Traditional Turkish Houses Research Articles

Exploring Sedad Hakkı Eldem’s furniture sketches: merging modernity with the traditional and the vernacular

Sedad Hakkı Eldem, primarily an architect, was a prominent member of the group that sought a path to modernization that preserved elements of the traditional and the vernacular in seeking a Turkish national design identity starting in the late 1920s. Eldem was inspired by traditional Turkish Houses and extended his design thinking to interiors and furniture. This study explores Eldem’s interior illustrations and furniture sketches, part of the inventory of 23 sketchbooks that also contained personal notes and his internal dialogue recorded in Paris, Berlin, and Munich between 1928 and 1930. In these cities of Western and Central Europe, Eldem aimed to incorporate Modern design and his visionary Turkish House projects, which give references to the local heritage. The content of these sketchbooks reveal Eldem’s main goal: to incorporate objects from European domestic life of the late 1920s, whether it be chaise lounges or wall-mounted lighting units, with traditional elements, such as built-in closets or seating bays. Through the lens of the revised sketches of recurring themes dating to 1936, in the aftermath of Eldem’s return to İstanbul, the architect’s attitude toward the refinement, appropriation, and modernization of traditional furniture units is discussed within the framework of the concept of design, national identity, and the practice of Gesamtkunstwerk.

Characteristics of Düzce Traditional Housing Architecture; The Case of Düzce Konuralp

The traditional Turkish house is a type of house that can be described as a cultural heritage, having developed since the moment the Turks appeared on the stage of history and has survived to the present day. Traditional houses are civil architectural works that are built according to the physical conditions and cultural characteristics of the environment they belong to, have become historical, and have become a national symbol. The main idea behind the creation of houses is directly related to the traditional construction rules and building materials of the period to which they belong. In the Western Black Sea Region, where the study was carried out, studies were made on the architecture of traditional houses in the Konuralp District of Düzce province. Konuralp District, a settlement where many historical layers from ancient times to the present day can be seen together, was built on the ancient Roman city of Prusias ad Hypium. In the study, six registered traditional houses, which have survived to the present day with many civil architectural works while preserving their historical texture, were evaluated in terms of building-street relationship, plan typology, facade features, materials, and construction techniques in order to determine their similarity with the architectural features of traditional Turkish houses. It was determined that the traditional houses examined were similar to the concept of Turkish house.

Species and deterioration of woods used in a traditional Turkish house

This study identified the wood species and evaluated the weathering and biological degradation of historical timber from a traditional Turkish house in Konuralp, Türkiye. The wood material was obtained from the floorboards, window frames, cabinets, cripple studs, ceiling boards, and joists. The species were identified as Pinus spp. for the cabinet, window frame, and cripple stud, Abies spp. for the floorboards, Populus spp. for the ceiling boards, and Quercus spp. for the joist. The macroscopic observation revealed multiple types of degradation caused by weathering, fungi, and insect attacks. The cripple studs made of pine and the floorboards made of fir had become completely unusable due to insect damage. Relatively less biological damage was observed on the cabinet made of pine wood and the ceiling boards made of poplar wood.

Examining the traditional Turkish house in terms of sustainability

Preserving our national cultural heritage and transferring it to future generations in a healthy way is necessary for historical continuity. Our traditional houses, which are the most important part of our cultural heritage, must be protected because they document the richness of living culture and the technical level reached in the past. In our country, the Turkish house is a treasure that contains the endless riches of our National Culture. However, since these structures are suitable for the conditions of the period in which they were built, they cannot adequately meet the changing needs of today's people. For this reason, instead of eliminating traditional houses as cultural assets, ways to rehabilitate them and use them should be sought.

