriculture to industrial society. This paper discusses these trends in Italy, focusing on major changes in agriculture, design approach, and land-use planning, referring to some regional cases and relative building typologies. The analysis of the main historical treatises on the subject of farm building design allowed us to evaluate how the evolution of the technical approach influenced the architectural quality of rural buildings. This latter was traditionally based on a close relation between aesthetic values, functionality, and simplicity, broadly acknowledged only recently, as shown by the loss of landscape integration of farm buildings constructed in the last decades. By analysing the processes of reuse of historical buildings and construction of new farm buildings, we have found out different and time-evolving ways of referring to rural heritage and identity. In some cases, they have been considered important references, even through typological evolution aimed at combining traditional values with new needs and available techniques. In other cases, old farm buildings have been considered unsuitable things of the past, or rather have inspired new constructions based on an idealized and mystified concept of rurality. Since landscape integration of rural buildings plays a crucial role in the EU concept of agriculture, the choice of architectural quality postulates to be adopted for the design of new rural buildings is a key theme. Both consistency with pre-industrial tradition and typological discontinuity must necessarily consider consciously the relationships with historical buildings, whose important values have increasingly come to the fore over the last years. Once consistency with historical farm buildings is assumed as a design postulate, contemporary interpretation of traditional typologies through modern building techniques is a very challenging and topical field of study. Various degrees of consistency with traditional typologies are possible. Therefore, this approach calls for the development of analytic and metadesign methods aimed at decomposing rural building typologies into their essential physiognomical features, allowing designers to modulate them to meet ever-changing requirements.

In Defense of Prosodic Typology: A Response to Beckman & Venditti

In two recent handbook articles, Beckman & Venditti (2010, 2011) present overviews of tone and intonation which take issue both with traditional typology and with recent attempts to bring clarity to the rather confused study of prosodic typology. In the course of their coverage BV (ii) if yes, what does the prosodic system do with the tones and/or stress, both at the word level and postlexically? Given the level-ordered nature of phonological systems, only after the first two questions are dealt with can we move on to the the question with which B&V are most concerned: (iii) how are the surface or output wordprosodic properties integrated with phrase- and utterance-level intonation? While B&V question the usefulness of “broad-stroke typologies” which have traditionally distinguished tone, stress and intonation, their disposition to minimize systemic differences in favor of surface comparisons of phonetic realizations raises important questions concerning levels of representation and the nature of phonological typology itself.

The diversity of multilingualism in education

This article analyzes diversity as related to different types of multilingual education. Diversity in education is linked to different factors that can be classified as linguistic (language distance, different scripts, etc.), sociolinguistic status (minority, official, international, immigrant, etc.) and educational (school subjects, medium of instruction, age of introduction, methodologies). Language practices can be an important part of the make-up of language diversity among multilingual speakers at a micro level. The paper discusses the Continua of Multilingual Education as a tool to classify and compare different types of multilingual schools all over the world as a more efficient way to deal with diversity in multilingual education than traditional typologies. The advantages of the new tool can be shown by applying it to the case of multilingual education in the Basque Country in Spain, where Basque, Spanish, English and sometimes French, are the languages used by different actors in the education system. The paper also deals with diversity as linked to sustainable development and focuses on the advantages of multilingual education.