Swallowed by the urbanization: Spatial evolution of Adana Bağlarbaşı District

Vineyard (Turkish: bağ) culture is a common urban phenomenon in Çukurova region communities, which have strong ties with the land, due to the favorable climate and soil conditions. Adana's historic city center and some of the vineyard settlements to the north of this area lost their rural settlement characteristic and started to be built up as a result of Hermann Jansen's planning studies that started in the 1930s, and the city continued its development as planned towards the vineyard settlements (Turkish: bağlar) to the north. Although Gazipaşa, Ziyapaşa, and Namık Kemal Neighborhoods, which were examined within the scope of the study, were planned as a result of these planning studies, they were not built according to the plan. Thus, the implemented part of the Jansen Plan was defined by the railway line located to the south of these three neighborhoods. As a result, these three neighborhoods turned into an area where vineyards began on the periphery of the planned built-up areas and became known as Bağlarbaşı (starts of vineyard area). The aim of the study is to make a morphological analysis of the transformation of the three neighborhoods formed in the area where the vineyards, which previously had a rural settlement texture, disappeared as a result of the urbanization pressure that started in the 1950s, starting from 1950 to the present day, and to examine the process dynamics and to determine the general characteristics of the vineyard culture and houses in the study area. In the study area, morphological analyses were carried out by comparing aerial photographs from 1950, 1954, 1961, current maps from 1985 and 2019, zoning plans dated 1940, 1969 and current data. In addition, the transformation was documented with photographs from various archives and oral history research was utilized. Two vineyard houses in the area were surveyed to determine their spatial characteristics. The data obtained through the studies coincide with Marcel Poëte's assertion that "the memory of a city survives in the physical structure of that city". It has been determined that today's parcel boundaries, main roads, and streets, physical formations such as thresholds and reinforcements of the three neighborhoods bear traces of the period when the neighborhoods were vineyards and gardens. In the area, a small number of vineyard houses (cottages), which are in parallel with the typological characteristics of the traditional Turkish House, have survived to the present day, albeit in ruins.

An Example of a Mansion in Niksar: Cavusoglu Mansion

Geleneksel Türk konut mimarisi hem İslam dininin getirdiği yeni yaşam anlayışı hem de Türk gelenekleri ile kaynaşarak Anadolu coğrafyasında kendine has ve çok zengin bir çeşitleme göstermiştir. Bu gelişimlerin oluşumunda Türklerin yaşam alanı olarak kullandıkları çadırların önemi büyüktür. Osmanlı Devleti’nin hâkim olduğu birçok bölgede, farklı yerel mimari geleneklerinin de içinde olduğu, farklı sosyo-ekonomik, iklim ve coğrafi şartlarla şekillenen çok zengin bir konut mimarisi göze çarpar. Anadolu, bu zenginliği barındıran önemli bölgelerden biridir. Beypazarı ve Safranbolu evleri kadar yoğunlukta olmasa da Niksar da bu zengin yelpazede yerini almıştır. Bölgede yaşanan 1939 depremi öncesi ilçede bulunan evler çoğunlukla zemin üzeri iki katlı görünümde iken deprem sonrası Niksar Belediyesi’nin aldığı kararla üst katlar yıkılmış ve çatı birinci katın üzerine konumlandırılmıştır. Geleneksel konutlarda ev sahiplerinin yaşam alanı olarak kullanılan üst katların yapının en bezemeli ve önemli bölümleri olduğu düşünüldüğünde, bu kararın yol açtığı yıkımın boyutunun oldukça büyük olduğu ortadadır. Niksar evlerinin zemin katı hizmet işlerine ayrılırken ara katlar kışı geçirmek için basık tutulmuş üst katlar ise yaşam alanı olarak tasarlanmıştır. Niksar evleri bahçe içerisinde yer alanlar ve yola bitişik olanlar olmak üzere iki gruba ayrılmaktadırlar. Bu yapıların çoğunluğu cephe özellikleri dikkate alındığında zengin süslemelere sahip olmayıp sadedir. Geleneksel konutlarda üst katlarda geniş alan açmak için tercih edilen çıkmaları Niksar evlerinin genelinde de görmek mümkündür. Niksar’da bulunan Çavuşoğlu Konağı söz konusu yapılardan sadece biridir. Çavuşoğlu Konağı, 19. yüzyılın son çeyreğinde Melikgazi Mahallesi, Ünye Caddesi üzerinde inşa edilmiştir. Yapı, kuzey-güney doğrultusunda dikdörtgen şekilli bir bahçenin güneybatı köşesine yakın konumlanmış olup kuzey köşesinin küçük bir bölümü müştemilat duvarı ile kapatılmıştır. Bahçe içerisinde odunluk işlevi gören başka bir yapı ve depoyla birlikte toplam dört yapı bulunmaktadır. Ahşap karkas esaslı zemin üzeri ara ve birinci kattan oluşan yapının iskeleti, ahşap direk ve kirişlerden; duvarlar ise su basman seviyesine kadar taş örgü, üzeri ahşap çatkı arası kerpiç doldurularak yapılmış ve kireç sıva ile boyanmıştır. Yapıyı örten kırma çatı, alaturka kiremit ile kaplı olup saçak altları düz ahşaptır. Binanın inşasında ahşap, taş, kerpiç, alçı, madeni ve kiremit malzeme tercih edilmiştir. Evin güneye bakan ana cephesi avluya; hemen hemen benzer uzunluktaki diğer yönleri ise bahçeye bakmaktadır. Güney cephe, merkezdeki çift kanatlı cümle kapısı, aynı eksendeki üst kat balkon ve çevrelerindeki pencerelerle simetrik özelliğe sahiptir. Diğer cephelerde benzer simetri görülmemekle birlikte doğu cephe haricindeki tüm cephelerden yapıya giriş yapılabilmektedir. Konak, geleneksel konut tipolojisinde “iç sofalı” grup içerisinde yer almaktadır. Batı tarafından bodrum kat odası üzerinde yükselen zemin kat; taşlık, iki hizmetli odası, helâ, ambar, at ve büyükbaş ahırından müteşekkildir. Ahıra bitişik merdivenle ulaşılan ara kat, yapının kuzey yarısını kapsamakta olup üç odadan oluşmaktadır. İki yüzlü iç sofalı plan tipinin görüldüğü birinci katın ters tavanla örtülü sofası, kuzey-güney uzantılı ve dikdörtgen planlıdır. Sofanın kuzey yönünde merdiven boşluğunun da bulunduğu hol, holün her iki yanında birer oda yer almakta iken güney yönünde balkon ve balkonun her iki yanında birer oda vardır. Doğu yöndeki odaların arasındaki çift kanatlı ahşap kapı merdiven boşluğuna, tam karşısındaki kapı ise helâya açılmaktadır. Çavuşoğlu Konağı plan biçimi, mimari özellikleri ve süslemesiyle bölgedeki geleneksel konut mimarisini yansıtan özgün bir örnektir.

Investigation of daylight performance in traditional residential buildings in the context of EN- 17037 standard - Sivas Hubiyar Korucu Mansion

Daylight is an integral part of our lives as the most important element in places. Efficient and appropriate use of daylight reduces the need for adequate illumination of the volumes and artificial lighting. Today, windows that are not designed correctly cause energy waste by increasing the use of artificial lighting instead of natural lighting. The seriousness of this situation is increasing today and regulations and standards regarding daylight use are published. The disappearance of this traditional Turkish architecture has also reduced the effective use of natural light. Study is focused on daylight penetration in traditional Turkish houses in the context of EN-17037 and a traditional Turkish house evaluated as case study. Natural lighting measurements of the selected building were calculated using the daylight simulation program, at 09:00, 12:00 and 15:00 for the months of March 21, June 21, September 21, and December 21 under average sky conditions. In line with the results obtained from the simulation program, the illumination levels (Lux), daylight factor (DF) and daylight performance classification (%) of the spaces are presented. As a result of the evaluation made in the context of EN 17037 standard, attention was drawn to the importance of openings as windows in traditional Turkish houses. And additionaly, architectural similarities and differences with the contemporary building is highlighted in results.

BİR BAŞKA MAHREMİN EŞİĞİNDE: TOPLU KONUTLARDA İÇ MEKÂN SORUNU

While the industrialization process, which started in the 1950s in Turkey and accelerated with the development of transportation vehicles and technology, caused migration from rural to urban areas, it also made the first manifestations of irregular urbanization visible. The folklore practices acquired by the Turkish people, who came from the nomadic equestrian culture, under difficult living conditions, have been continued by maintaining a life in between in today's unsuitable residential architecture. Turkish people, who attach importance to privacy, have also opened the door to search for new solutions by building walls on their own understanding of life on the threshold of another privacy. In this article, it has been examined how the disappearing symbols, neighborhood relations, and the understanding of life integrated with nature have undergone a transformation in the transition from traditional Turkish houses, which have deep meanings related to Turkish life philosophy, to mass housing. In this context, it is aimed to convey the problems encountered in mass housing in the language of women with a total of 19 resource people in the sample of Istanbul, where the phenomenon of urbanization is the most intense. The research was carried out by interview and observation method, and sound recording were obtained. As a result of the findings obtained in the research, it was concluded that the standard architecture in mass housing could not connect with the Turkish philosophy of life and could not adequately respond to daily needs.