Elemente de datare a hanurilor Patria şi Neculescului

"Paradoxically, when speaking about the urban architecture of Wallachia, we refer to buildings that transpose into the urban space the characteristics of vernacular architecture. However, the modelling infl uences of this type of formal expression are multiple and owe much to the transit of Bulgarian and Macedonian master masons through the Ottoman Empire. Representing the typical built stock of Bucharest up to the fi rst half of the nineteenth century, this architecture is going to be almost totally replaced by neoclassical, neo-Gothic and eclectic buildings. The late recognition of the value of town architecture is mostly due to causes linked to “the image” of Bucharest. At the turn of the nineteenth century, the city wanted to erase its rural aspect and emphasize the importance of its recently built representative great eclectic palaces. Nevertheless a parallel reality constituted by its rural character impregnates the city up to the present day. “Europe did never have, since the end of World War II, a capital more submissive to the rural than Bucharest.” Until the 70’s urban architecture was still perceived as minor and somewhat insignifi cant. Then a major change in trend appeared, while Romania underwent a period dominated by protocronism - a theory aiming at emphasising Romanian priorities in the most diverse domains. Th is period overlaps the restoration campaign in the Historic Centre of Bucharest, conducted by architect Constantin Joja. Its goal was to convey the “true image” of the town, by eliminating some of the eclectic façades and reconstituting building fronts in the style called urban architecture. Th is controversial restoration approach resulted in very successful examples (as in the case of Manuc Inn, based on consistent iconographic data) but also in the creation of a series of new façades designed by the architects. Under these circumstances the conservation of the few examples of authentic urban architecture becomes even more signifi cant. Two of the buildings erected in the style, belong to a program that was still representative for Bucharest in the fi rst decades of the 19th century: the commercial inn – a late and small scale version of the Great Inns described by Frederic Damé as characteristic buildings of the 18th century Bucharest. Both are to be found in Calea Moşilor (Podul Târgului de Afară), in different stages of use and conservation. Because it belongs to traditional typologies, dating urban architecture is particularly diffi cult. Based mainly on the characteristics of the buildings, with little or irrelevant documentary support, the supposed construction dates of the two inns are in fact, signifi cantly prior to the real date of their completion. Establishing the exact building date does not diminish their value, demonstrating the late persistence of local models. "

Morphometry of Middle Bronze Age palstaves by Discrete Cosine Transform

The Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) is a Fourier-related transform widely used in signal processing and well suited to the analysis of open outlines. This method was applied here to evaluate the discrimination power of the inner lateral rib for two palstave populations dating from the Middle Bronze Age, excavated in northwest France. A corpus of almost 400 palstaves (bronze axes) of the Breton and Norman types was processed, and compared to specimens found at Sermizelles in Burgundy. The procedure is robust and produces a discrimination in good agreement with the traditional typology. Besides the definition of a ‘standard’ shape for each population, the morphometrical approach allows shape disparity, which is generally inaccessible to the naked eye, to be visualised and quantified. Shape disparity indicates that, contrary to previous assumptions, the bronze axes from the Sermizelles hoards cannot be explained as an assortment of Breton and Norman palstaves alone. We believe that this approach is quick, reproducible, and generalisable enough to be applied to a wide variety of artefacts from different periods, in order to clarify their typology and even their origin.

Offshoring and the global distribution of work: Implications for task interdependence theory and practice

A recent Offshoring Research Network (ORN) global survey of offshoring shows that since 2004 management concerns about operational issues on achieving the benefits of offshoring have increased significantly. In this paper we examine inter-task interdependence, a key operational determinant of inter-site interaction and communications in offshoring. We analyze existing theories of interdependence to examine the extent to which they provide guidance for understanding the interaction and communication requirements between work segments that are offshored and distributed across the globe. Using a series of mini-cases on globally distributed work (GDW), we show how the traditional typology of interdependence developed in the 1960s and 1970s is no longer adequate for understanding and managing task interdependencies in GDW. We propose three concepts to address this problem: integration interdependence, “hand-offs”, and information “stickiness”. We then show how our revised typology of interdependence enables a better understanding of the interactions and communication requirements between sites. Using this revised theory we propose guidelines for work design, and examine their implications for practical offshoring and work-distribution decisions. Implications for theory and practice for MNEs engaged in offshore relationships are discussed.

Examining Interaction and Identity in Prehistory: Mortuary Vessels from the Schild Cemetery

This study examines a subsample of the ceramic jar collection from the prehistoric Schild Cemetery of west-central Illinois to explore the possibility of identifying changing cultural identity in situations of culture contact and interaction. The relationship between ceramic vessels (and other types of material culture) with cultural identity is often studied, but in cases of cultural interaction or marriage between members of distinct groups, archaeological assemblages may prove incompatible to categorizations utilizing traditional typologies. This work presents a quantitative analysis of ceramic style to characterize prehistoric cultural interaction, a methodology which complements traditional typological analysis. The time period in question (ca. A.D. 1100) was one of broad social and political change in the region in which interaction, and likely intermarriage, took place between individuals from Late Woodland and Mississippian societies.