RESIDENTIAL ARCHITECTURE OF THE REPUBLICAN PERIOD: A REVIEW OF THE KIRKLARELI CENTER BURHANETTIN AND MUSTAFA INCI HOUSE

Mimari mirasımızın önemli bir bölümünü oluşturan geleneksel konutlarımızın korunmaları, değerlendirilmeleri sık sık gündeme gelmekte, bu konuda sempozyumlar, paneller düzenlenmektedir. Bir yandan bu çalışmalar yapılırken, halkımız henüz kültürel ve tarihi mirasımızı korumada bilinçlenmediğinden ve geleneksel konutlarda oturanların evlerini bir külfet olarak görmelerinden, ayrıca hızlı kentleşmenin de apartmanlaşmaya sebep olmasından dolayı, geleneksel konutlarımız gün geçtikçe yok olmaktadır. Halbuki geleneksel Türk evi tümü ile bir sistemler bileşenidir. Bütünsellik, merkezileşme, toplumsallık v.b. kavramlar içermektedir. Bu özelliklerinden dolayı kolayca vazgeçmememiz gereken mimari değerlerimizin başında gelmektedir. Ülkemizde yarım asırdır değer verilmeye ve tanınmaya başlayan Türk evi milli kültürümüzün sonsuz zenginlikler taşıyan bir hazinesidir. Ancak bu yapılar yapıldıkları dönemin koşullarına uygun oldukları için, günümüz insanının değişen gereksinimlerini yeterince karşılayamamaktadır. Bu çalışmada Cumhuriyet Dönemi’nde Kırklareli merkezde inşa edilmiş Burhanettin ve Mustafa İnci evi incelenmiştir. Cumhuriyet Dönemi konut mimarisi üzerinde derin araştırmalar yapılması gereken önemli konulardan birisidir ve Cumhuriyet rejiminin anlaşılmasında çok büyük bir rol oynamaktadır. Bu bağlamda seçilen yapı ile ilgili araştırmalar yapılmış, tarihi bilgiler ile eski mimari çizim ve fotoğraflara ulaşılmıştır. Tüm belgeler tek tek incelenmiş, yapılan tadilat ve onarımlar sonrasında günümüzde yapının fiziki hali ve kullanım durumu ile ilgili bilgiler verilmiştir. Birkaç onarım ve düzenleme ile günümüz koşullarına uyum sağlayabilmiş olan bu yapı; yok olma tehlikesi karşısında ayakta durabilmiş ve farklı kullanım olanakları sayesinde günümüze ulaşabilmiş ender örneklerden birisidir.

An Important Space in the Traditional Turkish Life Culture: “Başoda” in Ottoman Period Nicosia Houses

The traditional Turkish House was formed with the Turkish life culture, beginning with the tent in Central Asia; took its final form in the 19th century and became the typical housing character in Anatolia and other geographies under the sovereignty of the Ottomans. The planning scheme of the Turkish House, with an authentic characteristic, is designed with storeys and their use, plain front, oriel window, slanted roof with wide wooden eaves, hall, multi-functional rooms, and yard. Besides all these features, the largest and most important room of the house, forming an important characteristic, the Başoda (Mainroom) is designed by assessing the value given to guests in the living culture. The Başoda, situated in the most advantageous position in the house regarding illumination, ventilation, and scenery, also has an authentic quality in its interior elements of flooring, walls and ceiling, material, form, and ornamentation, and it in a way it reflects the traditional life philosophy. Having an important place in the rich cultural heritage of the Ottoman Period in Cyprus (1571-1878), 19th century Turkish Houses are designed by Turkish life culture, as in other geographies, and the Başodas are designed meticulously for guests, thus forming an important characteristic. Findings of this study, the importance given to guests in the Traditional Turkish Houses shaped with the traditional life culture, can be observed in the Başodas of 19th century houses in Cyprus.

Reanalyzing the features of the traditional Turkish houses in view of the Covid-19 pandemic conditions

Reanalyzing the features of the traditional Turkish houses in view of the Covid-19 pandemic conditions

CULTURAL SUSTAINABILITY OF THE HEARTH CONCEPT IN TURKISH SHELTERS

From the cave to today's residence, in addition to the need for shelter in every place, nutrition has been another important need. While the nutritional needs were met, the concept of the hearth was formed with the discovery of fire and the emergence of the act of cooking. The hearth, which continues to exist in different forms in shelters; It has also had an important place in Turkish culture over time. The cultural sustainability of the concept of the hearth, which can still exist today under different names and places, is a matter of debate. The aim of the study is to examine the spatial and structural changes of the concept of hearth and its cultural sustainability. In this context, a literature review on the use of the concept of hearth in four different periods has been made and its position in the space has been examined. In addition, online and face-to-face surveys were conducted with age groups in three different generations (X, Y and Z generations) in order to evaluate the cultural sustainability of the concept of hearth. The questionnaire form was prepared on a Likert type scale, and the data at the end of the questionnaire were analyzed using the SPSS 23.0 program. While evaluating the data, frequency, percentile distribution and arithmetic mean were used. As a result of the examinations, the change of the concept of the hearth in the Turkish shelters was tried to be revealed, and inferences were made about the cultural sustainability of the hearth. Keywords: Hearth, Housing, Cultural Sustainability, Traditional Turkish House

Perceptual Evaluation of Traditional Turkish House Façade

Purpose This study aimed to make a comparative evaluation of the differences between the original façade (original) and the modified façade of the traditional Turkish Houses (collected from Afyonkarahisar city) based on perception. Design/Methodology/Approach In line with this purpose, digital images of eight sets of original and modified street silhouettes with gray color scales have been produced on the computer. Two different groups consisting of 80 people (architect and non-architect group) have evaluated the prepared images by the semantic differentiation scale consisting of the adjective pairs. The main hypothesis of the study is "The original façade would be more preferred than the modified façade". Also, gender, architect and non-architect group comparisons were made in the evaluations, too. Findings The results have shown that the participants liked the original traditional Turkish House façade more. The tidy/untidy and proportional/non-proportional adjective pairs have had the biggest difference in this evaluation. In another result, male participants have evaluated the traditional Turkish House façade views liked more for all dependent variables except for familiar / unfamiliar and qualified / unqualified adjective pairs compared to female participants. In addition, non-architects have liked more than architects the façade views of traditional Turkish Houses for adjective pairs that are beautiful / ugly, not impressive / unimpressive and interesting / uninteresting. On the other hand the architects have liked more than non-architects the façade view of traditional Turkish Houses for the proportional / non-proportional adjective pair. Research Limitations/Implications This study has been conducted only for Turkish Houses collected from Afyonkarahisar city. In addition, only architects and non-architects group attended for evaluation of the surveys. Social/Practical Implications According to the most important finding obtained from the study, the fact that the original state is observed in the restoration of traditional Turkish Houses has caused people liked it more. Similarly, it has been observed that the organization of windows, solid-void relationship ratio, repetitions, horizontal and vertical structural elements (beams etc.) in the Turkish house façade characteristic will have a positive effect on perception. Originality/Value With this study, for the first time in the literature, the evaluation of holistic (comprehensive) street silhouettes was made based on a single façade layout.

TÜRKLERDE GELENEKSEL AVLU KULLANIMI

Since the beginning of the history of humanity, courtyards have been taking place on the stage of history as the areas needed by societies. Human beings, who are in constant relationship with the environment they live in during the historical process, have shaped the nature in accordance with their own wishes since the day they existed. This situation developed in the form of protection and struggle previously, and later became a continuous and organic with the discovery of the need for housing. This situation has caused the person to impose new meanings on the outer space. In this study, it is aimed to determine the courtyard, concept, history, characteristics and natural factors affecting the formation of traditional Turkish houses, to evaluate them as living spaces in traditional cultures and to reveal the potentials of courtyards.

An Analysis of the Plan and Facade Typologies of Boyabat’s Traditional Turkish Houses

This study examines the traditional housing culture of a town in northern Turkey. We aimed to determine the characteristics of traditional Boyabat houses. The Çay District, which was chosen as a case study, is the core of the housing pattern of Boyabat. This study analyzed the features, plan and facade types of these houses in order to produce a table of their plan and facade typology. Documenting the vernacular architecture of Boyabat will assist the conservation of the settlement’s traditional texture. This data can also serve as a guide for the local municipality’s site management projects and be passed on to future generations.