The medieval and the modern

Bettina Koch has written an important book that challenges the traditional typologies of medieval versus modern political thought. She provides extended comparisons of Marsilius of Padua, Johannes Althusius, and Thomas Hobbes on a number of key topics and shows that their differences point to a common, central concern for medieval Christendom: the relationship of temporal and spiritual powers, the so-called Gelasian two swords. In arguing for continuity between medieval and modern thought (where Marsilius is ostensibly medieval, Hobbes is modern, and Althusius is often seen as a hybrid), she follows the path laid out by scholars including Brian Tierney, James H. Burns, J. G. A. Pocock, Antony Black, and Cary Nederman. However, she draws on an eclectic range of thinkers, including Eric Voegelin, Michael Oakeshott, Norbert Elias, Hans Blumenberg, and Jacob Taubes to articulate both the continuity and discontinuity between medieval and modern thought. The result, as indicated by her title, is that the categories of “medieval” and “modern” cannot be completely useful except as a sort of shorthand, because medieval elements can be found in modern thought and vice versa. There is continuity but also discontinuity, and her book provides a subtle analysis of how both work.

Globally oriented Small- and Medium-sized Enterprises: in search of an integrative framework and competitive determinants

This paper proposes a model that identifies the characteristics, particularities and determinants of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) operating in multiple national markets. We identify these firms as Globally Oriented SMEs (GOSMEs), a particular category of international firms that does not fit in traditional typologies of large global firms. These SMEs are driven by factors and attributes such as manager's international experience and skills, size, competitive pressures, product/market standardisation, product/service distinctiveness and value-creating strategic actions appropriate to their relatively limited resources. We propose a definition and advance propositions for a sustainable value creation for GOSMEs.

El desarrollo rural y la transformación del patrimonio arquitectónico tradicional. El caso de la aldea indígena Plan Grande Quehueche (Izabal, Guatemala)

The rural development based on ecotourism is supported by the rich cultural and ecological values existing in the territory. Nevertheless, the economic development of the rural communities is used to induce a counterproductive transformation of the cultural values of these communities, basic element of this tourist modality. One of the cultural values affected by this phenomenon is the vernacular architecture. The objective of this paper is to analyze the causes and the initial process of transformation of the vernacular architecture of the small village Plan Grande Quehueche of the Department of Izabal in Guatemala. This process has affected the formal aspects of the inside house, building materials and traditional architectural typology. The paper finishes indicating the preventive measures and/or correctors that would be able to finish this phenomenon of vernacular architectural patrimony degradation.

Behavior of Harp Bracings in Rigid Frame Metallic Bays

Simple two-dimensional frames are normally used when building bays. These frames are placed in series and held longitudinally with These two directions, transversal and longitudinal, are independent of each other. Thus, the transverse frame bears loads in its plane with no help from the longitudinal In the case of transverse rigid frames, with the typology described, the columns act as bending brackets, requiring large-size columns and large foundations. Against the traditional typology, an alternative can be the usage of special on-roof bracings called bracings. With these harp bracings, the loads received by the columns are partially transmitted to the endwall frame. In this way, the columns tend to behave as encastered-supported elements, which require smaller section size and foundations. This paper presents a comparative study between rigid frames, solved with traditional bracings, and harp Spans from 10 to 35 m are considered, as well as bay lengths from 20 to 50 m. The contrast between these bracing systems is made using the budgets for the whole bay frame, including metallic frame and foundations. The results show the advantages of the harp bracings versus the traditional bracing.

Some Observations on Domenico Beccafumi's Two "Fall of the Rebel Angels" Panels

Domenico Beccafumi's two Fall of the Rebel Angels panels are discussed. An unfinished figure in the lower right corner of the Pinacoteca Fall is related to two works by Beccafumi, executed between 1519-1523, confirming an early 1520s date of execution for the panel. The more structured second version in San Niccolo is proposed to derive from a traditional Sienese typology for the Fall of the Rebel Angels theme. The commingling of angels alongside nudes with no angelic/demonic markers in both panels is connected to theological and literary traditions surrounding the Fall of the Angels which intermingle men and angels.

Typologies, Taxonomies, and the Benefits of Policy Classification

Although one of the most durable analytic frameworks in political science, policy typologies suffer from some well‐known flaws. Key among these is the problem of classification: thus far, it has proved impossible to consistently and objectively assign specific policies into conceptually distinct categories. The ambitious original promise of policy typologies, that is, to provide a precursor to a general theory of politics has gone unfulfilled in no small part because of the inability to overcome the classification obstacle. This article reexamines the idea of policy classification by assessing the potential contributions of policy taxonomies. Although a taxonomic approach to policy classification raises problems of its own, it may offer advantages above and beyond traditional typologies.