Malatya Geleneksel Konutları Ve Dokusu Üzerine Bir Yaklaşım: Yakınca Evleri

Anadolu ve Malatya tarihi ticaret yolları, jeopolitik ve topografya özellikleri nedeniyle tarih boyunca birçok uygarlık tarafından yerleşim alanı olarak tercih edilmiştir. Bu bağlamda Malatya kültürel ve doğal miras bakımından çok zengin ve çeşitli mimari mirasa ve dokuya sahiptir. Kültürel mirasımızın önemli bir bölümünü oluşturan geleneksel konutlar, yapıldığı bölgelerdeki sosyo-kültürel ve çevresel etmenlerden etkilenerek ve şekillenerek günümüze kadar gelmiştir. Geleneksel Türk evi; Anadolu’nun çevresel ve kültürel ortamı, Türklerin Orta Asya’dan getirdikleri kültürel ve mimari miras ve İslam inancının etkileşiminden ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu nedenle geleneksel konutlar yapıldığı bölgenin iklim, topoğrafya, kültürel ortam gibi fiziksel ve kültürel normların özellikleri ve çeşitliliğine göre şekillenerek; bölgeye özgü malzeme, mekan kurgusu, konumlanma ve yapım tekniği gibi mimari karakterler olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Geleneksel konutlar dönemin sosyal, kültürel, ekonomik, teknoloji ve yapım teknikleri gibi birçok alanda bizlere veriler sunan önemli kültürel değerlerdir. Malatya, geleneksel konut ve doku bakımından zengin bir kültürel mirasa sahiptir. Fakat günümüzün değişen sosyo-kültürel ortam, ihtiyaçlar, yaşam tarzı, rant, hızlı kentleşme gibi birçok nedenden dolayı; Malatya, özellikle geleneksel dokusunu hızla kaybetmektedir. Bu bağlamda geleneksel konutları ve dokusunun büyük bir bölümünü halen özgün bir şekilde korumuş olan Yeşilyurt ilçesinin Yakınca Mahallesinde ki geleneksel konutlar üzerinde çalışma yapılmıştır. Çalışmanın yöntemi olarak literatür taraması yapılmış, çalışma alanı olarak belirlenen bölgedeki geleneksel konutların mekânsal rölöveleri alınmıştır. Geleneksel konutların iç mekan, cephe; taka, niş, dolap, ocak, sedir gibi mimari öğelerin detaylı görselleri çekilmiştir. Çalışmanın amacı; yoğun bir geleneksel dokuya sahip konutlarının plan, mekan özellikleri, cephe özellikleri, malzeme ve yapım teknikleri gibi mimari özelliklerini inceleyerek; yapılar hakkında detaylı irdelemeler yapılması amaçlanmıştır. Bu kapsamda Malatya Yakınca bölgesi özelinde geleneksel konutların önemine vurgu yapılarak, gelecek nesiller için bir literatür altlığı oluşturması ve geleneksel konutların daha iyi korunarak farkındalığın artırılması düşünülmüştür.

An important cultural heritage in the walled city historical texture of Nicosia: “Victoria street ”

Victoria Street is the most important arterial street of Arabahmet Neighborhood, an important part of the walled city of Nicosia, the capital of Cyprus, which houses the historical city texture. A cultural mosaic embodied in its architectural heritage, the formation of the street texture dates back to the Byzantine period of Cyprus. Beginning in the Lusignan period with the Armenian Church still standing today, the historical street texture did not show any development during the Venetian period. The formation of texture of Victoria Street continued in the Ottoman period, and a symbol of the street and the city, ArabahmetPaşa Mosque and XIX. Century Traditional Turkish Houses have taken place in its texture. The historical street texture saw its most important formation and development process during the British period. Besides many buildings with shops on the ground floor and houses on the upper floors built during this period, concrete buildings of shops and houses, three-floor apartments built towards the end of this period contributed to the shaping of the street. The Catholic Church within the present day historical texture of the street was also built during the British period, and forms the border of the street at its south end. During the Republic of Cyprus period, which began in 1960, concrete shops and houses were built in place of buildings tumbling down, and the development of the street texture continued. However, because of the political strife between the communities in Cyprus, the demographical profile of the street changed and this historical texture was neglected. Later, some of the Traditional Turkish House style buildings were renovated with funding from the United Nations and became functional. The aim of this study is to analyze the formation and development of Victoria Street, which is an important cultural heritage within the historical texture of the walled city of Nicosia, through various historical periods, and to establish the physical and social status and its important place in the city beginning with the first construction of the street texture to the present. Information was gathered from written and visual resources for the study using a qualitative research method. The street texture was examined with a field study and photographed.