Atoms and Sets: A Characterization of Semantic Number

This article analyzes the interactionsof semantic number, morphological number, and quantification. It argues that the traditional typology of distributive and collective predicates is unsuitable for a truth-conditional theory of plurality. A new test is proposed for classifying the semantic number of predicates according to their behavior with singular/plural quantificational noun phrases such as every/all student(s) and no teacher(s). Predicates that are (in)sensitive to such number variations are called atom/set predicates, respectively, and it is shown that this distinction cuts across the traditional distributive/ collective typology. The processes that govern the semantic number of sentences are reanalyzed in these terms.

Toward a Typology of Internet Users and Online Privacy Concerns

Traditional typologies of consumer privacy concern suggest that consumers fall into three distinct groups: One-fourth of consumers are not concerned about privacy, one-fourth are highly concerned, and half are pragmatic, in that their concerns about privacy depend on the situation presented. This study examines online users to determine whether types of privacy concern online mirror the offline environment. An e-mail survey of online users examined perceived privacy concerns of 15 different situations involving collection and usage of personally identifiable information. Results indicate that the vast majority of online users are pragmatic when it comes to privacy. Further analysis of the data suggested that online users can be segmented into four distinct groups, representing differing levels of privacy concern. Distinct demographic differences were seen. Persons with higher levels of education are more concerned about their privacy online than persons with less education. Additionally, persons over the age of 45 years tended to be either not at all concerned about privacy or highly concerned about privacy. Younger persons tended to be more pragmatic. Content and policy implications are provided.

Evolution des centres de production et pôles de peuplement dans la vallée de l'Hérault. Les exemples d'Embonne (Agde) et Peyre Plantade (Clermont-l'Hérault)

Researches begun these last years at the sites of Embonne and Peyre Plantade tired and delt in their own way with caracterizations of big rural settlements established in the Hérault valley. Yet, the misses of regional research and of traditional typologies and the shortage of epigraphic documents do not allow us to fact that the easily account for field realities allowing for that the origins of these two settlements and their eonomic orientations have specific local contexts (?). The evolution of the shapes of these two settlements looks like broadly depending upon their particular activities so their statues and influency consequerently evolve during the time.

Risk and food: environmental concerns and consumer practices

Environmental risks related to food consumption produce needs among consumers to handle such risks through their consumption practices. Consumers’ ways of coping with risks are dependent on the social relations of everyday life, of which consumption practices are a part. Risk‐handling in food consumption is socio‐culturally broader than the cognitive rationality assumed in expert knowledge and administrative procedures on risk and risk‐handling. Likewise, risk‐handling in food consumption is also characterized by ambivalences. The objective of the article is to show that an important social and cultural source of ambivalence in consumers’ handling of risk in food consumption comes from food consumption practices being caught in the tension between desire and control. The article proposes a heuristic theoretical device, called ‘the contested space of the body’, which is used to discuss the bodily dimension of consumer risk‐handling. This is based on a Danish empirical study of parents with small children. A typology of consumers’ risk‐handling is presented which differs from traditional typologies of consumer segments by allowing for overlaps and shifts between the individual positions in the typology. The three types of risk‐handling are the worried, the irritated and the pragmatic. The results suggest that in worried risk‐handling control marginalizes desire, in irritated risk‐handling desire is openly in conflict with control, and in pragmatic risk‐handling relief from the contested space of the body is attempted.

An examination of motivations for using the World Wide Web

Using data collected from students at a fully networked university community, this study examines patterns of World Wide Web use and how they may relate to gratifications people seek from traditional media. Path analyses show that beliefs about the Web predict gratifications sought, and that the latter predict gratifications obtained, with considerable reliability. More importantly, entertainment, surveillance, and passing time—gratifications typically associated with television and newspaper use—prove to be significant predictors of World Wide Web site visitation. Thus, the data indicate that Internet use may be understood and predicted through the application of traditional gratification typologies.

On the Six-Way Word Order Typology

A number of arguments are given against the traditional word order typology based on the six types SOV, SVO, VSO, VOS, OVS, and OSV, and in favour of an alternative typology based on two binary parameters OV vs. VO and SV vs. VS. The arguments given include ones based on various advantages of collapsing VSO and VOS into a single type, the infrequency of clauses containing a noun subject and noun object, the value of isolating the more predictive parameter of OV vs. VO, and the fact that the traditional typology ignores the position of intransitive subjects.