Spatial Development Process of the Turkish Historical Dwelings (Houses) and Interior Specifications

With the start of the history of civilization, the need for shelter occurred, people living in temporary and primitive shelters started to live in open areas with the improvement of climatic conditions, and with the formation of the settled order, architectural habitats began to form and common living spaces began to form. In the light of the researches, Anatolia has been inhabited intensively since the Paleolithic period, with the first settled order and many civilizations, it came under the sovereignty of the Byzantine and later Turks and had a rich cultural and architectural accumulation. It is known that Turks lived a nomadic life before settling in Anatolia and lived in easily established and detachable living environments that can produce solutions for different climates such as summer and winter. In this study, the spatial breaks that emerged as a result of the meeting of Central Asian nomadic life culture with Anatolian cultures are examined through physical and cultural references, and the development of the residential architecture, which is a product of Anatolian design heritage, with the main lines of the traditional Turkish house, and the interior space in these traditional houses, its setup and hardware are documented. Keywords: Anatolia, The Turkish Historical Dwellings (House), material culture, cultural heritage, interior space DOI: 10.7176/JSTR/6-07-14

MODERN TÜRK KONUTUNUN GELİŞİM SÜRECİNDE TARİHSELCİ BİR YAKLAŞIM; SEDAD HAKKI ELDEM KONUT YAPILARI

The most important segment of the early Republican era architecture program was housing construction, and with the declaration of the Republic, it was geared towards functional rational Bauhaus architecture in both public and residential architecture. Functionalist trends in Turkish housing architecture, which came under the influence of Bauhaus between 1930-33, turned into a residential understanding comprised of spaces shaped according to their features and functions. Nevertheless, an architectural concept advocating domestic and national architectural values also emerged during the same years as the housing concept that reflected the innovative, enlightened ideology of the Republic and its policy of breaking with the past. Sedad Hakki Eldem was the key figure in this group. Suggesting that a new style compatible with the social structure needed to be created, he emphasized that copying European styles would not suit our architectural purposes, whereby he put forward the traditional Turkish House as the reference source for national architecture at the National Architecture Seminar he launched at the Academy in 1933. With sketches and applications he implemented between 1931-33, Eldem began producing houses that attributed heavily to traditional Turkish House architecture. This article will review the manner in which Sedad Hakki Eldem interpreted the Turkish house plan type and the elements of this layout during the modernization process of the Turkish house, based on a selection of houses built in the historicist architectural style.

DECORATIVE ARTS IN TRADITIONAL TURKISH HOUSE IN THE CONTEXT OF SPACE DESIGN: AN EVALUATION

The traditional Turkish House is an original piece of architecture, which reflects Turkish family structure as well as their understanding of culture and art, their beliefs and social values about the spaces they live in. The structure of the physical environment, the lifestyle of the family, and social and psychological needs alike have contributed to the development of this original architectural structure and shaped its design aspects. Rooms in a Turkish house are spaces for private use and are organized such that they can cater for all activities of a family. The same room boasts a hearth to heat the space, a divan to sit on, a bathing cubicle to wash, and a closet to store sheets, blankets and other needs. The size of the rooms is planned according to the hierarchy in the family. Halls connecting the rooms are shared areas of use for all family members. Though the meticulous decorative arts and wooden craftsmanship on the ceilings, cabinets and door surfaces in a Turkish house can be thought to be based on the carpets and rugs used in the tents, traditional decorative arts such as woodcarving, kündekâri, and Edirnekâri have developed in time and acquired originality.Keywords: Traditional Turkish House, woodcarving, kündekâri, Edirnekâri